Measuring Governance and Public Administration in Viet Nam Jairo Acuña-Alfaro Policy Advisor, Public Administration Reform and Anti-Corruption UNDP Viet Nam jairo.acuna@undp.org Presentation prepared for NOPOOR Conceptual Background Seminar on Institutions, Governance and Poverty Centre for Analysis and Forecast (CAF) Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS) Ha Noi, 19 December 2012 1
Turning up-side down conventional wisdom Viet Nam Administra0ve Map (63 provinces) Dispelling myths and looking at people-centre experiences: International benchmarking of indicators Governance and Public Administration measured by selfassessments subjective and input oriented Monochromatic understandings of provincial performance one metric for all 63 provinces Flipping-the-coin and looking at citizens experiences and interactions as outputs 2
Highlights The Viet Nam Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) helps central and local governments to fight corruption In 2010, PAPI captured experiences of 5,568 citizens, and from 2011 of more than 13,500 citizens on yearly basis. Citizens experiences are measured by PAPI to support evidence-based policymaking processes. PAPI serves as the largest and pioneering nation-wide social audit Environment reliant on governmental self-assessments to measure governance PAPI helps to flip the coin to look into people-centred experiences. PAPI data and evidence provides information from which different stakeholders, including civil society, research organizations and mass media, can draw concrete lessons on reducing corruption and advocate for further reforms. Ammunition of independent verifiable data transparency in research! 3
AC Diagnos#cs Study - CPV A #meline view of a selec#on of governance/corrup#on surveys Governance / Corrup.on related Significant coverage (n) Methodological differences Mostly business oriented early ones World Bank Enterprise Survey Provincial Compe00veness Index VCCI, VNCi, USAiD Enterprise Survey - GSO Provincial Compe00veness Index VCCI, VNCi, USAiD Provincial Compe00veness Index VCCI, VNCi, USAiD VHLSS Pilot Governance Module MPI/GSO, WB Provincial Compe00veness Index VCCI, VNCi, USAiD World Bank Enterprise Survey Enterprise Survey - GSO Pilot Provincial Governance and PAPI VFF, CECODES, UNDP Provincial Compe00veness Index VCCI, VNCi, USAiD Global Corrup0on Barometer TI and Towards Transparency Assessment of Corrup0on Behavior in the Educa0on Sector - GI Online Survey on Public Administra0ve Procedures VNNet, UNDP Corrup0on Risks in the Issuance and Transfers of Land Use Rights & House Ownership - GI Provincial Compe00veness Index VCCI, VNCi, USAiD Provincial Governance and Public Administra#on Performance VFF, CECODES, UNDP Youth Integrity Survey TI Towards Transparency et al. Sociological Survey on Corrup0on Risks in the Management of Mineral Resource Exploita0on - GI Provincial Compe00veness Index VCCI, VNCi, USAiD Provincial Governance and Public Administra#on Performance VFF, CECODES, UNDP AC Diagnos0cs Study GI/OSCAC 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 4
Composition of PAPI 2011 PAPI is a composi0on of 6 dimensions, 22 sub- dimensions and 92 indicators. PAPI renders a fully transparent process of compu0ng 5,796 individually verifiable indicators, 1,368 sub- dimension scores and 378 dimension scores. 5
Key Demographic Description of PAPI 2011 Sample RawMean Weighted Party Members 9.59% 4.90% Minorities 15.49% 12.80% Women 52.96% 52.28% Secondary Education 60.04% 44.11% Poverty List 15.55% 19.07% Age (y.o.) 44.40 44.43
