Notes on Contributors

Notes on Contributors PABLO MARTÍN ACEÑA is Professor of Economic History at the University of Alcalá. His publications include Economic Development in Spain Since 1870 (1997), Monetary Standards in the Periphery (2000), and El oro de Moscú y el oro de Berlín (2001). WALTER L. BERNECKER is Professor of History at the Erlangen- Nürnberg University, Germany. His publications include Colectividades y Revolución Social. El anarquismo en la guerra civil española, 1936 1939 (1982), España entre tradición y modernidad (1999), and the edited volumes El precio de la modernización (1994) and De la Guerra Civil a la Transición (1997). TOM BUCHANAN is University Lecturer in Modern History and Politics at the University of Oxford. He is the author of The Spanish Civil War and the British Labour Movement (1991), Britain and the Spanish Civil War (1997), Europe s Troubled Peace 1945 2000 (2006), and The Impact of the Spanish Civil War on Britain: War, Loss and Memory (2007), as well as being joint editor of Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918 1965 (1996). WILLIAM J. CALLAHAN is Professor of History at the University of Toronto and Fellow of Victoria College. His books include Church, Politics and Society in Spain, 1750 1874 (1984) and The Catholic Church in Spain, 1875 1998 (2000). ELISA CHULIÁ is Senior Lecturer in Political Science at Spain s Open University (the UNED). She is the author of El poder y la palabra: Prensa y poder político en las dictaduras. El régimen de Franco ante la prensa y el periodismo (2001). EDWARD MALEFAKIS is Emeritus Professor of History at Columbia University in New York. His publications include Agrarian Reform and Peasant Revolution in Spain (1970), Southern Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries: An Historical Overview (1992), and the editorship of La guerra de España, 1936 1939 (1996). 255

256 Notes on Contributors SASHA D. PACK is Assistant Professor in History at the State University of New York at Buffalo. He is the author of Tourism and Dictatorship: Europe s Peaceful Invasion of Franco s Spain (2006). CRISTINA PALOMARES is director of the Latin American section at the Fundación para el Análisis y los Estudios Sociales (FAES) in Madrid. She is the author of The Quest for Survival after Franco: Moderate Francoism and the Slow Journey to the Polls, 1964 1977 (2004). CHARLES POWELL is Director of the Centro de Estudios de la Transición Democrática Española at the San Pablo-CEU University in Madrid and Deputy Director of the international relations research foundation, the Real Instituto Elcano. His books include El piloto del cambio: El Rey, la monarquía y la Transición a la democracia (1991), Juan Carlos: Self-Made Monarch (1996), and España en democracia: 1975 2000 (2001). PAMELA RADCLIFF is Associate Professor of History at the University of California at San Diego. She is the author of From Mobilization to Civil War: The Politics of Polarization in the Spanish City of Gijón (1900 1937) (1996) and the co-editor of Constructing Spanish Womanhood: Female Identity in Modern Spain (1999). ELENA MARTÍNEZ RUIZ is Lecturer in Economic History at Barcelona University. She is the author of a study of the balance of payments in Spain 1940 58 (El sector exterior durante la autarquía) (2002) and the co-author of Los movimientos de oro en España durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (2001). ANTONIO CAZORLA SÁNCHEZ is Associate Professor in History at Trent University, Canada. He is the author of Desarrollo sin reformistas (1999) and La consolidación del Nuevo Estado franquista (1938 1953) (2000). MARIANO TORCAL is Senior Lecturer in Political Science at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona. His publications include Actitudes políticas y participación política en España: pautas de continuidad y cambio (1995), and, along with Richard Gunther and José Ramón Montero, Democracy in Spain: Legitimacy, Discontent, and Disaffection (1997), and Anti-party Sentiments in Southern Europe (2001).

Notes on Contributors 257 NIGEL TOWNSON is Senior Lecturer in the History of Political Thought and Social and Political Movements at the Complutense University of Madrid. Author of The Crisis of Democracy in Spain: Centrist Politics Under the Second Republic, 1931 1936 (2000), he is also editor of a general history of Spanish republicanism (El republicanismo en España, 1830 1977) (1994), three volumes of the work of the Spanish writer and Civil War exile Arturo Barea (2000 2001), and a counterfactual history of modern Spain (Historia virtual de España, 1870 2004) (2004).

