Piracy Report Independent Global Incident Analysis

Similar documents
Piracy Report PIRACY REPORT FEBRUARY Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships

Piracy Report Independent Global Incident Analysis

Piracy Report PIRACY REPORT AUGUST Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships

Piracy Report PIRACY REPORT DECEMBER Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships: Vol XIX

Piracy Report PIRACY REPORT SEPTEMBER Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships

Piracy Report PIRACY REPORT DECEMBER Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships

J U L Y P I R A C Y S T A T I S T I C S T: +44 (0) E: W:

Piracy Report PIRACY REPORT FEBRUARY Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships

Situation of Piracy & Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia 2018

Piracy Report PIRACY REPORT JULY Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships: Vol XXVI

Solace Global Maritime Summary

Piracy Report PIRACY REPORT JANUARY Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships

Nautical Institute Terrorism, Piracy & War Risks. ICC International Maritime Bureau Cyrus Mody 06 November 2009

COUNTRY RISK. Somalia, Gulf of Guinea and Malay Peninsula Piracy Update September 2018

Piracy Report PIRACY REPORT MAY Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships

A U G U S T P I R A C Y S T A T I S T I C S T: +44 (0) E: W:

Piracy Report PIRACY REPORT SEPTEMBER Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships

COUNTRY RISK. Somalia, Gulf of Guinea and Malay Peninsula Piracy Update October 2018

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during August 2017

ReCAAP ISC Piracy and Sea Robbery Conference Situation on Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Asia. 8 April 2014

NEWS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 18 July 2018

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF AREA! NOVEMBER PIRACY STATISTICS 2016

NEWS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 15 January 2019

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during February 2017

Patterns and Trends of Situation on Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Asia for January 2012

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during September 2016

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during March 2018

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during December 2016

Piracy the curse of maritime transport

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during July 2013

OCEANUSLIVE PIRACY & ROBBERY AT SEA JUNE 2012

IHS COUNTRY RISK. Somalia, Gulf of Guinea and Malay Peninsula Piracy Update. Information Analytics Expertise APRIL 2015

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during October 2012

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during March 2016

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during July 2010

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during March 2012

(U) WORLDWIDE: Worldwide Threat to Shipping (WTS) Report

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during February 2014

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during April 2018

NEWS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE January 16, 2018

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during June 2013

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during November 2016

PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS

INFORMATION FUSION CENTRE. MARSEC WEEKLY REPORT 11 Nov 17 Nov 14 For the period from 11 to 17 Nov 14, IFC received information on the following:

PRESS STATEMENT. Nautical Forum 5/14

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during July 2015

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during October 2016

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during November 2015

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during May 2017

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during July 2011

Figure 1: Location of Incidents

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during January 2010

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during August 2013

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during May 2013

FACTS AND FIGURES COMMITTEE Piracy The Figures

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during August 2014

SPOT COMMENTARY 1/17 Kidnapping, Harassment and Suspicious Activities in Waters off East Sabah and Southern Philippines

Stay updated with our Mobile App. Scan the QR code to download. JANUARY 2019 MONTHLY REPORT PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS IN ASIA

On Board Presentation. Copyright 2008 INTERNATIONAL ARMOUR Co. All rights reserved

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during April 2015

Weekly Advisory / Situation Report July Red Sea - Indian Ocean Incidents

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during December 2011

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during May 2010

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during September 2011

Stay updated with our Mobile App. Scan the QR code to download. NOVEMBER 2018 MONTHLY REPORT PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS IN ASIA

17th monthly report - Maritime Piracy and Terrorism Weeks 18-22

Summary Horn of Africa/Indian Ocean HoA/IOR Piracy and Robbery At Sea December West Africa... 5

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during November 2011

PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS

PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS

Stay updated with our Mobile App. Scan the QR code to download. APRIL 2018 MONTHLY REPORT PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS IN ASIA

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during November 2014

Please acknowledge OCEANUSLive as the source when using the information provided ForbesWallace Ltd

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during February 2015

PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS

Summary Horn of Africa/Indian Ocean HoA/IOR Piracy and Robbery At Sea January West Africa... 5

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during February 2012

How Can Potential Victims Mitigate the Threat of Piracy Attacks; GOA and Somalia

Stay updated with our Mobile App. Scan the QR code to download. JANUARY - DECEMBER 2017 REPORT ANNUAL PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS IN ASIA

Stay updated with our Mobile App. Scan the QR code to download. REPORT FOR AUGUST 2017 MONTHLY PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS IN ASIA