An Overview of National Trends 7
Current Household Economic Situation Household economic situa0on remains posi0ve and promising... but changes in percep0on about future economic situa0on in 2011 from 2010 2.48 2.69 1.95 2.1 1.8 2.1 1.171.42 0.961.22 1.41 0.87 1.01 0.79 Very Poor / Poor Normal Good / Very Good DK -1.75-0.05-4.86-4.71-4.93-5.37 8
Awareness of Land Use Plans At Local Levels Ci0zens remain largely unaware of land use plans but chances to comment on land use plans improved 9
Corruption and Bribery in Public Sector Propensity to Bribes at Public Notary and Hospitals by ci#zens in 2010 Bribe at Notary Bribe at Hospital 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.45 2.5 2.398 2.198 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 20% Pay Bribe 28% Pay Bribe 1.764 2.04 Propensity to Bribes by ci#zens in 2011 A B A B Form of Questionnaire But also, PAPI 2011 quan#fies the average amounts paid in bribes 2.6 million VND (~130 USD) per semester in primary schools 1.3 million VND (~65 USD) per health treatment at district hospital 0.8 million VND (~40 USD) per Land Use Right Cer#ficate 10
PAPI and other parameters of interest PAPI (Agree/Disagree) ACD Percep#ons Correla#on of province- level assessments with PAPI: (p- values) ACD Experiences Correla#on of province- level assessments with PAPI: (p- values) Health People like me have to bribe to receive medical services in the district s hospitals. Please provide your view on the common extent of corrup0on in... health 0.79*** (0.01) Extra payments for Taking a family member to hospitals or clinics for health check/ consulta0on or child birth/delivery 0.96*** (0.00) Educa#on Parents have to pay bribes to teachers for their children to be beder adended at the primary school nearest to my house. Please provide your view on the common extent of corrup0on in... educa0on 0.69** (0.03) Extra payments for Asking the school leaders and/or teachers for something concerning to your children s schooling 0.95*** (0.00) Land People have to pay bribes in order to obtain a land 0tle. Please provide your view on the common extent of corrup0on in... land administra0on or registra0on 0.50 (0.14) Extra payments for Reques0ng LURHOC - 0.01 (0.98) Construc#on In my commune/ward, officials receive kickbacks in exchange for approval of construc0on permits. Please provide your view on the common extent of corrup0on in... construc0on 0.30 (0.40) Extra payments for Reques0ng a permit for a housing construc0on and repair 0.49 (0.15) Jobs Combining all In order to get a job in the government, people have to pay a bribe. Source: An0- Corrup0on Diagnos0cs report 2012. page 88. Extra payments for Applying for a job by /for any members in your family 0.72** (0.02) 50 Sector- Provinces 0.62*** (0.00) 11
PAPI and other parameters of interest Source: An0- Corrup0on Diagnos0cs report 2012. page 89. 12
Nepotism in State Employment 13
Citizen s Satisfaction Levels with Selected Administrative Procedures 14
Citizen s Satisfaction Levels Public Hospital Services 15
Citizen s Satisfaction Levels with Education Services 16
Provincial Performance by Dimensions 17
PAPI captures difference of performance (i) Best to median D1. Par0cipa0on at local levels 8.00 7.00 6.00 25% Best Median Lowest D6. Public Service Delivery 12% 5.00 4.00 3.00 D2. Transparency 2.00 24% 1.00 0.00 D5. Public Administra0ve Procedures 9% 26% D3. Ver0cal Accountability 12% 18% D4. Control of Corrup0on 18
