THE DRY MOAT SURROUNDING THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX AT SAQQARA

THE DRY MOAT SURROUNDING THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX AT SAQQARA

THE GREAT RECTANGULAR MONUMENTS OF MIDDLE SAQQARA

THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX WAS BUILT BY IMHOTEP AND WAS RESTORED BY JEAN-PHILIPPE LAUER

THE RECTANGULAR MONUMENTS AT ABYDOS WERE SURROUNDED BY DOUBLE WALLS OR TOMBS OF COURTIERS

TOMBS OF COURTIERS ALSO SURROUNDED THE ROYAL TOMBS AT ABYDOS *** THE TOMB OF DEN

THE GREAT RECTANGULAR MONUMENTS AT MIDDLE SAQQARA ARE NOT SURROUNDED BY EITHER DOUBLE WALLS OR TOMBS OF COURTIERS

THE DISCOVERY OF THE DRY MOAT WITH THE HELP OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF 1924 AND 1950

THE DISCOVERY WAS ANNOUNCED AT THE 4 TH CONGRESS OF EGYPTOLOGISTS MUNICH 1985 AND PUBLISHED LONDON 1988 AND VIENNA 2006

THE PLAN OF THE DRY MOAT SHOWS CHANNELS WHICH OVERLAP ON THE SOUTH SIDE

THE HIEROGLYPHS BATTLMENTED ENCLOSURE, REED SHELTER IN THE FIELDS AND ON NARMER S MACE HEAD; THE ENCLOSURE HAS OVERLAPPING WALLS

GUNTER DREYER DISCOVERED THAT AT THE ROYAL TOMBS OF ABYDOS AN EMBANKMENT WALL WHICH SURROUNDED THE LOWER TUMULUS WAS OVERLAPPING ON ONE SIDE

THE SOUTHERN OVERLAPING WALLS AT GISR EL MODIR

THE ELBOW IN THE SOUTH TEMENOS WALL OF THE PYRAMID OF KHAFRA

TO APPROACH THE DRY MOAT WE HAVE TO CONSIDER THE ROYAL TOMBS OF THE SECOND DYNASTY, THE PYRAMID OF UNAS, ITS CAUSEWAY AND BOAT PITS

THE POSITION OF THE PYRAMID OF UNAS AT MIDDLE SAQQARA

THE PYRAMID OF UNAS WAS BUILT OVER AN UNEXCAVATED PIT AND THE GALLERIES OF HOTEPSEKHEMWY

THE UNEXCAVATED PIT EXTENDING UNDER THE PYRAMID OF UNAS

THE PYRAMID OF UNAS AND THE UPPER TEMPLE OVER THE TOMB OF HOTEPSEKHEMWY

THE LAYOUT OF THE ROYAL TOMBS OF THE SECOND DYNASTY AT SAQARA

THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL BEGINS AT THE AREA OF THE UNAS BOAT PITS

THE BOAT PITS MAY HAVE BEEN PARTLY CONSTRUCTED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL

THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL THE UNAS CAUSEWAY DIKE BY THE MASTABA OF NEFERSESHEMPTAH

SECTION IN THE UNAS CAUSEWAY DIKE BUILT IN THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL BY THE TOMBS OF NEFER AND THE 2 BROTHERS

AHMED MOUSSA DISCOVERED THOSE AND OTHER ROCK TOMBS ALONG THE CAUSEWAY OF UNAS (IN THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL)

THE EAST CHANNEL GOES BY THE GREAT SHAFT LEPSIUS 21 AND THE PYRAMID OF USERKAF

THE PYRAMID OF USERKAF WAS THE FIRST INTRUSION IN THE AREA ENCLOSED BY THE DRY MOAT

THE UPPER TEMPLE OF THE PYRAMID OF USERKAF IS FOUND ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE PYRAMID BECAUSE OF THE DRY MOAT

THE CHANNELS OF THE DRY MOAT IN 1927

THE NORTH WEST CORNER OF THE DRY MOAT AS SEEN FROM THE TOP OF THE STEP PYRAMID

THE WEST CHANNEL OF THE DRY MOAT ***** AT THE AREA OF PTAHHOTEP, 40 METRES OF THE EAST BANK WERE UNITENTIALLY CLEARED BY AHMED MOUSSA TO THE SOUTH IS THE WORK OF THE POLISH EXPEDITION UNDER KAROL MYSLIWIEC