OCEANUSLIVE PIRACY & ROBBERY AT SEA MAY 2012

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during January 2018

Summary Horn of Africa/Indian Ocean HoA/IOR Piracy and Robbery At Sea November West Africa... 5

Stay updated with our Mobile App. Scan the QR code to download. AUGUST 2018 MONTHLY REPORT PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS IN ASIA

January 2018 Air Traffic Activity Summary

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during March 2015

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during November 2012

PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS

ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre 456, Alexandra Road, #11-02 Singapore Tel : (65) Fax : (65) Web :

PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS

JANUARY-MARCH 2018 REPORT PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS IN ASIA

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during June 2010

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during April 2016

ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre 456, Alexandra Road, #11-02 Singapore Tel : (65) Fax : (65) Web :

Report for APRIL 2014

PIRACY IN THE SEYCHELLES

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during January 2016

Foreword by Michael G Frodl Summary Horn of Africa/Indian Ocean HoA/IOR Piracy and Robbery At Sea October

INFORMATION FUSION CENTRE. MARSEC WEEKLY REPORT 14 Oct 20 Oct 14 For the period from 14 to 20 Oct 14, IFC received information on the following:

REPORTS ON ACTS OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS. Issued monthly Acts reported during June 2014

Transcription:

Piracy Report Independent Global Incident Analysis PIRACY REPORT SEPTEMBER Piracy and Acts of Armed Robbery of Ships For Monthly Reports Please contact Lydelle Joubert info@piracyreport.co.za 1

Analysis Between January and September the Gulf of Guinea was the area worst affected by piracy and maritime robbery worldwide. A high concentration of incidents was found in Nigeria off Brass and Bonny, as well as Lagos Anchorages and the Lagos port complex. A high number of incidents were also reported in the Malacca and Singapore Straits, at Samarinda Anchorages, Indonesia and Chittagong Anchorages, Bangladesh. The kidnapping of two fishermen from their fishing vessel at Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia in September emphasizes that the threat of kidnapping in the Sulu and Celebes Seas, as well as in eastern Sabah, remains. Crews of vessels are strongly advised to remain vigilant when transiting the area and when possible re-route ships from this area. Best management practices to deter piracy and kidnapping should also be practised. 2017 Incidents Incidents Two kidnapping incidents were recorded in the internal waterways of Nigeria and the coast off Bonny, Nigeria. The surveyor of an oil company seismic survey team and a community affairs officer were kidnapped from a passenger boat near the Bayelsa-Rivers State boundary and 12 crew were kidnapped from the Bulk Carrier, MV Glarus off Bonny. The risk of kidnapping remains high in this area. Several anchorages reported high incidents of piracy, robbery and attempted robbery in. Four of these anchorages reported incidents in September. They are: Muara Berau Anchorage, Samarinda, 15 incidents in Chittagong Anchorages, Bangladesh 11 Lagos Anchorages and the Lagos Port Complex 24 Anchorages off Barcelona, Venezuela 11. September Incidents The Royal Saudi Navy intercepted two Houthi remotely controlled water-borne improvised explosive devices (WBIEDs) targeting the port of Jizan, Saudi Arabia in September. Attacks using WBIEDs remain a risk in the Red Sea and with it the possibility that any vessel could be caught in a attack. 2

Incidents of Piracy and Robbery of Vessels: 2016 to 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Southeast Asia JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 West Africa JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 12 10 Americas & Caribbean 8 6 4 2 2016 2017 Linear (2016) Linear (2017) Linear () 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 3

20 Incidents by Region September 2017 to September 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 SEP 2017 OCT 2017 NOV 2017 DEC 2017 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP EAST AFRICA AND ARABIAN GULF WEST AFRICA INDIAN SUB CONT SE ASIA SOUTH AMERICA 4

Incidents : Type of Ship Attacked 38 60 85 2 25 Type Vessel Barge Bulk Carrier Cargo ship Coast Guard/ Patrol Boat Container Dhow Ferry Fishing Boat Fishing Trawler Offshore Supply Vessel Passenger Boat Roll-on-Roll-off Cargo Ship Tanker Tug Yacht Code B BC CS PB C D F FB FV OSV PMB Ro-Ro MT TB SY 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 BC B CS C D FB OSV PMB MT TB SY FB FV PB Ro-Ro Other Americas 9 2 3 14 8 1 1 Indian Sub Continent 6 3 4 2 3 4 1 SE Asia 28 2 1 13 9 2 4 1 West Africa 13 1 6 6 7 4 35 4 4 1 3 East Africa/Arabian Gulf 2 5