PAPI captures difference of performance (ii) Best to lowest D1. Par0cipa0on at local levels 8.00 7.00 6.00 Best Lowest D6. Public Service Delivery 31% 5.00 4.00 3.00 54% D2. Transparency 2.00 1.00 54% 0.00 D5. Public Administra0ve Procedures 18% 47% 47% D3. Ver0cal Accountability 24% D4. Control of Corrup0on 19
Aggregate Un-weighted PAPI 2011 S0ll a great deal of margin for improvement (circa 33%)
Unweighted PAPI (with 95% CI) 43.0 42.0 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.0 37.0 75 th percentile 36.0 35.0 25 percentile 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.0 30.0 Quang Binh BRVT Long An Quang Tri Ha Tinh Son La Nam Dinh Lang Son Binh Dinh Hoa Binh Tien Giang Thanh Hoa Hai Duong Da Nang Ha Noi Dong Thap Ben Tre HCMC Nghe An Thai Binh Binh Duong Bac Kan Binh Phuoc Gia Lai Vinh Phuc Thai Nguyen Quang Nam Ha Nam Dong Nai Phu Tho Yen Bai Dak Nong Bac Ninh Kon Tum Can Tho Vinh Long Tuyen Quang Dak Lak Quang Ninh Bac Giang Lao Cai Ca Mau TT- Hue Hai Phong Khanh Hoa Kien Giang Soc Trang Lam Dong Ninh Thuan Dien Bien Quang Ngai Hau Giang Hung Yen Lai Chau Bac Lieu Ninh Binh Binh Thuan An Giang Phu Yen Cao Bang Tay Ninh Ha Giang Tra Vinh
Mapping of Provincial Performance by PAPI 2011 22
Participation at the Local Level (Dimension 1) Son La Quang Binh Hoa Binh Lang Son Ba Ria Vung Tau Bac Ninh Binh Dinh Quang Tri Ben Tre Long An Ha Noi Tien Giang Dak Nong Can Tho Hai Duong Phu Tho Ha Tinh Bac Giang Bac Kan Lao Cai Thanh Hoa Quang Ninh Gia Lai Vinh Phuc Dong Nai Binh Phuoc Nghe An Nam Dinh Khanh Hoa Ha Nam Thai Binh Quang Nam Cao Bang Thai Nguyen Da Nang Thua Thien Hue Kon Tum Lam Dong Vinh Long Tuyen Quang Dong Thap Hai Phong Lai Chau Yen Bai TP. Ho Chi Minh Hung Yen Dak Lak Kien Giang Binh Duong Ninh Thuan Quang Ngai Hau Giang Soc Trang Ninh Binh Ha Giang An Giang Dien Bien Ca Mau Phu Yen Tra Vinh Bac Lieu Tay Ninh Binh Thuan Civic Knowledge Opportunities for Participation Quality of Elections Contributions 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 23
Transparency (Dimension 2) Ba Ria Vung Tau Ha Tinh Nam Dinh Son La Lang Son Quang Binh Long An Quang Tri Yen Bai Binh Phuoc TP. Ho Chi Minh Gia Lai Ha Noi Hoa Binh Thanh Hoa Thai Nguyen Nghe An Ben Tre Hai Duong Dak Nong Tien Giang Thai Binh Lao Cai Dak Lak Bac Kan Dien Bien Quang Nam Binh Dinh Ha Nam Quang Ninh Tuyen Quang Khanh Hoa Cao Bang Can Tho Bac Giang Dong Thap Binh Duong Ca Mau Da Nang Dong Nai Vinh Phuc Thua Thien Hue Hai Phong Quang Ngai Bac Ninh Ninh Binh Kon Tum Lai Chau Vinh Long Hung Yen Phu Tho Phu Yen An Giang Soc Trang Binh Thuan Ha Giang Hau Giang Kien Giang Bac Lieu Ninh Thuan Tay Ninh Lam Dong Tra Vinh Poverty Lists Communal Budgets Land-Use Plan/Pricing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 24
Vertical Accountability (Dimension 3) Quang Tri Quang Binh Ha Tinh Thai Binh Nghe An Nam Dinh Hai Duong Long An Ha Nam Hoa Binh Binh Dinh Quang Ninh Thanh Hoa Dong Thap Phu Tho Lang Son Binh Phuoc Son La Da Nang Tien Giang Ha Noi Bac Kan Yen Bai Vinh Phuc Kon Tum Quang Ngai Lao Cai Dak Nong Can Tho Bac Ninh Thai Nguyen Dak Lak Ba Ria Vung Tau Lam Dong Ninh Thuan Dien Bien Bac Giang Binh Thuan Gia Lai Quang Nam Vinh Long Binh Duong Tuyen Quang Thua Thien Hue Kien Giang Khanh Hoa Hau Giang TP. Ho Chi Minh Phu Yen Lai Chau Tay Ninh Ca Mau Soc Trang Hung Yen Dong Nai Ben Tre Tra Vinh Ninh Binh Bac Lieu Ha Giang Cao Bang Hai Phong An Giang Interactions With Local Authorities People's Inspection Boards Community Investment Boards 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 25
