What does positive aircraft control mean? How do you know if you have control? How do you practice positive exchange of flight controls? Why is it important? What is SA? What factors contribute to SA? Why is loss of SA dangerous? What problems might occur if a pilot were to fixate on one source for information and ignore other sources? What resources are available to maintain SA? What does collision avoidance mean? Who is responsible for avoiding a collision? What measures can you take to reduce the risk of collision? What is wake turbulence? Where might it be encountered? Explain how wake turbulence occurs and the effect on other aircraft. How do you avoid wake turbulence? What is LAHSO? Where might you encounter it? What are your responsibilities? What is a runway incursion? What risks are associated with runway incursion? Provide examples where a pilot might be more likely to have a runway incursion. List hotspots and other dangerous areas at your airport. How do you mitigate identified risks? What is CFIT? Provide situations that might increase the risk of CFIT. What resources help reduce the risk of CFIT? What is ADM? What factors are involved in the ADM process? What is the DECIDE model? What is the 3P model? What are hazardous attitudes? Cite examples of hazardous attitudes. How do you reduce risks associated with hazardous attitudes? What is risk management? The PAVE checklist? The IMSAFE checklist? What is SRM? What are on-board resources? What are outside resources? How does task management relate to SRM? Provide examples where workload is high and task management is most critical. Why are checklists important?
Describe various ways checklists can be used. Where does information on the checklist come from? As PIC, how do you handle distractions in flight? How would you handle a crewmember or examiner who attempted to distract you during a critical phase of flight? I. A. Certificates and Documents (expect scenario based questions) What is holding out? Would James asking Rich for money to board his plane be considered common carriage? Can we exhibit private carriage if our plane is >6,000 lbs and >20 seats? What are recent flight experience requirements? How many private contracts are we limited to? What is considered selling a seat or cargo? List exceptions to private carriage while holding out. LOA required for Scenic tours, and they can only be done within 25sm. Define night as it applies to: Logging flight time at night Meeting recency requirements Navigation lights required Identify the durations and privileges for all classes of medical certificates. What happens when a medical certificate exceeds the duration for each class? What is different about a certificate issued for someone over age 40? What logbook entries are required for instruction? Flight? / Ground? / FTD? What information is required for each logged training event? What information is required for instrument flights? With a safety pilot? What is an IPC? What is tested? Who can perform an IPC? Where can the requirements be found? What documents are required to act as PIC? What are the NTSB reporting requirements? What is an accident? What is an incident? I. B. Airworthiness Requirements How do you know if you can fly with inoperative equipment (with no MEL)? Which regulation(s) determine required equipment? What documents can we check to determine airworthiness with inoperative equipment? Where is the Kinds of Operation list located and what is its purpose?
How do you locate and interpret a MEL if one exists? Do you normally operate equipment with a MEL? What is preventative maintenance? Who can perform preventative maintenance? Identify placards and limitations in the aircraft. What inspections and documents are required for airworthiness? Which are required only for IFR flights? What is different for aircraft used for training? How do you handle a situation where your aircraft is not in compliance? How long is an airworthiness certificate valid? Are there exceptions? How long is a registration valid? Are there exceptions? What are Airworthiness Directives (ADs)? Where do we locate current or existing ADs? How does ATP demonstrate AD compliance in maintenance logs? Who can sign-off on an Annual Inspection? What is a Form 337? When is it required? What is an STC? What is the purpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permit? I. C. Weather Information What is your process for gathering weather data before each flight? What methods are recorded? Why is it important to have a briefing record? What weather information is considered before making a go/no-go decision? Detail the weather reports and forecasts available for flight planning purposes. What are the issuance and valid times for these reports/forecasts? What is a pilot report? How is it filed? Where can they be found? What information is contained in a pilot report? What is a METAR? What information does it contain? What is a FA? What information does it contain? What is a surface analysis chart? What information does it contain? What is a radar summary chart?
What information does it contain? Where do you find winds and temperatures aloft? Why are they important? How are values reported? How can you determine the freezing level? What factors must be considered? What is an AIRMET? SIGMET? Convective SIGMET? What information do they contain? Do weather charts report wind direction in True or Magnetic? Why? How do you convert between the two? Do weather briefers give the wind direction in True or Magnetic? Describe stable and unstable atmospheric conditions. What sources would you use to find stable/unstable air masses? Moisture in the atmosphere? Freezing levels? Frontal activity? What are the characteristics of a cold front? Warm front? Which generally provides better weather for flying? How are they represented and on which chart(s)? What is an occluded front? Stationary front? How are they represented and on which chart(s)? What are the characteristics of a high pressure system? Low pressure system? Which generally causes worse weather for flying? How are they represented and on which chart(s)? What is the definition of a ceiling? What weather reports and forecasts provide information to determine the ceiling? How are thunderstorms formed? What are warning signs of thunderstorms? What are hazards associated with thunderstorms? What is a microburst and what are the two types? Define wind shear. What constitutes a ceiling? I. Cross-Country Flight Planning What information are pilots required to review before each flight? What is NWKRAFT?