THE POLISH EXCAVATION

THE WESTERN CHANNEL OF THE DRY MOAT AND GISR EL MODIR

THE CHANNELS OF THE DRY MOAT IN 1933

TIMELINES studies in honour of MAFRED BIETAK OLA 149, three volumes, 2006

THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL EXCAVATIONS REVEALED 2 ANCIENT FILLINGS DATING TO DYNASTIES 5 AND 6 OVER SEVERAL DEEP COMPARTMENTS

THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL COULD NOT BE SEEN ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN BEFORE THE EARLY FORTIES

THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE NORTH BANK OF THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL

THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE NORTH BANK AND THE SOUTH EAST CORNER OF THE TEMENOS WALL OF THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX

THE SECOND AREA ALONG THE NORTH BANK THE ROCK TOMBS

AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SOUTH ROCK WALL OF THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL; SPECTACULAR COMPARTMENTS WERE TUNNELLED AT 4 LEVELS

BEFORE 1937 THE EASTERN COMPARTMENT WAS COMPLETELY BURIED MASTABAS OF HOTEP, X, Y AND Z WERE EXCAVATED AT THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK

IN 1937-1938 SELIM HASSAH INVESTGATED THOSE MASTABAS AND PARTLY UNEARTHED THREE COMPARTMENTS AT THE FIRST AREA

IN 1975 ZAKI ISKANDER PUBLISHED THE FIELD NOTES OF SELIM HASSAN WHICH OTHERWISE WOULD HAVE BEEN LOST, THEY DID NOT MENTION THE COMPARTMENTS

PLAN AND SECTIONS OF THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE EASTERN, MIDDLE AND WESTERN COMPARTMENTS

THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE EASTERN COMPARTMENT AFTER THE CLEARANCE

THE SOUTH AND NORTH ROCK WALLS OF THE FIRST COMPARTMENT AND REMAINS OF THE UPPER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF

THE 3 COMPARTMENTS HAVE CONNECTING CORRIDORS

THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE MIDDLE COMPARTMENT WITH REMAINS OF THE UPPER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF

THE MIDDLE COMPARTMENT WITH REMAINS OF THE HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF

UNDER MASTABA Z, THE WESTERN COMPARTMENT IS PARTLY BLOCKED ITS FLOOR IS AT CORRIDOR LEVEL WEST OF THE WESTERN COMPARTMENT IS NOT ACCESSIBLE

MASTABA Z

IN 1939-1943 ZAKI SAAD MADE IMPORTANT DISCOVRIES SEEN ON UNPUBLISHED PHOTOGRAPHS AT THE SECOND AND THIRD AREAS

THE SECOND AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE GREAT COMPARTMENT. PLAN AND SECTIONS

THE SECOND AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK IN 1939 THE GREAT COMPARTMENT AND REMAINS OF THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF

THE WESTERN FILLING AND THE THIRD AREA ALONG SOUTH BANK THE NEW COMPARTMENT 1943

THE SOUTH BANK BY THE PYRAMID OF UNAS

THE THIRD AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE NEW COMPARTMENT BEING EXCAVATED WITH REMAINS OF THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF LOOKING WEST SEASON 1939

THE THIRD AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE NEW COMPARTMENT BEING EXCAVATED WITH REMAINS OF THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF LOOKING EAST SEASON 1939

THE THIRD AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE NEW COMPARTMENT WEST END WITH REMAINS OF THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF SEASON 1943

THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM SPANS OVER THE END OF THE NEW COMPARTMENT IN THE FORM OF A ROCK VAULT

THE THIRD AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE NEW COMPARTMENT COMPLETELY EXCAVATED WITH REMAINS OF THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF AND THE 10 NICHES LOOKING EAST SEASON 1943

THE 10 NICHES AND THE UNLEVELLED BED DRAWN BY ZAKI SAAD LOOKING SOUTH

A RUIN OF LAYERS OF THIRD DYNASTY MASONRY ON THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM WEST OF THE NEW COMPARTMENT

NORTH OF UNAS THE SOUTH BANK OF THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL CREATED SECTIONS IN EARLIER GALLERIES ABOVE THE LAYER MASONRY

EXCAVATING THE TOMB OF PRINCESS KHENKAWES 20 METRES FROM THE SOUTH WEST CORNER OF THE DRY MOAT 1943