Responding to Climate Change Tourism Initiatives in Asia and the Pacific
Table of Contents Acknowledgements 7 Foreword 9 Tourism responses to climate change in Asia and the Pacific: an introduction 11 Chapter 1 Tourism and climate change: an international overview 17 1.1 Climate change 17 1.2 Tourism and climate change 19 1.3 The contribution of tourism to climate change 20 1.4 Tourism and future emissions 21 1.5 23 Chapter 2 Climate change and tourism in Asia: a review 27 2.1 Climate change 27 2.2 The impact of extreme weather events on tourism 29 2.3 Tourism's contributions to climate change 31 2.4 Tourism government response to climate change 33 2.5 37 Chapter 3 Pacific tourism building resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change 41 3.1 Tourism and climate change in the Pacific 42 3.2 The project 43 3.3 The tourism adaptation toolkit framework 45 3.4 46 Chapter 4 Climate change and tourism policy in Asia and the Pacific: a review of some Asian Pacific UNWTO Member States 49 4.1 Australia 49 4.2 Bangladesh 51 4.3 Cambodia 52 4.4 China 53 4.5 India 54
4.6 Indonesia 56 4.7 Japan 58 4.8 Lao People's Democratic Republic 58 4.9 Malaysia 59 4.10 Maldives 60 4.11 Mongolia 62 4.12 Papua New Guinea 62 4.13 Philippines 63 4.14 Republic of Korea 64 4.15 Sri Lanka 65 4.16 Thailand 66 4.17 67 Chapter 5 Air travel, emissions, and tourism growth in the Asia and the Pacific region 69 5.1 Energy use and emissions in Asia and the Pacific 71 5.2 Climate policy implications 73 Chapter 6 Tourism vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation to climate change in China 77 6.1 Understanding vulnerability as an approach to climate change adaptation 77 6.2 Study Context and Methods 78 6.3 Vulnerability: what key sensitivities make Jiuzhaigou vulnerable? 80 6.4 Resilience: what strengths make Jiuzhaigou resilient? 83 6.5 84 Chapter 7 Twenty-five years of Australien federal climate change policy: implications for tourism 87 7.1 Climate change pollcies 88 7.2 Implications for tourism 92 7.3 94 Chapter 8 Climate change and tourism: Bangladesh's adaptation measures 97 8.1 Climate change in Bangladesh 97 8.2 The government's response to climate change in Bangladesh 98 8.3 The present Situation of tourism development in Bangladesh 99 8.4 Ecotourism in Bangladesh 100 8.5 Issues, opportunities and challenges for climate change and tourism in Bangladesh 101 8.6 Policy initiatives and programmes responding to climate change for tourism in the country 103 8.7 Future issues and the way forward 104
Tourism as a sustainable livelihood option: a case of climate change adaptation in Nepal Background: Nepal's response to climate change Tourism in Nepal Climate change impacts on tourism Case study: Upper Mustang Tourism Value Chain Project s Acknowledgements The potential for Cambodia to climate-proof its tourism sector Tourism in Cambodia The climate change context Climate change threats to Cambodian tourism Opportunities for Cambodian tourism to lead the response to the climate change challenge Climate-proofing Cambodian tourism Climate change and tourism development in Viet Nam Impacts of climate change on Viet Nam Responding to climate change Climate change adaptation for regional tourism destinations: a case study of Victoria's Surf Coast region Climate change impacts at tourism destinations Climate change adaptation at tourism destinations The Surf Coast case study Results All-year-round tourism in Alpine ski resorts: the Australien ski industry's response to climate change The future of the Australian ski industry Adaptation strategy one: snowmaking Adaptation strategy two: all-year-round tourism Limitations to all-year-round tourism The case of Mount Baw Baw 108 108 112 113 115 115 117 120 121 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 133 134 135 138 142 145 145 146 147 148 149
13.6 Current Green Season strategies 150 13.7 Recommendations for Alpine Ski Resorts 151 Chapter 14 Here today, gone tomorrow? Cultural and religious embeddedness of climate change risk perception 153 14.1 Perceptions of climate change risks 153 14.2 Case study: Maldives 154 14.3 Discussion and conclusions 158 Chapter 15 Events and climate change: an Asia and the Pacific perspective 161 15.1 Projected climate change impacts 162 15.2 Climate change mitigation by events 162 15.3 Events and adaptation 164 15.4 Resilience 166 15.5 s 168 Chapter 16 Climate change eco-actions by tourism enterprises in Queensland, Australia 169 16.1 Climate change and Australian tourism 169 16.2 Methodology 171 16.3 Results 172 16.4 Discussion 177 16.5 178 Chapter 17 Climate change as a major crisis event: implications for a tropica! nature based destination 181 17.1 Whatweknow 182 17.2 What we don't know 182 17.3 What destinations should do: the case of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia 184 17.4 187 Chapter 18 s and recommendations 189 18.1 Main issues covered in this publication 190 18.2 Recommendations 190 18.3 Looking forward 192 Glossary 193 List of acronyms and abbreviations 195 List of contributors 199 References and bibliography 209