Control of Corruption in the Public Sector (Dimension 4) Long An Binh Duong Ca Mau Binh Dinh Dong Thap Soc Trang Tien Giang Ba Ria Vung Tau Quang Nam Ben Tre Lang Son TP. Ho Chi Minh Son La Bac Lieu Tuyen Quang Dong Nai Quang Binh Can Tho Thai Nguyen Binh Thuan Quang Tri Ha Tinh Vinh Phuc Hoa Binh Binh Phuoc Vinh Long Gia Lai Yen Bai Kien Giang Da Nang Nam Dinh Nghe An Lao Cai Ha Nam Phu Tho Kon Tum Hai Duong Thanh Hoa Dak Nong An Giang Ha Noi Hau Giang Quang Ngai Khanh Hoa Thai Binh Hung Yen Phu Yen Bac Kan Dien Bien Dak Lak Bac Giang Lai Chau Thua Thien Hue Lam Dong Ninh Thuan Ninh Binh Tay Ninh Bac Ninh Ha Giang Hai Phong Tra Vinh Quang Ninh Cao Bang Limits on Public Sector Corruption Limits on Corruption in Service Delivery Equity in Employment Willingness to Fight Corruption 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 26
Types of Corruption Southern provinces seem to be better in mitigating corruption (Soc Trang, Tien Giang, BRVT, Long An, Binh Duong and Dong Thap). Three Municipalities with average performance - Can Tho, HCMC and Da Nang. Two large urban areas as bottom performers - Ha Noi and Hai Phong 27
Level of Nepotism at the Provincial Level Zero Bac Giang Tra Vinh Cao Bang Son La Lam Dong Ninh Binh Khanh Hoa Vinh Long Phu Yen Dien Bien Quang Ninh Ninh Thuan Ha Giang Bac Ninh Vinh Phuc Yen Bai Thai Binh Ha Tinh TT-Hue Dak Lak Kon Tum Quang Ngai Hai Phong Hai Duong Binh Phuoc Ha Noi Land Registry Commune Justice Officer Policeman Teacher People's Committee Nghe An Dak Nong Bac Kan Ha Nam Gia Lai BRVT Lang Son Soc Trang Quang Tri Can Tho HCMC Bac Lieu Hoa Binh An Giang Quang Binh Hau Giang Hung Yen Lao Cai Lai Chau Thanh Hoa Thai Nguyen Phu Tho Da Nang Dong Nai Tay Ninh Binh Thuan Tuyen Quang Nam Dinh Kien Giang Quang Nam Ben Tre Binh Duong Dong Thap Ca Mau Long An Binh Dinh Tien Giang Perfect While 8 out of the best 10 are southern provinces, half of the bottom group include northern provinces. Nepotism plays a very important role in state employment in all 5 posts measured, with little variance across provinces. This shows the systemic nature of nepotism in employment into the public sector even at the commune level, also the lowest government level. 28
Public Administrative Procedures (Dimension 5) Quang Binh Ba Ria Vung Tau Nam Dinh Da Nang Quang Tri Thanh Hoa Dak Nong Bac Kan Dong Thap Long An Lam Dong Ha Tinh Kon Tum Binh Duong Dong Nai Binh Phuoc Yen Bai Gia Lai TP. Ho Chi Minh Vinh Long Ninh Thuan Ninh Binh Hai Phong Dak Lak Thai Nguyen Tien Giang Phu Tho Binh Dinh Bac Ninh Kien Giang Ha Noi Bac Lieu Ca Mau Bac Giang Nghe An Thai Binh Hung Yen Ben Tre Hau Giang Lang Son Vinh Phuc Tuyen Quang Tay Ninh Dien Bien Ha Nam Son La Hoa Binh Lai Chau Binh Thuan Thua Thien Hue Quang Ninh Cao Bang Phu Yen Soc Trang Hai Duong An Giang Lao Cai Ha Giang Quang Nam Khanh Hoa Quang Ngai Tra Vinh Can Tho Certification Procedures Construction Permit Land Procedures Personal Procedures 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 29
