PM 2.5 source apportionment in the Po Valley: a 4 city study in Emilia-Romagna region F. Scotto 1, I. Ricciardelli 1, D. Bacco 1, A. Vagheggini 2, A. Trentini 1, S. Ferrari 1, V. Poluzzi 1, C. Maccone 1 and R. Vecchi 3 1 Emilia-Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention and Environment (ARPA), 2 Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, 3 Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano and INFN
The analysis This analysis is part of the Supersito project, a 5-year project supported by Emilia-Romagna Region and Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Emilia- Romagna. This study performed a Source Apportionment analysis with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) on 4 of the 5 sites of the Supersito Project IN Emilia-Romagna region.
Emilia-Romagna region Satellite analysis of NO 2 over Europe. Photo: European Space Agency/IUP Heidelberg
Emilia-Romagna region Spatial assessment of PM 10 and ozone concentrations in Europe 2005, EEA Technical report No 1/2009
Emilia-Romagna region The analysis consider four sites in Emilia-Romagna region: the cities of Bologna, Parma, Rimini and the rural area of San Pietro Capofiume. PARMA urban site BOLOGNA urban site SAN PIETRO CAPOFIUME rural site RIMINI urban site
Bologna (urban background) About 400.000 residents (1000000 metropolitan area) Urban background airport highway and major roads hills inside the area of National Research Council
San Pietro Capofiume (rural area) About 1500 residents Farms ad open counry
Parma (urban background) About 200000 residents
Rimini (urban background) Urban background inside park About 150000 residents.
Period of analysis Period of analysis: April 2013 - March 2015 Bologna: 641 Parma: 206 San Pietro Capofiume: 202 Rimini: 228
Data collection PM 2.5 has been collected with 24-hours daily samples on 47 mm diameter quartz fiber filters with low volume instruments (flow rate of 2.3 m 3 h -1 to collect 55 m 3 day -1 ) 26 analytes detected: carbon (OC ed EC), ions (Na +, NH 4+, K +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Cl -, NO 3-, SO 4 2-, Br -, PO 4 3- ) metals (Al, As, Ba, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn, Cd, Pb, Sn, Sb, La) Chemical analysis was performed by ICP-MS for metals, Sunset TOT (Eusaar2) for carbon and IC for ions.
Technical choices Positive Matrix Factorization performed with EPA PMF v5.0 Utilized instrumental data for data below Detection Limit and missing data replaced with seasonal geometric mean. Uncertainty definition following Zabalza et al. (2006) and Polissar et al. (1998). For Bologna excluded from analysis of Bologna anomalous value of Sb and 1 and 2 January for firewoks Rotated solution (F-peak=-2). For Parma, Rimini, San Pietro Capofiume no values excluded and constrained solution with Ratio NO 3 /NH 4, SO 4 /NH 4 and K/Cl
Model performance Data were best modeled by extracting 6 factors, in all sites R 2 PM2.5 observed/predicted BOLOGNA PARMA RIMINI SAN PIETRO CAPOFIUME 0.97 0.93 0.96 0.94 INTERCEPT -0.12 1.11 0.64-0.02 SLOPE 0.96 0.94 0.97 0.98 Qrobust 7262 2552 2214 2644 Qtrue 7634 2675 2364 2432 Qrobust/ Qtheoretical 1.1 1.2 1 1.087
TRAFFIC WITH RESUSPENDED DUST BOLOGNA PARMA RIMINI SAN PIETRO CAPOFIUME PM 2.5 EC OC Na + NH 4 + K + Mg ++ Ca ++ Cl - NO 3 - SO4 - As Fe Mn Ni V Zn Cd Pb Sn Sb La
Traffic and resuspended dust Traffic MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.65 0.55 0.56 SPC 1 0.44 0.47 PR 1 0.43 RN 1 PM2.5 MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.92 0.84 0.80 SPC 1 0.80 0.75 PR 1 0.71 RN 1
