22 2 Vol122, No12 2002 5 Acta Theriologica Sinica May, 2002 3 (,, 200062) : 1999 7 2000 6 25 30 26, 122 24,, 10 km 2 81125 % 5 3 km, 21147 % ;, ; ;,, : ; ; : Q95811 : A : 1000-1050 (2002) 02-0098 - 10 ( Hydropotes inermis),,,,,,,, 28 42, 110,,, 4 : ; [1 ; ; ], 1923 :,,,, [2 ] ( ), [3 ] [4 ] [5 ], 1999 7 2000 6 1 111, 29 32 04 N, : ; (WCS) : (1969 - ),,,. : 2000-10 - 23 ; : 2001-09 - 21 3 : 021-62232361 ; Email : ezhangwguomai. sh. cn
2 : 99 121 31 123 25 E 18117 km, 16914 km 22 200 2, 20 800 km 2, 93169 % ; ( ) 1 371 km 2, 6131 % 1 384, 98, 70181 % (30 04 N, 122 08 E), 476 km 2, [6,7 ],,,,, 200 m ( 1) 1 Table 1 Topographic features of Zhoushan Archipelago Hills Plain Low mountain Area (km 2 ) 839136 404160 12. 56 Percentage 66180 % 32120 % 1100 % Note : 500 m Hills are terrains, which are below the elevation of 500 m ; 500 1 000 m low mountain, between 500 1 000 m, 1516 1616 8, 2518 2810 1, 512 519,, 12 3 4, 7 9, 3 6,,,,, 93 356 hm 2, 74130 %, 39134 % 1 602 ( Quercus fabri ) ( Rhododendron simsii ) ( Eurya japonica) ( Kalimeris indica) ( Rumex acetosz) ( Imperata cylinderaca) ( Pteridiumaquilinum) 3 112,,, ( GPS, : Garmin 12) ; 2 ) 25, 188, 226, ( 211 (30 26 N, 122 24 E) ; (29 40 N, 122 08 E) ; (29 52 N, 122 24 E) ; (30 04 N, 121 50 E) 4 3.. 1994.
100 22 ( ), 3 : 25, 1173 %, 1 080 km 2, 86 % 21, 8715 %, 1 069 km 2, 8715 % 98195 4 3 : (30 42 N, 122 28 E) (29 55 N, 122 24 E) (30 12 N, 122 40 E), (30 13 N, 122 53 E) ( 1) 1 Fig11 Map of Zhoushan Archipelago 212 ( 2) 25,, 476 km 2, (29 44 N, 122 14 E), 0171 km 2 10 km 2
2 : 101 16, 14, 87150 %, 13, 92186 % 30 km 2, 1 10 km 2 42, 11, 8, 72173 %,, 213 25, 3 km 5, 0135 km, 3 km, (30 04 N, 122 13 E) ( 104197 km 2 ) ( 30 2 Fig12 The distribution of Chinese water deer in islands of different sizes 13 N, 122 09 E) (30 15 N, 122 18 E) ; ( 93166 km 2 ) (29 45 N, 122 02 E) (29 43 N, 122 13 E) (29 43 N, 122 13 E) ; (30 04 N, 122 51 E) ( 77185 km 2 ), (60189 km 2 ) 212 km (29 55 N, 122 24 E) (30 26 N, 122 24 E) ( 59179 km 2 ), 6 50 km 2 4, 66167 % 2 Table 2 Evidence of Chinese water deer on islets ( Data were collected by using line transact method) Frequency Hills The places that traces of water deer were found Percentage Slop fields Frequency Percentage Plain fields Frequency Percentage Tracks 67 73186 % 136 88189 % 27 77114 % Faecd pellets 86 56121 % 45 29141 % 1 2186 % Bedding sites 20 13107 % 2 1131 % 0 0 % Browsed traces 89 62175 % 128 83166 % 18 11176 % Live deer 5 3127 % 1 0164 % 0 0 % Notes : 153, 35 ;, ; A total of 153 transacts were made in slope field while 35 transacts in plain field ; slope fields refer to fields on the slope of hills, generally in the lower part of hills ; plain field refer to fields in plain 214 98, 7115 % 21, 21143 % 1 km 2 58, 23, 39166 %,
102 22 20, 34148 %, 86196 % 215 ( 2) 2,,,,,, ;,, 216 25, ( ) 20, 80 % 18, 90 %, (30 42 N, 122 28 E) (30 12 N, 122 41 E),, 4 3, 2, ;,,, 3 21, 22 3, 43 [2,3, ], [3,8,9 ], (29 60 N, 122 23 E) (30 15 N, 122 12 E) [2 ],, 311, 1 km 2 58, 31, 53145 % 5 km 2 24, 21, 8715 % 1 km 2 1 326, 95181 %, 14, 1106 %, 476 km 2 ; (29 59 N, 122 03 E), 0102 km 2,,,, ;, ( 3), 0118 km 2 [10 ] 0141 0115 / km 2[4 ], 0118 0138 km 2, 0171 km 2 ;, 0102 km 2, 0110 km 2, ; 0120 km 2,,,? ( Incidence Function Hypothesis) :, ; 3,,,.. 1998, 21-28.