Assessment of Quality of Certification Services (Branch Size= % of respondents agreeing to the statements; Perfect =100% agreement) Zero Hai Phong Lai Chau Khanh Hoa Tay Ninh Can Tho Ben Tre Hau Giang Ninh Thuan Nghe An Dien Bien Cao Bang Vinh Phuc Binh Thuan Hung Yen Bac Giang An Giang Dong Nai Lam Dong Phu Yen Tra Vinh Da Nang Bac Kan Tuyen Quang Ca Mau Quang Ninh Yen Bai Vinh Long Binh Dinh Tien Giang HCMC Long An Gia Lai Bac Lieu Quang Binh Ha Nam Kien Giang Binh Phuoc Kon Tum Lao Cai Hoa Binh Quang Nam Thai Nguyen Dak Lak Ha Noi Clear Information Fees Displayed Officials Competent Treated w/respect Paperwork Reasonable Clear Deadline Deadline Met Satisfied w/service TT-Hue Thanh Hoa Dak Nong Lang Son Quang Tri BRVT Soc Trang Bac Ninh Phu Tho Son La Binh Duong Thai Binh Nam Dinh Ninh Binh Ha Tinh Quang Ngai Ha Giang Hai Duong Dong Thap Perfect Small variance across 63 provinces in the quality of certification services. Citizens in general are satisfied with the services given at both district and commune levels. 30
Assessment of Construction Permit Application Procedures (Branch Size= % of respondents agreeing to the statements; Perfect =100% agreement) Zero Dak Nong Binh Thuan Vinh Phuc Thanh Hoa Vinh Long Dien Bien Lang Son Dong Nai Ha Tinh An Giang Khanh Hoa Lam Dong Binh Phuoc Gia Lai Quang Nam Kon Tum Bac Giang Clear Information Fees Displayed Officials Competent Treated w/respect Paperwork Reasonable Clear Deadline Deadline Met Satisfied w/service Hai Phong Bac Kan Long An Ha Noi Hoa Binh Da Nang BRVT HCMC Yen Bai Binh Duong Tien Giang Bac Lieu Nghe An Quang Binh Perfect Note: Provinces listed herein are those with more than 15 respondents in the total sample having applied for the construction permits. 31
Assessment of LURCs Application Procedures (Branch Size= % of respondents agreeing to the statements in the legend; Perfect =100%) Zero Ninh Binh Hung Yen Lao Cai Thai Nguyen Thanh Hoa Dien Bien Ha Tinh Hau Giang Can Tho Vinh Phuc Gia Lai Binh Phuoc Lai Chau An Giang Dak Lak Tuyen Quang Cao Bang Hoa Binh Nghe An Dak Nong Dong Nai Kon Tum Hai Phong Bac Kan Yen Bai Tra Vinh Ha Nam Phu Yen Soc Trang Tay Ninh Ben Tre Clear Information Fees Displayed Officials Competent Treated w/respect Paperwork Reasonable Clear Deadline Deadline Met Satisfied w/service Ninh Thuan Binh Thuan Bac Giang Binh Dinh Long An Quang Binh Vinh Long HCMC Lang Son Quang Tri Nam Dinh Da Nang Tien Giang Ha Giang Dong Thap BRVT Ca Mau Binh Duong Lam Dong Hai Duong Ha Noi Perfect Note: Provinces listed herein are those with more than 15 respondents in the total sample having applied for land use rights certificates. Bottom performers are mostly northern provinces, with exception of Hau Giang and Can Tho. Some provinces witness uneven performance levels in the 8 criteria. In particular, Bac Giang civil servants dealing with LURCs for citizens are complained about their competence and attitude. 32
Assessment of Commune-level Administrative Procedures (Branch Size= % of respondents agreeing to the statements in the legend; Perfect =100%) Zero Dien Bien Lai Chau Quang Ninh Cao Bang Binh Thuan An Giang Khanh Hoa Quang Nam Phu Yen Ha Nam Yen Bai Bac Giang Tuyen Quang Hai Phong Gia Lai Thai Nguyen Phu Tho Can Tho Hung Yen Ninh Thuan Lam Dong Thai Binh Nghe An Lang Son Kon Tum Dong Nai TT-Hue Ha Noi Ha Giang Ca Mau Dak Lak Lao Cai Hau Giang Quang Ngai Binh Phuoc Tra Vinh Tay Ninh Bac Kan Da Nang Thanh Hoa Kien Giang Bac Lieu Son La Hoa Binh Clear Information Fees Displayed Officials Competent Treated w/respect Paperwork Reasonable Clear Deadline Deadline Met Satisfied w/service Vinh Phuc Vinh Long Binh Dinh Dak Nong HCMC Ben Tre Tien Giang Binh Duong Quang Tri Dong Thap Nam Dinh Ha Tinh Long An Ninh Binh Soc Trang Bac Ninh Quang Binh Hai Duong BRVT Perfect Commune-leveled administrative service seems to have gained recognition from citizens regarding quality of service. Small difference in total quality across provinces. 33