Southeast Asia Five incidents of piracy and robbery of vessels were reported in Southeast Asia in September. Two fishermen were kidnapped from a Fishing Trawler off Sabah, Malaysia. A robbery was reported at Muara Berau Anchorage, Samarinda, Indonesia. Fifteen incidents had been recorded at this anchorage in. Attempted robberies were reported on a berthed Chemical Tanker at Tarahan Jetty, Indonesia and on a berthed Bulk Carrier at Sandakan Port, Sabah, Malaysia. The Chief Engineer of the LPG Tanker, Maregas sustained injuries during a robbery when three perpetrators boarded the vessel while underway in the Westbound lane of the Traffic Separation Scheme in the Singapore Strait. 1 6

Sri Dewi 1 s Sister Ship Jaya 1 (SA-858/5/F) Source: Zam Yusa 11 September Two masked men armed with M16 rifles boarded the Fishing Trawler, Sri Dewi 1 from a motor banca at Pulau Gaya, Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia at 01:00LT. They kidnapped two Indonesian fishermen - the skipper Samsul Saguni, 40 and Usman Yusuf, 35. Fishing boats, Sri Dewi 1 and Dwi Jaya 1 with a combined crew of 15 were fishing off Pulau Gaya, Sabah for three days before the attack. At the time of the attack only four crew were on board the two vessels as the other 11 crew members went to Semporna with small tenders to deliver their fish catch. The kidnappers allegedly arrived with the two hostages at the Abu Sayyaf operational base in Talipao, Sulu, Philippines at 14:00LT on 11 September. The white motor banca, with the name Ainigel and a picture of eagle on the side, used in the kidnapping was seized by East Sabah Security Command (Esscom) in Kampung Air Kunuk Tiga on 20 September. Two men believed to be spotters for the kidnappers were killed while trying to flee by boat. A 22-caliber evolver and a 38-caliber revolver were recovered. 2 Update Abu Sayyaf Kidnappings 14 September Abu Sayyaf released hostages Hamdam Salim, Subandi Sattuh and Sudarlan Samansung on payment of a ransom. The Indonesians were freed with the help of the Moro National Liberation Front. 3 The three men were kidnapped on 18 January 2017 from the Malaysian fishing banca with registration BN 838/4F. Nine assailants in a grey speed boat boarded the boat 4nm east of Bakungan Island, Taganak, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. The fishing banca was found drifting close to Bakungan Island. 4 7

Suspicious Approach 16 September Six masked men in two speedboats approached an Asphalt/Bitumen Tanker approximately 4nm SW of Balabac Island, Philippines. The alarm was raised and the crew mustered. The boat aborted the approach after five minutes. 5 Indian Subcontinent Two incidents of piracy and robbery of vessels were reported in Bangladesh and India in September. A robbery on a Container Ship at anchor was reported at Chittagong Anchorage, Bangladesh and a Fishing Vessel was robbed off Koiyakarai, India. 28 September Three fishermen were injured during an attack by alleged Sri Lankan pirates 18nm SE off Kodiakarai. The attackers boarded their Fishing Vessel and attacked them with iron rods and sickles. They stole their catch, fishing nets and GPS equipment. Remark. Jurisdiction is often a point of tension between the Sri Lankan Navy and Indian fishermen in the waters between the two countries. According to Indian fishermen they are often chased away and their nets cut by the Sri Lankan Navy for allegedly illegally fishing in Sri Lankan waters. 6 8

East Africa, Gulf of Oman and the HRA No piracy related incidents were reported off East Africa or the Arabian Sea in September. Similar WBIED found Hajjah coast in August Source: Twitter Yemen Observer @YemeniObserv Saudi Navy Destroys Two Suicide Boats near Jizan Port The Royal Saudi Navy reported that they intercepted and destroyed two Houthi remotely controlled waterborne improvised explosive devices (WBIEDs) which were on their way to hit the port of Jizan, Saudi Arabia on 30 September. It is presumed that Jizan was targeted in response to a Saudi - UAE coalition strike on fishing boats at Ugban Island near al-hodeidah on 30 August. The attack reportedly led to the deaths of 19 fishermen and three fishing boats were destroyed. 7 9

West Africa Ten incidents of piracy and robbery of vessels were reported off the Gulf of Guinea in September. One incident was recorded in Guinea, two in Ghana, six in Nigeria and one in the Congo. Guinea 17 September The anchored Product Tanker, Sti Hammersmith was boarded by four armed robbers at Conakry Anchorage, Guinea. The alarm was raised, the accommodation locked down and the crew mustered in the citadel. The armed men fired at the bridge windows and gained access to the accommodation which they then ransacked. Crews possessions were stolen. A navy boat arrived to assist the crew. 8 Congo 20 September The Tanker, MT Maran Homer was robbed while at anchor at Pointe Noire Anchorage, Congo. 9 10