2 : 103, (Small Island ef2 fect hypothesis),, ( Disturbance hypothesis),, [11, ],,,, 12 3 4, 7 9, 3 6, 3 Fig13 The distribution of water deer on islets of various areas Note :, For convenience, the ratio of 0-10 was used,,, 3 km,, ( 316), 10 km 2, 10 km 2 [2 ], 10 km 2, (6130 km 2 ) (6193 km 2 ) (7128 km 2 ), (2122 km 2 ),,, 312 31211 ( 4), : y = 113 + 93171/ x ; x : ; y : ; R 2 = 01896, F = 34143, P = 01004, df = 4 ;,, 4 Fig14 Number of islets with Water deer in relation to the distances from main land : 43 Note : The data are from 43 islands whith Chinese water deer distributed, 4105 km ;, 5618 km 31212 ( 5)
104 22, : y = 0173 + 48148/ x ; x :, y : ; R 2 = 01933 1, F = 69139, P < 01001, df = 5 ;,,, 0135 km ;, 3315 km,, 3315 km, 5618 km, 416 413 km,,,, Diamond (1976), (, ), [12 ], ( ),,, [12, ], ( Phelsuma), [13 ],, ;,,,,,,,, 5 Fig15 Number of islets in relation to the distance from the Main Island : 43 Note : The data are from 43 islands in which Chinese water deer distributed,,,, 313,,,, SLOSS (single large or several small),, ( ) [14 ],,, 1, ;, [14, ]
2 : 105 2 km,, 0135 km,,, 314, 106 km 2, 1217 %,,,,,,,, 85 %,,, 1999 2000 6, 2 80, 1 107 ; 100, 300 500, 3 ( ), 900 1 500 ; 500, 1 400 2 000, 3 000,,,,,,, [15 ] 315 Tivy, ( ),,,, [16 ] MacArthur Wilson, ;,,, [17 ],, [2,,, ],, 226 [2,3 16, 2 km, ], [3 ] [1 ],,, 1967 [2 (30 11 N, 122 10 E), ], ( 311),,,
106 22,,,,, 316 ( 200 ), [19 ] [1 220 ],, 3, 2 11, 5 7 m,, [19, 7, ],,,,, 4, - 70 m,,, 20 m, 20 m, 10 m, 50 100 m 3,,, 4 25 000, 5 m, 2 000,, - 110 m 20 000, - 136 m,, 5 000,,, 2 500 [19 ],,,,,, :, : [1 ] 1 [M] 1 :, 19921 96-1161 [2 ] 1 [J ] 1, 1981, (4) : 45-481 [3 ], 1 [J ] 1, 1984, 4 (3) : 161-1661 [4 ], 1 [J ] 1 ( ), 1990, 9 : 43-461 [5 ], 1 [J ] 1 ( ), 1990, 9 : 1241 3.. 1994.
2 : 107 [6 ] 1 [M]. 19901 [7 ] 11999 [M] 1 :, 19991 [8 ],,, 1 [J ] 1, 1986, 32 (1) : 74-851 [9 ] 1 [J ] 1, 1982, 2 (2) 1157-1661 [10 ], 1 ( Hydropotes inermis) [M] 1 ( ), 1990, 9 : 27-361 [11 ] Whittaker R J1 Island Biogeography : Ecology, Evolution and Conservation [ M] 1 New York : Oxford University Press, 19981 115-1281 [ 12 ] Diamond J M1The island dilemma : lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of nataral peserve [J ]. Biological conesrvation, 1975, 7 : 129-146. [13 ] Losos J B1 Island biogeography of Day Geckos ( Phelsuma) in the Indian Ocean [J ] 1 Oecologia, 1986, 68 : 338-3431 [14 ], 1 [J ] 1, 1998, 44 (2) : 150-1561 [15 ] Zhang E, Guo G P1Poaching as a major threat on Chinese water deer in Zhoushan Archipelago [J ] 1 Deer, 2000, 11 : (8) 413-4141 [16 ] Tivy J1Biogeography : A Study of Plants in the Ecosphere [M]. Longman Scientific &Technical Press, 19931247-257. [17 ] MacArthur R H, Wilson E O1The theory of island biogeography [M]. Princeton N J : Princeton University Press1 [18 ] Sun L X, Sheng H L1Chinese water deer at the areas of Poyang Lake [J ] 1J of East China Normal Univ (Mammalian E2 cology Supplement), 1990, (9) : 21-261 [19 ], 1 [M] 1 :, 1980120-211 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHINESE WATER DEER ( HYDRO PO TES IN ERMIS) IN ZHOUSHAN ARCHIPELAGO, ZHEJIANG PROVINCE, CHINA GUO Guangpu ZHANG Endi ( School of Life sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062) Abstract : A survey was conducted on the distribution of the Chinese water deer ( Hydropotes inermis) on 25 islands of Zhoushan Archipelago from July 1999 to June 20001Results showed that the Chinese water deer distributes between 121 50-122 24 E and 29 40-30 26 N in Zhoushan1They are mainly located in the southwest of the area1large islands have a higher percentage of distribution, e1g1, islands larger than 10 km 2 than those small ones1so do those smaller islets around larger islands, i1e1, in the 5 islets surveyed that are within 3 km from Zhoushan main island are all have water deer1the number of islands that the deer distributed declines with in2 crease of the distance from the mainland and main island1the deer usually dwell on hills but come to the hill foot and plain to feed at night ; There are 21143 % of the islands that human resides have the deer1the major factors that affect the distribution of the deer are the distances from the mainland and the main island, the size of islands, and human activities especially poaching1our results showed that the shape of the island is not related with deer s distribution in Zhoushan area1the deer could move or migrate between islets thus affect the distribution locally, and the distribution was al2 so affected by geological movements and other environmental factors1 Key words : Chinese water deer ( Hydropotes inermis) ; Distribution ; Zhoushan Archipelago