Public Services Delivery (Dimension 6) Da Nang Hai Phong Ba Ria Vung Tau Quang Binh TP. Ho Chi Minh Long An Ha Noi Quang Tri Lang Son Hai Duong Binh Dinh Vinh Long Kien Giang Thua Thien Hue Ben Tre Vinh Phuc Ninh Thuan Binh Duong Ha Tinh Quang Nam Son La An Giang Thanh Hoa Nam Dinh Bac Lieu Kon Tum Bac Ninh Hau Giang Quang Ninh Dong Thap Khanh Hoa Dong Nai Hoa Binh Soc Trang Lam Dong Thai Binh Tuyen Quang Phu Tho Dak Lak Can Tho Bac Giang Lai Chau Binh Thuan Bac Kan Hung Yen Tien Giang Ninh Binh Nghe An Tra Vinh Tay Ninh Dien Bien Ca Mau Gia Lai Quang Ngai Thai Nguyen Phu Yen Cao Bang Lao Cai Ha Nam Yen Bai Binh Phuoc Ha Giang Dak Nong Health Education Infrastructure Law and Order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 34
Citizens' Assessment of District Public Hospitals (Branch Size= % of respondents agreeing to the statements in the legend; Perfect =100%) Zero Cao Bang TT-Hue Soc Trang Binh Phuoc Ha Giang Dak Nong Hung Yen Quang Ninh Dong Nai Dak Lak Thai Nguyen Tay Ninh Khanh Hoa Dien Bien Bac Giang Nam Dinh Binh Thuan Phu Tho Hai Phong Dong Thap Lam Dong Binh Duong Long An Ninh Thuan Phu Yen Ha Nam Da Nang Thanh Hoa Nghe An Ninh Binh An Giang Tien Giang Gia Lai Vinh Phuc Hau Giang Bac Ninh Lang Son Ha Noi Bac Lieu Hoa Binh Hai Duong Quang Binh Tuyen Quang Quang Nam Kien Giang Ben Tre Thai Binh Lai Chau Binh Dinh Quang Tri BRVT HCMC Yen Bai No Shared beds Electric fan Clean restroom Regular visits by staff Treated with respect Reasonable expenses Reasonable waiting period Disease/Injury cured Private Pharma Satisfaction with service Can Tho Vinh Long Ha Tinh Bac Kan Lao Cai Kon Tum Ca Mau Tra Vinh Quang Ngai Son La Perfect Poorer provinces (e.g. Son La, Quang Ngai, Tra Vinh, Ca Mau and Kon Tum) tend to receive higher scores in total quality of district hospital. Can Tho and HCMC are among the top 15 while Hai Phong at the bottom 15, and Ha Noi and Da Nang in the low average group. 35
Citizens' Assessment of Public Primary Schools (Branch Size= % of respondents agreeing to the statements in the legend; Perfect =100%) Zero Dien Bien Lai Chau Ninh Thuan Cao Bang Khanh Hoa Bac Ninh Hai Phong Dak Lak Bac Giang Dong Nai Thai Nguyen Lao Cai Tra Vinh Ca Mau Bac Kan Phu Tho Ben Tre Tuyen Quang Ha Giang TT-Hue Hau Giang Ha Noi Ha Nam Binh Duong Quang Tri Quang Nam Hoa Binh Binh Thuan Son La Hai Duong Lam Dong Soc Trang Quang Ninh Tien Giang Thanh Hoa Kien Giang Hung Yen Lang Son Phu Yen Vinh Long Kon Tum Vinh Phuc Can Tho Ninh Binh Brick Walls Clean Toilets Free Drinking Water Less than 36 students Less than 3 shifts No favoritism from teachers Well qualified teachers Regular feedback Informed of school revenue An Giang Dak Nong Gia Lai Binh Dinh Nghe An HCMC Binh Phuoc BRVT Long An Nam Dinh Tay Ninh Dong Thap Da Nang Bac Lieu Quang Ngai Thai Binh Yen Bai Quang Binh Provinces have different problems with public primary schools. Ha Tinh Perfect Top 10 provinces are from different economic development backgrounds (e.g. Da Nang, Ha Tinh, Thai Binh and Yen Bai). 36
Deepening the understanding and demographic differences What type of analysis economists and social scientists can do? Some examples 37
PAPI in Viet Nam Human Development Report 38
PAPI in Independent Academic Research 39