Index Acción Católica (AC) (Catholic Action), 122, 144, 145, 146, 184, 186, 190 Aguilar, Paloma, 172, 210 Alfonso XIII, 49 Alianza Popular (AP) (Popular Alliance), 132 3 see also Fraga, Manuel Allardt, Helmut, 80 1 Álvarez Espinosa, Daniel F., 76 Amnesty International, 85, 89 Amodia, José, 11 Anatomy of Fascism, The, 7 Añoveros, Antonio, 188 AP, see Alianza Popular (AP) (Popular Alliance) aperturistas, 18, 121, 122, 123, 125 6, 129, 131, 252 archives in Spain, 9 Areilza, José María, 130, 132, 134, 232 as Foreign Minister, 238, 239 40, 241 Arias Navarro, Carlos, 129, 130, 131, 233, 240, 241 Ariès, Philippe, 70 Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas (ACNP) (Catholic Association of Propagandists), 122 associations, 19 20, 122, 131, 133 as alternative channels, 122, 124 5 church associations, 144 5 early decades, 144 family associations, 142 3, 146, 149, 150, 151 6, 157 8 historiographical neglect of, 141 2, 143 and the Movement, 125 7, 142 3, 144, 146 9, 150 6, 157 8 neighbourhood associations, 142, 143, 147, 150 1, 156 8 number of associations, 151 3, 155, 156 7 political associations, 126 7 and prohibition, 121 2 rights of, 121, 122 and the Transition, 140 1, 143 see also Law of Associations (1964) Azaña, Manuel, 4 Bank of Spain, 35, 37 8 Banking and Credit Act (1962), 37 Barcelona, 114 Bases Agreement with US (1953), 3, 228 and renewal, 229, 233, 236, 243 4 Bernecker, Walter L., 15, 16 Bonet, Carlos, 152 Borbón y Battenberg, Don Juan de, 102, 229 Borbón y Borbón, Juan Carlos de, 17, 23, 127 8, 130, 132, 230 and Alianza Popular, 132 3 conflict with Morocco, 236 7 and Transition, 135, 241 and US support, 239 40 visit to US (1976), 240, 241 Boyd, Caroline, 168 Brandt, Willy, 88 Britain and tourism in Spain, 51, 52 3 Buchanan, Tom, 16, 22 Bueno Monreal, José María, 185 Callahan, William J., 21, 22, 146 Cambio 16, 124 Carlism, 112, 113 Carrero Blanco, Luis, 127, 128, 187, 233 Carrillo, Santiago, 133 Carter, Jimmy, 242, 243 Casanova, José, 118 258

Index 259 Casanova, Julián, 6 Catholic Church, 21, 93 4, 183 and associations, 144 5, 184, 186, 190 attitude to Movement, 184 benefits of Franco regime, 183 4 bishops, 185 91 change in attitude to regime, 186 91 and Civil War, 183 conflict with regime, 187 8, 189 dissidence within, 76, 184 5, 188 9, 190 1 negotiations over new concordat, 187, 188 the parallel church, 190 post-franco, 191 and Second Vatican Council, 21, 22, 182, 185, 186, 189, 190 see also clergy Cazorla, Antonio, 17, 18 CC.OO., see Workers Commissions (Comisiones Obreras) (CC.OO.) Centro de Enseñanza e Investigación, S.A. (CEISA) (Centre for Education and Investigation Ltd), 124 Centro Democrático (CD) (Democratic Centre), 134 Chuliá, Elisa, 20, 21 civil governors annual reports, 101 15 on official unions, 102, 103 4, 105, 106 on political apathy, 102, 103, 104, 111, 113 on regional nationalism, 112 14 on strike in Asturias (1962), 111 12 on strikes in general, 112, 113, 114 on students, 110, 111 on workers, 104, 105, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114 see also opposition; repression civil service, 120, 250 civil society, 19, 20, 141, 145, 158, 164, 165 6 Civil War (1936 39), 4, 5, 8, 98 and Catholic Church, 183 and changing mentalities, 68 9 as founding myth of Franco regime, 169, 172 reinterpretation of, 169 clergy and Basque country, 184 dissidence of, 76, 184 5, 188 9, 190 1 and Marxism, 76 and regional nationalism, 184, 189 and tourism, 60 and Workers Commissions, 145, 146 see also Catholic Church; opposition Comín, Alfonso, 76 Coming of the Spanish Civil War, The, 88 Comisiones Obreras (CC.OO.), see Workers Commissions (Comisiones Obreras) (CC.OO.) Communist International, 5 Complutense University of Madrid, 125 Concordat (1953), 3 Confederación Católica de Padres de Familia (CCPF) (Catholic Federation of Parents of Families), 144 Conferencia Episcopal Española (CEE) (Spanish Synod), 187, 188, 191 Confino, Alon, 51 consumerism, 15, 74 5, 91 Conway, Martin, 87, 89 Cristianos y marxistas contra Franco, 76 Crónicas de un Pueblo (TV series), 97, 98, 101, 102 Cruz, Rafael, 71 Cuadernos para el Diálogo, 123, 175, 178 culture and censorship, 94 5 dissident culture, 20 1, 79, 163, 164, 166, 167 9, 177 8 historiography on, 163, 167 9, 177 official culture, 20 1, 52, 168, 169 70, 172 4, 176 9 popular culture, 168, 173 4, 176 7