How do you determine the route and altitude for a cross-country flight? Which performance charts are used for flight planning? Where are they found? Define KIAS and KTAS. Where are they used? How do you convert between the two? Explain the importance of having personal minimums. Be familiar with time conversions (UTC). What are VFR and IFR fuel requirements? Which performance charts are used to calculate airspeed, fuel burn, cruise speed, etc.? Why does GS increase as density altitude increases? How is pressure altitude determined? Density altitude? I. E. National Airspace System Identify symbols for AT LEAST the following on a VFR sectional: ADIZ Special Use Airspace Towered/untowered airports Towered airport in uncontrolled airspace Isogonic lines Lines of Longitude/Latitude Navigation aids National Security Area TFRs SATRs SFRAs What is the relevance of the hard side of the blue line for Echo and/or Golf airspace? Where can information for special use airspace be found? What are the Minimum Safe Altitudes? List all types of airspace. Typical dimensions? Minimum required equipment? Minimum required certificate? VFR cloud clearance requirements? Transponder requirements? Airspeed restrictions? VFR takeoff minimums? List various types of NOTAMS. Where can they be found? What is special VFR? Limitations? Any different requirements at night?
I. F. Performance and Limitations What is the practical application for every performance chart listed in the POH? What are the effects of a forward CG? What are the effects of an aft CG? What are load factor limits for the PA-44-180? Where can we find them? What are they for Normal and Utility category aircraft? What is the difference in positive and negative G s? Why does maneuvering speed change with weight? What are the effects of density altitude on performance? I. G. Operation of Systems What are the primary flight controls? What is the purpose of trim and flaps? Describe the types of ailerons and flaps and their benefit. Describe the engine size, max horsepower, etc. What are the purposes of oil? Description, construction, and recognition of errors for the propeller Why doesn't the prop feather below 950 RPM? Description, construction, and recognition of errors for the landing gear Describe the brakes and the location of the reservoir. Describe the electrical system. What are the differences between fuses and circuit breakers? Describe the vacuum system and possible failures. What are the ignition system components/ Describe the pitot/static instruments and associated errors (difference of errors based on location of drain holes). Describe the gyroscopic instruments and associated errors. What are the magnetic compass errors? Location/explanation of G500 components or G1000 components. What equipment do we have that represents environmental equipment? De-icing equipment I. Principles of Flight-Engine Inoperative Definitions for V MC, critical engine, and loss of directional control Why do we lose directional control (asymmetric thrust and inefficient rudder effectiveness)? Why else does accelerated slipstream cause the left engine to be critical besides the rolling factor? Why else does aft CG increase V MC speed besides the location of the moment arm to the rudder? Where and under what conditions would V MC most likely occur?
4 types of engine failure scenarios and how we would resolve them (takeoff roll, after gear up, etc.) I. K. Human Factors Causes, effects, symptoms, and corrective actions for all aeromedical factors Difference between CO poisoning and hypoxia CO poisoning is what type of hypoxia? Effects of drugs and alcohol with an increase in altitude Alcohol legal limits How do we know what over the counter or prescription drugs we can take? Two types of stress and fatigue What is the difference between chronic stress and chronic fatigue? Sensory systems used and basic explanation of how they work (vestibular, somatosensory, and visual) Be familiar with and explain spatial disorientation illusions. DCS VIII. Emergency Operations ANY EMERGENCY REQUIRES REFERENCE TO CHECKLIST AND/OR MEMORY ITEMS Partial or complete power loss. Engine roughness or overheat. Loss of oil pressure. Fuel starvation. Electrical malfunction. Landing gear or flap malfunction. Does the gear free fall with a complete electrical failure? Inadvertent door or window opening. Smoke/fire/engine compartment fire. Lost communications. Lost. Inadvertent flight into IMC. IX. A. Supplemental Oxygen Types of oxygen delivery systems Times of Useful Consciousness O 2 requirements for pressurized and unpressurized cabins Oxygen Storage and differences in medical versus aviation grade oxygen IX. B.Pressurization
How does aircraft pressurization work? Effects of depressurization Airport Signs Quiz and Airport Lighting quiz Stall/Spin Awareness Have you read the sections in the POH, AFH, and AC61-67C about stalls and spins? (AFH also has a section on ME spins, make sure your students have read this.) What causes a stall? How do you recover from a stall? What are you trying to accomplish with your stall recovery (Silva wants to hear: reattach smooth, laminar airflow over the top of the wing.) What effect does an aft CG have on stall/spin recovery? Why? What effect does an aft CG have on stall speed? Why? What is a cross-control stall? Where are these most likely to occur? Take me through how a cross-controlled stall happens? What is an elevator-trim stall, a power on stall, a power off stall, and a secondary stall, and tell me during what phases of flight these are prevalent? What causes a spin? (Stall plus a yaw) Which wing is more stalled in a spin? Which wing has the higher AOA in a spin, the down or up wing? Is the plane still producing lift in a spin? If you have right rudder and left bank in, which direction will the plane spin? Which instrument do you look at in a spin to determine which direction you re spinning? What does the ASI show in a spin? Where are spins most likely to occur, where should you be at a heightened state of awareness for a possible spin? What is the ME spin recovery procedure? (look in the POH and AFH: it s PREA, and it s recommended that these control inputs be put in as simultaneously as possible). Why do you want to initiate the recovery as soon as possible? What are the stages of a spin? Show me what the plane is going to be doing during a spin with this model plane? Why is it harder to recover from a spin in the Seminole than, say, a Cessna? How do you know you ve gone from a spin to a steep spiral? (ASI starts increasing.) Is the Seminole certified/approved for spins? How do you know? Are light twins required to be spin tested? How does reducing power help you to recover from a spin? (Less negative lift on the elevator in the SE, + less asymmetrical thrust in the ME.) Revision Date June 9, 2017 Comments / Suggestions? If you have any comments about this study guide or suggestions about content to add in future revisions, please email the Training Department at training@allatps.com.