Different respondents, different experiences Dimension 5: Administra0ve Procedures Based on mul0ple- regression analysis of the results, the strongest demographic determinant of perspec0ves on public administra0on performance seems to be whether or not the respondent is a party member. For 18 of the 22 sub- dimensions in PAPI, party members were significantly more likely to have more posi0ve experiences or exhibit behaviors that align with beder performance than others. Source: www.papi.vn 40
Different Respondents, different experiences Dimension 4: Corruption Public Sector Service Delivery Equity in Employment Willingness Total Corruption 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Party Member 0.189*** 0.183*** 0.0651** 0.0645* 0.165*** 0.161** 0.251*** 0.215*** 0.670*** 0.623*** (0.0463) (0.0450) (0.0325) (0.0351) (0.0618) (0.0621) (0.0340) (0.0335) (0.105) (0.111) Minority 0.0144 0.0511-0.0325-0.0130-0.00579 0.0453-0.0709*** -0.0335-0.0948 0.0499 (0.0371) (0.0375) (0.0212) (0.0234) (0.0503) (0.0531) (0.0227) (0.0264) (0.101) (0.105) Secondary Education 0.119*** 0.0957*** 0.0510*** 0.0395** 0.162*** 0.148*** 0.172*** 0.135*** 0.504*** 0.419*** (0.0270) (0.0302) (0.0142) (0.0153) (0.0318) (0.0362) (0.0181) (0.0206) (0.0614) (0.0695) Age -0.000768-0.000207 0.000478 0.000838-0.000945-0.000265 0.00173** 0.00193** 0.000490 0.00230 (0.00108) (0.00106) (0.000542)(0.000554) (0.00113) (0.00117) (0.000831)(0.000844) (0.00240) (0.00245) Female -0.0461* -0.0375-0.00619-0.00231-0.127*** -0.105*** -0.119*** -0.114*** -0.298*** -0.259*** (0.0240) (0.0250) (0.0149) (0.0159) (0.0345) (0.0367) (0.0203) (0.0196) (0.0597) (0.0638) Poverty List -0.0259-0.0240-0.0133-0.0757*** -0.139* (0.0300) (0.0165) (0.0467) (0.0179) (0.0795) Luxury Goods 0.0146 0.00201 0.000405 0.0680*** 0.0850* (0.0212) (0.0114) (0.0214) (0.0137) (0.0504) Basic Goods 0.0446*** 0.0314*** 0.0382** 0.0359*** 0.150*** (0.0114) (0.00692) (0.0166) (0.00784) (0.0327) Rural Goods 0.0127 0.00879 0.0356* 0.0341*** 0.0912** (0.0147) (0.00951) (0.0181) (0.00992) (0.0362) Provincial FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Constant 1.484*** 1.450*** 1.940*** 1.914*** 0.634*** 0.570*** 1.737*** 1.722*** 5.794*** 5.655*** (0.0831) (0.0833) (0.0342) (0.0358) (0.0806) (0.0865) (0.0768) (0.0685) (0.209) (0.215) Observations 13,304 13,406 13,304 13,406 13,304 13,406 13,304 13,406 13,304 13,406 R-squared 0.099 0.105 0.093 0.105 0.142 0.146 0.324 0.340 0.133 0.146 Party members and respondents with secondary education à less corruption experiences Older people à believe there is greater willingness to fight corruption Women à less optimistic about finding a job based on merit and willingness to fight corruption 41
PAPI with Deeper Analysis Dimension 1: Participation At Local Levels 42
PAPI 2011 vs. PCI 2011 PAPI2011 is correlated with PCI2011 (r=0.2330*). There are clear differences between citizens and businesses assessments 34 36 38 40 42 Ha Nam Cao Bang Lam Dong Lang Son La Son Nam Dinh Thai Thai Nguyen Nghe An Vinh BinhLong Gia Lai Bac DakNong Kan Tuyen Quang DakLak Phu Yen Hoa Binh Quang Binh Binh Dinh Ha Noi Ben Tre Can Tho Quang Nam Binh Duong BR Vung Tau Da Nang Dong Thap Hai Phong Ca Mau Thua Thien-Hue Yen Bai Binh Phuoc Vinh Phuc Dong Nai Kon Tum Khanh Hoa Kien Giang Bac Giang Soc Trang Quang Ninh Phu Tho Ninh Thuan Bac Lieu An Giang Bac Ninh Hau Giang Quang Ngai Dien Bien Lai Chau Ninh Binh Hung Yen Binh Thuan Tra Vinh Ha Giang Hai Duong Tien Giang Thanh Hoa Tay Ninh TP.HCM Quang Tri 50 55 60 65 70 75 Provincial Competitiveness Index, PCI 2011 Ha Tinh Long An 95% CI Fitted values PAPI weighted, 2011 Lao Cai r=.23*