Ghana A robbery on an OSV and an attempted robbery on a Container Ship were recorded at Takoradi Anchorage, Ghana. 11

Nigeria Two kidnappings were recorded in September. Two members of a survey team were kidnapped in the internal waterways near the Bayelsa- Rivers state boundary and 12 crew members were kidnapped off Bonny. In addition to this attack two other attacks were also reported off Bonny. A robbery was recorded on the Bonny River. An attempted robbery was reported at Lagos Secure Anchorage Area (SAA). 20 September A passenger boat carrying an oil company seismic survey team was attacked near the Bayelsa-Rivers State boundary. Ten personnel were kidnapped, but all except for the surveyor and community affairs officer were returned later. It is believed that the kidnapping is linked to a local community dispute. 10 20 September A passenger boat carrying 20 passengers was attacked on the Bonny River by seven armed men in a speedboat. They stole passengers money, cell phones and other valuables. They forced passengers to disembark in the mangrove and stole the passenger boat. 11 21 September At 01:00LT two robbers attempted to syphon product from no 1 port cargo tank on the Petroleum/Chemical tanker, BW Puma at SAA, Lagos. The robbers jumped overboard on discovery and escaped in two small boats. 12 12

22 September At 04:50LT the drifting Bulk Carrier, MV Global Aquirius was attacked by armed pirates in a speedboat 54nm SW of Bonny Island. The embarked Nigerian Navy security team fired warning shots after which the pirates ended the pursuit. 13 MV Glarus Attack Source: https://www.facebook.com/zyndryx.bacani.5 22 September At 06:00LT the Swiss flagged Bulk Carrier, MV Glarus with a cargo of wheat was boarded 45nm off Bonny. The vessel was boarded with long ladders and the razor wire was cut to get entry to the vessel. Navigational equipment was destroyed. The pirates kidnapped 12 of the 19 crew. The incident was reported to the Nigerian Navy which dispatched a vessel to the scene. The remaining crew sailed the MV Glarus to a safe anchorage. 14 25 September Tanker, Densa Whale was attacked by seven armed pirates in a speedboat 100nm SSW of Bonny Island. They broke the attack off when the security team fired warning shots. 15 13

South America Two incidents were reported off Venezuela in September. A robbery on a VLCC was reported at Jose Anchorage and an attempted robbery on a Product Tanker at Puerto la Cruz Anchorage. 14

End Notes 1. ReCAAP ISC Weekly Report 18-24 Sep 2. ReCAAP Incident Alert 01/, Abduction of crew of Fishing Trawler ; https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/fishermen-kidnapped-0911145205.html; http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?newsid=127116; http://www.recaap.org/resources/ck/files/reports/weekly//recaap-isc%20weekly%20report%20(11-17%20sep%).pdf; https://deskgram.net/explore/tags/abusayyaf viewed 3/10/; https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation//09/21/2-suspected-kidnappers-shot-dead-after-sabah-highspeed-sea-chase/; Zam Yusa @SecurityJourno Sep 12 3. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2164425/three-indonesian-men-freed-after-being-kidnappedabu-sayyaf viewed 17/09/ 4. http://www.recaap.org 5. https://icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre/live-piracy-report viewed 20/09/ 6. https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/another-mid-sea-attack-by-lanka-pirates-3-tn-fishermen-injured- 118092801055_1.html viewed 1/10/; http://www.ptinews.com/news/10073243_over-600-tn-fishermen-chasedaway-by-lankan-navy.html 7. https://southfront.org/saudi-navy-destroys-two-suicide-boats-near-jizan-port/; https://www.aljazeera.com/news//08/fishermen-hodeidah-reportedly-targeted-saudi-uae-attacks- 180831104309738.html 8. https://gisis.imo.org/public/par/incident.aspx?action=view&id=7880 viewed 18/09/; https://www.marinetraffic.com 9. EOS Risk Group, WEST AFRICA SITREP 25-09- 10. EOS Risk Group, GULF OF GUINEA MARITIME INCIDENT ALERT 22-09- 11. Ibid 12. ReCAAP ISC Weekly Report 18-24 Sep 13. EOS Risk Group, GULF OF GUINEA MARITIME INCIDENT ALERT 22-09- 14. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45618679 viewed 24/09/; https://icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre/livepiracy-report viewed 25/09/ 15. EOS Risk Group, WEST AFRICA SITREP 25-09- 15