260 Index culture continued and Press Law (1966), 174 5, 176, 178 see also democracy; mentalities Czechoslovakia, 95 Dadaglio, Luigi, 186 democracy and attitudinal consolidating effect, 196, 198, 199, 211 16, 220 1 and attitudinal safety area, 196, 198 9, 216, 220 1 attitude towards during Transition, 196, 198 200, 210 12, 220 1 evolution of democratic support post-franco, 203 4 explanations for support of, 196 8 and political generations, 205 12 unconditional support for, 196, 198, 199 200, 215 16, 220 1; model of, 212 13 see also culture; mentalities; modernization desarrollo, el (development), see economy; industrial revolution; modernization; Stabilization Plan (1959) Disidencia y subversión, 77 economy, 11, 147 autarky, 2, 11, 34 5, 51 2 and catching-up, 40, 90 1 and development plans, 12, 37 economic miracle, 3, 12 13, 38, 40 1, 45 6 growth, 3, 11, 12, 30 4 international integration, 35 liberalization of, 3, 11, 12, 90 1 and living standards, 91 2 and mentalities, 67 8, 74 post-franco, 200, 202 regional differences, 41 3 regional policy, 43 4 and Western Europe, 52 see also industrial revolution; Stabilization Plan (1959); tourism education, 68, 183, 250 EEC, see European Economic Community (EEC) Eisenhower, Dwight D., 228, 230 elections, 134 emigration external, 13, 14, 81 internal, 13, 14, 69 Enrique y Tarancón, Vicente, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190 Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA) (Basque Land and Liberty), 113, 233, 253, 254 Europe and human rights, 88 9 nature of democracy, 87 9 regime attitude to, 51 2, 56, 57, 60, 62 see also European Economic Community (EEC); Western Europe European Economic Community (EEC), 22 Falange Española culture of, 170 1 see also Movement (single party) Federación de Estudios Independientes (FEDISA) (Federation of Independent Studies), 130 feminist movement, 94 Fernández Miranda, Torcuato, 17, 126, 127 FitzGerald, Garret, 239 FOESSA reports, 79, 109 Ford, Gerald, 233, 234 5, 240, 241 Fraga, Manuel, 127, 128 and AP, 132 3 and centre, 133 and Franco, 127 and GODSA, 128, 129, 131 as Minister of Information and Tourism, 14, 48 9, 56 7, 59, 60, 94 5, 123, 126 as Minister of the Interior, 130, 131 and PCE, 133, 239 see also Alianza Popular (AP) (Popular Alliance); tourism France, 87, 88, 92, 93