PAPI 2011 vs. GDP2010 The correlation between PAPI2011 and GDP2010 is strong and positive with statistic significance at 0.05% (r=0.3150**). Richer provinces do not necessarily do better than poorer ones. Being wealthy is not an advantage to higher levels of governance and public administration performance. 34 36 38 40 42 Bac Kan Lai Chau Dien Bien Cao Bang Kon Tum Ha Giang Quang BinhHa Tinh Lang Son Son La Quang Tri Hoa Binh Yen Bai Tuyen Lao Cai Quang DakNong Ninh Thuan Ha Nam Hau Giang Phu Yen Ben Tre Binh Dinh Nam Dinh Da Nang Quang Nam Binh Duong Dong Hai Thap Duong Tien Giang Thanh Hoa Can Tho Thai Nguyen Nghe An Vinh Gia Lai Long Thai Binh Hai Phong Thua Ca Thien-Hue Mau Binh Phuoc DakLak Vinh Phuc Khanh Hoa Dong Nai Bac Giang Soc Trang Kien Giang Quang Ninh Phu Tho Bac Ninh Bac Lieu An Giang Quang Ngai Ninh Binh Hung Yen Binh Lam Thuan Dong Tra Vinh Long An Tay Ninh BR Vung Tau 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 GDP 2010 at current prices (log10) 95% CI Fitted values PAPI weighted, 2011 Ha Noi r=.31** TP.HCM
PAPI 2011 vs. Human Development Index (HDI) 2008 Governance and Public Administration very strongly associated with overall Human Development Index (0.3723***). Provinces with higher levels of performance in PAPI also tend to have higher human development levels (or vice versa). 34 36 38 40 42 Lai Chau Ha Giang Dien Bien Son La Yen Bai Lao Cai Kon Tum Ninh Thuan Gia Lai Bac Kan Cao Bang Tra Vinh Quang BinhHa Tinh Lang Son Quang Tri Long An Binh Dinh Nam Dinh Ben Tre Quang Nam Hoa Binh Binh Duong Dong Thap Tien Hai Giang Duong Thanh Hoa Can Tho Nghe An Thai Nguyen Thai Binh Vinh LongHai Phong Thua Thien-Hue Ca Mau Tuyen Quang DakNong DakLak Binh Phuoc Vinh Phuc Khanh Dong Hoa Nai Soc Bac Trang Giang Kien Giang Quang Ninh Phu Tho An Giang Bac Ninh Ha Nam Bac Lieu Quang Ngai Hau Giang Phu Yen Ninh Binh Hung Yen Binh Thuan Lam Dong Tay Ninh TP.HCM Da Nang Ha Noi.55.6.65.7.75.8 Human Development Index, HDI 2008 95% CI Fitted values PAPI weighted, 2011 r=.37*** BR Vung Tau
In sum providing novel approaches on a changing landscape Lights More evidence and objec0ve informa0on What gets measured gets monitored! More actors, tools and frameworks to monitor performance PAPI sets example in methodology and philosophy Clearer iden0fica0on of performance levels and areas of strength and weaknesses Opening up of space for evidence based discussions Enhanced capaci0es for diagnosing performance Ini0al indica0ons of evidence informing policy na0onal & provinces Shadows/challenges Difference in methodologies with tradi0onal approaches Quality what you don t know can hurt you! Data averse policy making / implementa0on culture Limited diagnosing of performance? i.e. solu0ons Challenge ahead: From monitoring to enforcement 46
Thank you for your attention! www.papi.vn Citation: CECODES, FR, CPP & UNDP (2012). The Viet Nam Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI): Measuring Citizens Experiences. A Joint Policy Research Paper by Centre for Community Support and Development Studies (CECODES), The Front Review of the Central Committee for the Viet Nam Fatherland Front (FR), Commission on People s Petitions of the Standing Committee for the National Assembly of Viet Nam (CPP), and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ha Noi, Viet Nam.