CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Francesca Loguercio Cilento & Vallo di Diano National Park

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Francesca Loguercio Cilento & Vallo di Diano National Park

Date inscribed 1998 World heritage property Buffer zone 842-001 Paestum, Velia, The Certosa of Padula, mount Cervati and The Vallo di Diano 842-002 Punta Licosa and the mount Stella region 842-003 Capo Palinuro, Punta degli Infreschi and the mount Bulgheria region

EXTENSION The National Park, essentially a mountainous region divided by several river valleys sloping down to the Tyrrhenian Sea, is defined by natural features: the Tyrrhenian Sea on the east, and the Sele and Tanagro rivers, with the broad sweep of the Vallo di Diano in its upper reaches. SELE RIVER TANAGRO RIVER TYRRHENIAN SEA

HISTORY Cilento is a cultural landscape of outstanding value that has evidence of human occupation dating from 250,000 years ago. It has been occupied over time by farmers during the Neolithic period, by Bronze and Iron Age societies, Etruscans, Greek colonists, Lucanians It was incorporated into the Roman territory in the 3 rd century BC

HISTORY The site contains dramatic groups of sanctuaries and settlements extending across three different eastwest mountain ridges in the province of Salerno, covering quite a vast area, 159,110ha, including part of the National Park Cilento e Vallo di Diano, the two archaeological sites of Paestum and Velia, and the monumental Certosa of Padula. Certosa of Padula Sanctuary of Velia Archaeological site of Paestum

PAESTUM Communication routes were established during prehistoric times along the crests of the mountain ranges, and while they fell into decline during the Roman era, they came back into use in the Middle Ages. Evidence of this use is visible in the many prehistoric and protohistoric sites discovered, and in the medieval towns and castles. The most noteworthy archaeological site is that of Paestum, the Greek city of Poseidonia, founded at the end of 7 TH century BC.

VELIA Another site of great importance is the archaeological area of Velia, which preserves the monumental remains of the colony of Elea, founded by the Phocaeans in the second half of the 6 TH century.

VALUES Criterion (iii): During the prehistoric period, and again in the Middle Ages, the Cilento region served as a key route for cultural, political, and commercial communications in an exceptional manner, utilizing the crests of the mountain chains running east-west and thereby creating a cultural landscape of outstanding significance and quality.

VALUES Criterion (iv): In two key episodes in the development of human societies in the Mediterranean region, the Cilento area provided the only viable means of communication between the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian seas in the central Mediterranean region, and this is vividly illustrated by the cultural landscape of today.

ATTRIBUTES INTEGRITY The integrity of the property is intact. We can find the archeological sites of Paestum and Velia, the monumental complex of the ancient monastery of Certosa of Padula and many sites of great archeological and artistic relevance. The vast side also contains seaside landscapes (Punta Licosa, Palinuro and Punta degli Infreschi) as well as inland landscapes, such as the Bulgheria mountains. This ample stretch of land, located within a natural protected area of national importance, ensures the integrity of the site. In fact, despite the inevitable transformations in such a vast territory, the property conserves its features as a cultural landscape, deriving from the age-old interaction between humans and nature. Punta Licosa Punta degli Infreschi Certosa of Padula Bulgheria Mount

ATTRIBUTES AUTHENTICITY The authenticity of the cultural elements within the park is high, providing an example of a cultural landscape of outstanding significance and quality on the Tyrrhenian Sea, with traces of human occupation dating back to pre-historic times. Vestiges of ancient mountain trail networks are still visible in the landscape, as are many of the religious sanctuaries. Villages and hamlets along the route have survived with little change impacting their authenticity. Archeological site of Paestum Palinuro sea Archeological site of Velia Ancient Village (Borgo San Severino)

THREATS Threats to the property are primarily related to natural disasters such as landslides and flooding. There is a possible threat to the integrity of the site due to illegally constructed buildings within the National Park.

PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS Three different levels of protection NATIONAL LOCAL REGIONAL

NATIONAL LEVEL OF PROTECTION At the national level, the site is covered by Italian Legislative Decree 42/2004 Code for the Cultural Heritage and Landscape, which offers protection for natural and panoramic beauty. Parco Nazionale del Cilento & Vallo di Diano is also protected by Italian Law 394/1991, which covers the natural areas and enforces strict controls over designated areas. A Presidential Decree of June encouraged the preservation of the cultural landscape within a program of sustainable development. It is also worth noting that much of the park is a National Forest, which comes under the strict control of the Italian Forest Law. The archaeological sites and several individual buildings in the area are also covered by Decree 42/04 as cultural landscape. This is effectively a safeguarding measure, which ensures any activity on the site must be authorized by the relevant Superintendence. The archaeological site of Paestum is also under the protection regime of L. 220/1957, which established a protected landscape area extending one kilometer outside the city walls.

REGIONAL LEVEL OF PROTECTION The archaeological sites of Paestum and Elea-Velia are managed by the Superintendence for the Archaeological Landscape of Salerno, Avellino, Benevento and Caserta. The Certosa di Padula is managed by the Superintendence for the Architectonic Landscape of Salerno and Avellino. Superintendence for the Archaeological Landscape of Salerno, Avellino, Benevento and Caserta Superintendence for the Architectonic Landscape of Salerno and Avellino

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND LANDSCAPE ANTHROPIC TERRITORY The olive tree is the plant that characterizes most of the areas of the Cilento. It is located on the coast, in the plain, in the hills and mountains. This plant is an important job opportunity and income, and it is important for the protective of soil and landscape conservation.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND LANDSCAPE ANTHROPIC TERRITORY The national Park of Cilento is the result of the combined work of nature and man and it is a living landscape that preserves the traditional characters that have generated it.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND LANDSCAPE ANTHROPIC TERRITORY

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