Index 261 Franco, Francisco, 7 attitude to political associations, 126, 127 and church, 188 death, 130 and executions, 130 and Fraga, 127 funeral of, 238 and hunting accident (1961), 103 illnesses of, 129, 130, 233 image of, 172 legitimation discourse of, 170, 171 2, 178 on post-franco transition, 230 and succession, 103, 104 support for, 102, 104, 108, 109, 110 and tourism, 58 see also Franco regime Franco regime, 12 13, 17 18 attitude to opposition, 100 1 as bifurcated, 252 3 and Catholic Church, 183 4, 186 91 and censorship, 94 5 in comparative context, 12 14, 16 17, 24, 86, 87 96, 248 9 debate over, 4 8, 9, 10 11, 24, 251 evaluation of, 253 4 founding myth, 8, 168, 172 historiographical neglect of, 1 2 historiography on, 98 100 inmovilistas (hardliners) of, 119, 120 international integration of, 86 legacy of, 253 4 legitimization discourse of, 209, 210 11 mobilization of, 106 8 organic democracy of, 121, 125 and public opinion, 108 9 research on, 8 10 see also aperturistas; civil governors; culture; Franco, Francisco; Movement (single party); opposition; reformistas; repression; tourism functionalism theories of, 10, 11 Fusi, Juan Pablo, 20, 52, 142, 168, 170 Gabinete de Orientación y Documentación, S.A. (GODSA) (Advice and Documentation Office), 128, 129, 131 García Echevarría, Santiago, 74 gender relations, 94 Germany, 232 Gillingham, John, 85, 86 Giner, Salvador, 6 GODSA, see Gabinete de Orientación y Documentación, S.A. (GODSA) (Advice and Documentation Office) Gracia, Jordi, 20, 79, 167 Grimau, Julián, 86 Grugel, Jean, 89 Guardia de Franco (GF) (Franco s Guard), 144 Guipúzcoa, 113 Gunther, Richard, 5 Gutiérrez Mellado, Manuel, 132 Hassan II (Morocco), 236, 237 Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica (HOAC) (Workers Brotherhood of Catholic Action), 103, 105, 144 5 Hermet, Guy, 5 Hill, Robert C., 231 2 Historia Social, 99 HOAC, see Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica (HOAC) (Workers Brotherhood of Catholic Action) Hobsbawm, Eric, 90 Holguín, Sandie, 50 Huntingdon, Samuel P., 23, 227, 228, 243 industrial revolution, 3, 12, 31, 33 4, 119 20 see also economy; Stabilization Plan (1959); tourism Italy, 88, 93 JOC, see Juventudes Obreras Católicas (JOC) (Workers Catholic Youth) John Paul II, Pope, 191 Johnson, Lyndon B., 229

262 Index Joint Assembly of Bishops and Priests, 189 90, 191 Juan Carlos I, see Borbón y Borbón, Juan Carlos de Juliá, Santos, 7, 168 9 Juventudes Obreras Católicas (JOC) (Workers Catholic Youth), 145 Kennedy, John F., 229 Kissinger, Henry, 230, 243 on Arias Navarro, 240, 241 on bases in Spain, 232 on Ford visits to Spain, 235 6, 240 1 on Juan Carlos, 241 on opposition, 237 8 on PCE, 237, 239, 241 2 on post-franco transition, 229, 231, 233, 235 6, 237, 238 9, 240 1 on Spanish history, 231 on US policy to Spain, 231, 234 see also State Department (US); United States of America Laín Entralgo, Pedro, 79 Lannon, Frances, 146 Law of Associations (1964), 18, 19, 122, 124, 142, 146, 147, 149 51, 156 Law of Succession (1947), 3 Lazaga, Pedro, 21, 173, 178 Linz, Juan José, 5 6, 144, 146, 195 Lipset, Seymour M., 167 Madrid, 114 Malefakis, Edward, 24 Mandrou, Robert, 71 Mann, Michael, 6 7 Martín Aceña, Pablo, 11, 12, 22 Martínez, Elena, 11, 12, 22 Marwick, Arthur, 69, 89 Marxism, 76, 78 May 1968, 92, 93 mentalities, 15 in business, 74 and the Civil War (1936 39), 68 9 concept of, 69 71 and dissidence, 76 82 and economic change, 67 8 general change in, 72 6 see also culture; modernization Miguel, Amando de, 5, 47 Ministry of Information and Tourism, 60 1 creation of, 53 see also Fraga, Manuel; tourism modernization, 12 13, 19, 20 and business practices, 74 and change in mentalities, 72 3 and democratization, 23 and linkage with democracy, 195 theories of, 10, 11, 20, 140 1, 166 7 see also mentalities Montero, Feliciano, 145 Morocco, 236, 237 Movement (single party), 19, 79, 103 4, 106, 107 8, 110 and associations, 125 7, 142 3, 144, 146 9, 150 6, 157 8 see also Falange Española Movimiento, see Movement (single party) National Catholicism, 3, 168, 170 1, 172, 182 4, 185, 190 see also Catholic Church National Industry Institute (Instituto Nacional de Industria, INI), 36 NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) New York Times, The, 191 Nixon, Richard M., 229, 233 and Juan Carlos de Borbón, 230 visit to Spain, 229 30 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 232, 234 official unions, see Vertical Syndicates (Sindicatos Verticales) opposition, 2, 3, 4, 76 82, 101 11, 129, 132, 142 see also civil governors; democracy; Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA) (Basque Land and Liberty); repression; students; Workers Commissions (Comisiones Obreras) (CC.OO.)

