ASAIHL Conference 2016, National Taiwan University, 18-19 May Higher education and regional engagement: Taiwan and Southeast Asia Simon Marginson ESRC/HEFCE Centre for Global Higher Education University College London, UK
Rapid growth of both research output and tertiary enrolment 1995-2011 UNESCO 2015, United States NSF 2014 System Annual growth rate of tertiary enrolments Annual growth rate of science papers Iran 9.9% 23.5% China 11.8% 15.4% Tunisia 8.2% 13.0% Thailand 4.8% 12.7% Malaysia 10.5% 11.5% Turkey 7.7% 10.4% Singapore 6.7% 9.0% Brazil 8.8% 8.7%
International and PRC degree students in higher education in Taiwan, 2014 Country of origin Number of students Proportion (%) of all international and PRC students in Taiwan China 5881 29.5% Malaysia 3671 18.4% Vietnam 2450 12.3% Indonesia 1374 6.9% Japan 698 3.5% India 646 3.2% Mongolia 571 2.9% Thailand 548 2.7% South Korea 511 2.6% United States 419 2.1% all Southeast Asia 8043 40.3% all international/ PRC 19,944 100.0%
Higher education and regional engagement: Taiwan and Southeast Asia Introduction Economy and population in East and Southeast Asia Growth of participation in tertiary education Growth of science and research World-Class Universities
ECONOMY AND POPULATION IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
Economy and population, ASEAN nations World Bank data for 2013 (2016) Country Population (millions) GDP PPP (2011 USD) $s billion GDP per head (2011 USD) $s Singapore 5.4 419.6 77,721 Brunei Darussalam 0.4 29.0 70,535 Malaysia 29.5 690.0 23,419 Thailand 67.5 1008.0 14,943 Indonesia 251.3 2430.9 9675 Philippines 97.6 621.0 6365 Vietnam 89.8 459.7 5122 Lao PDR 6.6 31.6 4800 Cambodia 15.1 44.6 2955 Myanmar 53.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. = data not available.
Economy and population, other Asia-Pacific World Bank data for 2013 (2016), Taiwan data from CIA Factbook Country Population (millions) GDP PPP (2011 USD) $s billion GDP per head (2011 USD) $s Hong Kong SAR 7.2 371.3 51,656 Taiwan 23.5 999.2 42,632 Japan 127.3 4535.1 35,614 South Korea 50.2 1641.4 32,684 China 1357.4 16024.0 11,805 Iran 77.2 1236.2 16,023 Sri Lanka 20.6 210.8 10,242 India 1279.5 6566.2 5132 Australia 23.1 990.5 42,845 New Zealand 4.4 148.2 33,360 n.a. = data not available.
GROWTH OF PARTICIPATION IN TERTIARY EDUCATION
Regional growth in Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio (%), 1970-2013 UNESCO 2015 data 1970 1990 2010 2013 World 10.0 13.6 29.3 32.9 North America/ W. Europe 30.6 48.6 76.9 76.6 Central and Eastern Europe 30.2 33.9 67.9 71.4 Latin America and Caribbean 6.9 16.9 40.9 43.9 East Asia and Pacific 2.9 7.3 27.3 33.0 Arab States 6.0 11.4 25.5 28.1 Central Asia n.a. 25.3 26.7 26.1 South and West Asia 4.2 5.7 17.4 22.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.9 3.0 7.7 8.2
Growth of tertiary participation faster than change in GDP per capita, China 1980-2012 30 25 Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio (%) left axis GDP per capita (US$ constant prices) right axis 12000 10000 20 8000 15 6000 10 4000 5 2000 0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0
Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio (%), Taiwan 1976-77 to 2015-16, Taiwan government data 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 19 19 21 22 23 25 27 30 32 36 38 38 39 41 43 47 51 56 63 68 72 78 82 84 85 83 82 84 83 84 84 84 84 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Taiwan Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio (%)
Gross Enrolment Ratio (%) 1995 and 2013 100 97 90 80 87 84 80 GTER 1995 GTER 2013 70 60 50 40 30 20 67 62 58 51 39 34 31 30 25 24 24 19 18 16 14 n.a. 10 0 n.a. = data not available. 1994 not 1995 for Brunei, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka. 2011 for Cambodia. 2012 for Mynmar.
