Regional Policy Frameworks for Renewables and Energy Efficiency in Small Island States (SIDS) Nicholas Watts Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, London Metropolitan University At 16th Meeting of Reform Group Climate Policy after Fukushima, Schloss Leopoldskron, Austria, 29/8-2/9/2011
Joined up thinking: Jellyfish shut down nuclear plant Jellyfish Close Scottish Nuclear Power PlantEDINBURGH, Scotland, June 30, 2011 (ENS) - A nuclear power station in eastern Scotland manually shut down its two reactors Tuesday after large mass of jellyfish was found in its seawater filter screens, the operating company said today."both units at Torness power station were manually shut down on 28 June, due to the high volumes of jelly fish fouling the cooling water screens," said a statement from EDF Energy, the French company which operates the power station.the power station near Dunbar in East Lothian has two advanced gas cooled reactors, but the power plant also draws in water from the North Sea to help cool its nuclear fuel. The filters prevent marine creatures and seaweed from entering the cooling system.
Context Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) including poverty reduction, gender mainstreaming, sustainable livelihoods, energy/electricity access Climate Change / Resilience Funding commitments Energy security
Global actors UN Energy: Energy for a Sustainable Future, April 2010 World Bank Global Environment Facility (GEF) & GEF Small Grants Programme (GEF SGP) WEO post-rio 2012
AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States Members Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Cape Verde; Comoros; Cook Islands; Cuba; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Fiji; Federated States of Micronesia; Grenada; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Jamaica; Kiribati; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Nauru; Niue; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Samoa; Singapore; Seychelles; Sao Tome and Principe; Solomon Islands; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname; Timor-Leste; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Tuvalu; Vanuatu Observers American Samoa; Netherlands Antilles; Guam; U.S. Virgin Islands
SIDS groupings Caribbean Pacific AIMS Atlantic (Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Sao Tome & Principe), Indian Ocean (Bahrain, Comoros, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles), South China Seas (Singapore). Cyprus and Malta (Mediterranean) members but no longer developing states SIDSDOCK (AOSIS) collective institutional mechanism to assist SIDS transform their national energy sectors into a catalyst for sustainable economic development and help generate financial resources to address adaptation to climate change.
Pacific Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC): Gender Mainstreaming
Caribbean Intergovernmental Organisations (IGOs) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Antigua and Barbuda; Dominica; Grenada; Montserrat; St Kitts and Nevis; St Lucia; St Vincent and the Grenadines. Associate members: Anguilla, British Virgin Islands CARICOM As for OECS plus: Barbados, Belize, Guyana; Haiti; Jamaica; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; associate members: Anguilla, Bermuda, BVI, Caman Islands, Turks and Caicos Association of Caribbean States (ACS) As for CARICOM plus Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela, Aruba, France, Netherlands Antilles, Turks and Caicos Organization of American States As for ACS plus: Argentina. Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Domincan Republic; Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay
Climate Threats to SIDS (Caribbean) Global weirding Low lying states (Maldives, Kiribati, some of Bahamas) Risks from sea level rise threaten their physical existence unless 350 ppm in the long run Other states social-economic viability compromised: rising seas will damage their coastal zones, where the majority of their socioeconomic infrastructure is located saline intrusion into their coastal aquifers which will negatively impact on their drinking water and agricultural activities destruction of coral reefs and fisheries habitats that result from increases in ocean acidification and rising temperatures; stronger tropical cyclones can destroy years of positive development in hours, Cook Islands (2005); Cuba (2008); Fiji (2008); Grenada (2004); Haiti (2004; 2008); Niue (2004); etc.
Caribbean Institutions: Climate Change The Caribbean Community (CARICOM)Global Small Island Developing States Conference (Barbados 1994) - priority:climate change Organisation of American States (OAS) (1994) support to develop a regional project to build capacity for adaptation. Capacity building projects: Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change (CPACC) with Global Environmental Facility (GEF) funding Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean (ACCC) (2001-2004), funded by Canadian Climate Change Development Fund Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (2004-2007) (GEF $) Outcomes:CARICOM wide network of monitoring stations; development of regional capacity for coral reef monitoring; vulnerability assessments; economic valuation of environmental services; the articulation of national climate change adaptation policies and implementation plans, and increased public awareness of climate change issues in the Region. Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC)(2004) mandate to coordinate the region s response to Climate Change - cooperates closely with CARICOM, independently funded
Caribbean Institutions: RE, EE [Climate Institute s Global Sustainable Energy Islands Initiative] The Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Programme (CREDP) CARICOM/ GIZ partnership --> Caribbean Information Platform on Renewable Energy (CIPORE) Caribbean Renewable Energy Technical Assistance Facility (CRETAF) (CARICOM with GEF $) University of the West Indies (UWI)
Challenges Public-private sector balance Indivisibility Small scale Lack of local level capacity Weak/overlapping institutions Poverty, energy access, gender mainstreaming Access to policy discussions Good governance (centralised supply -> funds for government / officials, control)
Poverty reduction MDGs Gender mainstreaming Health Access to energy Poverty Strategy Papers - energy conceptually central, not so at operational level (UNDP 2007a) Asia/Pacific 2004-2007 prices: cooking fuel + 171%, transportation +120%, electricity + 67%, lighting fuels +67% (UNDP 2007b)
Policy Responses Infrastructure Institutions: regionalisation and decentralisation The market rules: IFIs and PPPs Capacity / skills development Green economy/ green new deal Funding / support Timeline Integrated Territorial Climate Plan (ITCP - UNDP 2009)
Infrastructure International cables, gas pipelines (scale, reduce redundancy levels) Feasible in Caribbean, not Pacific Investment in green skills development, RE technologies, CDM flexibility
Timeline - SIDS 1992 Rio 1994 Barbados /AOSIS 2002 WSSD 2005 Mauritius (MSI) SIDS day at CSD (cross-cutting) 2009 1.5 to Stay Alive, Copenhagen funding commitments 2010 MDGs Summit 2012 Rio+20
Opportunities Knowledge networks - University in the Community Training - high level Community level international exchanges [Haiti reconstruction] Decentralisation studies Integrated policy reviews
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