BIOMASS BURNING BOLOGNA PARMA RIMINI SAN PIETRO CAPOFIUME PM 2.5 EC OC Na + NH 4 + K + Mg ++ Ca ++ Cl - NO 3 - SO4 - As Fe Mn Ni V Zn Cd Pb Sn Sb La
Biomass burning BB MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.77 0.73 0.61 SPC 1 0.82 0.62 PR 1 0.60 RN 1 PM2.5 MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.92 0.84 0.80 SPC 1 0.80 0.75 PR 1 0.71 RN 1
SECONDARY NITRATES BOLOGNA PARMA RIMINI SAN PIETRO CAPOFIUME PM 2.5 EC OC Na + NH 4 + K + Mg ++ Ca ++ Cl - NO 3 - SO4 - As Fe Mn Ni V Zn Cd Pb Sn Sb La
Secondary nitrates Nitrates MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.85 0.81 0.82 SPC 1 0.75 0.82 PR 1 0.67 RN 1 PM2.5 MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.92 0.84 0.80 SPC 1 0.80 0.75 PR 1 0.71 RN 1
SECONDARY SULFATES BOLOGNA PARMA RIMINI SAN PIETRO CAPOFIUME PM 2.5 EC OC Na + NH 4 + K + Mg ++ Ca ++ Cl - NO 3 - SO4 - As Fe Mn Ni V Zn Cd Pb Sn Sb La
Secondary sulfate SO4 MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.85 0.82 0.82 SPC 1 0.80 0.78 PR 1 0.71 RN 1 PM2.5 MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.92 0.84 0.80 SPC 1 0.80 0.75 PR 1 0.71 RN 1
OIL COMBUSTION BOLOGNA PARMA RIMINI SAN PIETRO CAPOFIUME PM 2.5 EC OC Na + NH 4 + K + Mg ++ Ca ++ Cl - NO 3 - SO4 - As Fe Mn Ni V Zn Cd Pb Sn Sb La
Oil combustion Oil comb MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.78 0.83 0.79 SPC 1 0.72 0.82 PR 1 0.68 RN 1 PM2.5 MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.92 0.84 0.80 SPC 1 0.80 0.75 PR 1 0.71 RN 1
MIX ANTHROPOGENIC BOLOGNA PARMA RIMINI SAN PIETRO CAPOFIUME PM 2.5 EC OC Na + NH 4 + K + Mg ++ Ca ++ Cl - NO 3 - SO4 - As Fe Mn Ni V Zn Cd Pb Sn Sb La
Mix anthropogenic Mix anth MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.33 0.39 0.43 SPC 1 0.66 0.18 PR 1 0.31 RN 1 PM2.5 MS SPC PR RN MS 1 0.92 0.84 0.80 SPC 1 0.80 0.75 PR 1 0.71 RN 1
Traffic 7 6 5 weekdays Weekend and feast days Sunday µg/m3 4 3 2 1 0 PARMA BOLOGNA SAN PIETRO CAPOFIUME RIMINI
Traffic Bologna traffic bans 1 Ott 31 March 7 6 5 µg/m3 4 3 2 1 0 Weekday Saturday Sunday Weekday not Thursday Thuersday
Bologna 7% All the year 6% 25% 5% Cold season 6% 23% 14% 21% 15% 18% 26% Traffic and resuspended dust biomass burning Secondary Nitrates secondary Sulfates oil combustion Mix anthropogenic 34% 13% Warm season 6% 31% 7% 41% 2%
San Pietro Capofiume All the year 5% Cold season 8% 8% 12% 14% 4% 22% 20% 27% 30% 21% 29% Warm season 6% 9% 18% Traffic and resuspended dust biomass burning Secondary Nitrates secondary Sulfates oil combustion Mix anthropogenic 9% 2% 56%
Parma 3% All the year 7% 23% Cold season 2% 7% 21% 17% 24% 15% 18% 28% Traffic and resuspended dust biomass burning Secondary Nitrates secondary Sulfates oil combustion Mix anthropogenic 35% 7% Warm season 7% 29% 43% 8% 6%
Rimini 15% All the year 10% Cold season 14% 8% 7% 5% 29% 12% 32% 17% 22% 29% 15% Warm season 17% Traffic and resuspended dust biomass burning Secondary Nitrates secondary Sulfates oil combustion Mix anthropogenic 15% 32% 2% 19%
RISULTATI DI INTERESSE Grande importanza del bb, che contiene anche schifezze (FOGHERACCIA CONFERMA). Seguirà STUDIO EPIDEMIOLOGICO Importanza del secondario e soprattutto dell NH4 agricoltura Grande similitudine tra i siti, come profili chimici dei fattori, come correlazione dipende dal fatto che il fattore siano locali o meno e anche come torte. Fattore Ni e V che assume un peso interessante soprattutto durante l estate. (Blocco del traffico)
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