Gross Enrolment Ratio (%, grey) and persons connected to Internet (%), 2013 100 90 80 70 60 85 83 70 83 74 90 67 65 87 50 40 30 20 10 0 30 29 37 15 46 44 15 22 14 7 2 n.a. proportion of population connected to Internet
GTER and urbanization in Indonesia 1990-2013 60 50 40 31 31 30 20 10 8 9 9 9 11 11 12 13 13 15 15 14 15 16 17 17 17 18 21 23 24 27 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 agriculture as share of labour (%) GTER (%) urban share of population (%)
Cities in East/South/Southeast Asia over 10 million people in size, 2010 city millions city millions Tokyo JAPAN 37.7 Wuhan CHINA 19.0 Chongqing CHINA 28.8 Osaka JAPAN 17.4 Shanghai CHINA 25.5 Tianjin CHINA 15.8 Karachi PAKISTAN 25.2 Kolkata INDIA 15.6 Beijing CHINA 25.0 Dhaka BANGLADESH 14.3 Guangzhou CHINA 24.9 Jakarta INDONESIA 13.2 Seoul KOREA 22.7 Tehran IRAN 13.2 Mumbai INDIA 21.9 Shenyang CHINA 12.6 Delhi INDIA 21.8 Shenzhen CHINA 12.3 Manila PHILIPPINES 20.7 Bangkok THAILAND 10.1
GROWTH OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
Components of a national innovation system Applied research and product development in national economy New research ideas in national science Global research knowledge system
R&D as a % of GDP 2014, selected countries Investment in R&D as a proportion of GDP in 2014 (OECD data 2016). Data for USA, Australia and Singapore 2013, data for Switzerland and Brazil 2012, data for India 2011 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2.74 2.11 1.70 1.69 3.17 3.16 3.05 2.84 2.97 2.56 1.97 1.19 4.29 3.58 3.00 2.00 2.05 0.82 1.15
R&D spending as a proportion (%) of GDP: six ASEAN nations, 2014 2.5 2 1.5 1 2.00 1.13 R&D spending as a % of GDP 0.5 0 0.39 0.19 0.11 0.08 Singapore Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Philippines Indonesia
Research paper output, ASEAN group 2014 and 2005 12000 10000 10,533 9998 8000 6343 2005 2014 6000 4000 2000 0 2298 1476 913 206 129 106 70
Research papers, other Asia-Pacific 2014 and 2005 300000 250000 200000 256,834 2005 2014 150000 100000 50000 0 73,128 50,258 9725 10,533 53,733 25,588 509 46,639 7375
Research papers 2005-2014: USA, China, other East Asia Thomson-Reuters/UNESCO data. Papers include reviews and notes. Other East Asia = Japan, Korea, Singapore, Vietnam (Taiwan absent from UNESCO data) 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 United States China other East Asia
WORLD-CLASS UNIVERSITIES
Top 13 WCUs by number of high citation papers Data from Leiden University CWTS ranking 2016 Universities Papers 2011-2014 % of these papers in top 10% of field Number of top 10% papers 1 Harvard U USA 32,253 21.9 7060 2 Stanford U USA 14,615 22.1 3223 3 U Toronto Canada 21,544 13.7 2956 4 U Michigan USA 17,867 15.4 2756 5 U California, Berkeley USA 12,764 20.9 2669 6 MIT USA 10,439 25.0 2606 7 Johns Hopkins U USA 15,631 16.2 2539 8 U California, Los Angeles USA 13,994 17.3 2424 9 U Oxford UK 13,300 18.1 2414 10 U Washington, Seattle USA 14,018 16.6 2321 11 U Pennsylvania USA 13,037 17.3 2253 12 U Cambridge UK 12,506 17.3 2169 13 U College London UK 13,032 16.6 2126
World-Class Universities, Chinese systems Shanghai ARWU top 500 universities, 2004 & 2015 2004 2015 China mainland 8 32 Hong Kong SAR 5 5 Taiwan 3 7 Singapore 2 2 Total 18 46
Universities in ARWU 500, 2015 Country In top 200 In top 500 Universities in top 200 Australia 8 20 U Melbourne, Australian National U, U Queensland, U Western Australia, Monash U, U New South Wales, U Sydney China 7 32 Peking U, Shanghai Jiao Tong U, Tsinghua U, Zhejiang U, Fudan U, Sun Yat-sen U, U Science & Technology Hong Kong SAR 2 5 Chinese U Hong Kong, U Hong Kong India -- 1 Iran -- 2 Japan 7 18 U Tokyo, Kyoto U, Osaka U, Nagoya U, Tohuku U, Hokkaido U, Tokyo IT Malaysia -- 2 New Zealand -- 2 Singapore 2 2 National U of Singapore, Nanyang U Technology South Korea 1 12 Seoul National U Taiwan 1 7 National Taiwan U
Leading Asian research universities: Growth of papers in top 10% of their research field, 2006-09 to 2011-14 university system Papers published 2006-09 (cites by 2011) Papers published 2011-14 (cites up to 2016) World rank 2011-14 growth NU Singapore SINGAPORE 1042 1489 28 + 42.9% Nanyang TU SINGAPORE 568 1253 46 + 120.6% Tsinghua U CHINA 819 1453 31 + 77.4% Zhejiang U CHINA 730 1431 33 + 96.0% Shanghai JT U CHINA 664 1232 48 + 85.5% Peking U CHINA 622 1192 50 + 91.6% Fudan U CHINA 469 1059 60 + 125.8% U Tokyo JAPAN 1318 1315 44-0.2% Kyoto U JAPAN 951 915 81-3.8% U Hong Kong HONG KONG 558 730 110 + 30.8% National Taiwan U TAIWAN 604 736 108 + 21.9% Seoul National U KOREA 742 1099 57 + 48.1% U Melbourne AUSTRALIA 1005 1442 32 + 43.5% U Cambridge UK 1820 2169 12 + 19.2%
Leading universities Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia University by number of high citation papers Total number of journal papers 2011-2014 Proportion (%) of all papers in top 10% of their field 2011-2014 Number of papers in top 10% of their field 2011-2014 N. Taiwan U TAIWAN 10,245 7.2% 736 N. Cheng Kung U TAIWAN 6291 6.4% 403 N. Tsing Hua U TAIWAN 3574 9.0% 323 N. Chiao Tung U TAIWAN 4028 7.4% 299 Chang Gung U TAIWAN 4398 6.1% 269 N. Yang Ming U TAIWAN 2993 6.2% 186 N. Chung Hsing U TAIWAN 2289 6.6% 152 China Medical U - Taiwan TAIWAN 2331 6.5% 150 U Malaya MALAYSIA 5004 8.3% 417 U Sains Malaysia MALAYSIA 3672 7.8% 285 U Teknologi Malaysia MALAYSIA 2091 9.1% 191 Mahidol U THAILAND 2318 6.0% 139 Chulalongkorn U THAILAND 2373 5.0% 118 Prince Songkla U THAILAND 1027 6.3% 65
Internationally coauthored scientific articles, Taiwan, 1997 and 2012 (1997=1.0) country 1997 2012 growth (1997=1.0) country 1997 2012 growth (1997=1.0) USA 768 2438 3.2 India 17 324 19.1 China 89 1228 13.8 Poland 3 287 95.7 Japan 115 780 6.9 Greece 1 280 280.0 UK 57 613 10.8 Czech Rep. 1 267 267.0 Germany 47 586 12.5 Austria 0 256 -- France 35 450 12.9 Brazil 8 245 30.6 Australia 28 415 14.8 Netherlands 10 234 23.4 Canada 72 410 5.7 Portugal 2 228 114.0 Italy 36 407 11.3 Turkey 1 216 216.0 Russia 18 407 22.6 Hungary 4 215 53.8 South Korea 20 391 19.6 Finland 6 207 34.5 Spain 9 382 42.4 Sweden 8 194 24.3 Switzerland 31 360 11.6 Chile 0 185 --