Index 263 Opus Dei, 3, 11, 126, 171 Organic Statute (1968), 147, 148 Ortí Bordás, José Miguel, 147 Osorio, Alfonso, 132, 133 Pack, Sasha, 13, 14, 22 Palomares, Cristina, 18 Partido Comunista de España (PCE) (Spanish Communist Party), 100, 112, 129 in elections, 134 legalization of, 133 4 Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) (Basque Nationalist Party), 112 13 Partido Popular (PP) (Popular Party), 132 3, 134, 202, 214 Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) (Spanish Socialist Party), 130, 134, 201 2 Paso, Alfonso, 21, 173, 178 Patino, Martín, 189 Paul VI, Pope, 182, 185, 186, 188 Paxton, Robert O., 7 Payne, Stanley, 5 PCE, see Partido Comunista de España (PCE) (Spanish Communist Party) Pérez Díaz, Víctor, 120, 141, 165 Pérez Ledesma, Manuel, 71 Pildain, Antonio, 185 PNV, see Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) (Basque Nationalist Party) Political Reform Law (1976), 118, 132, 133 Portugal, 232 Powell, Charles, 22, 23 PP, see Partido Popular (PP) (Popular Party) Pradera, Javier, 166 Prado, Manuel, 241 Prados de la Escosura, Leandro, 30, 33 Press Law (1966), 18, 123, 174 6, 178 Preston, Paul, 1, 6, 88, 130 Primo de Rivera regime (1923 30), 5 procuradores (deputies), 125, 126 PSOE, see Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) (Spanish Socialist Party) Radcliff, Pamela, 19, 20 Rees, Tim, 89 Reforma Democrática (RD) (Democratic Reform), 131, 132 reformistas, 18, 119, 120 1, 129 repression, 2, 4, 8, 9, 78, 86, 104, 250, 251 2 resistencia silenciosa, La, 79 Rivero, Horacio, 232, 238 Rockefeller, Nelson, 237, 238 Ruiz Giménez, Joaquín, 123, 124 Santiago de Compostela, pilgrimage route to, 55, 61 Sanz Díaz, Carlos, 81 Sautier Casaseca, Guillermo, 21, 173, 176, 178 Schmidt, Helmut, 234, 235 Sección Feminina (SF) (Female Section), 144 Second Republic (1931 39), 50 Second Vatican Council (1961 65), 21, 22, 182, 185, 186, 189, 190 see also Catholic Church Second World War, 2, 8, 9 secularization, 73, 77 Sevilla Guzmán, Eduardo, 5 Solís Ruíz, José, 148 Southern Europe, 16 Spain in Crisis, 1 Spain is Different (slogan), 14, 16, 17, 47, 58, 61, 62, 95 see also tourism; Western Europe modernization Plan (1959), 11, 12, 13, 35 6 see also economy; industrial revolution; tourism Stabler, Wells, 234, 235, 236, 237, 243 and opposition contacts, 238 State Department (US), 230, 231, 234, 237, 238 on legalization of PCE, 239 Statute of Political Associations (1974), 129 30 Stepan, Alfred, 120 1, 195 strikes, 101, 102, 112, 113, 131, 250 in Asturias (1962), 93, 111 12

264 Index students, 92, 110, 111 and changing mentalities, 77 9 and Marxism, 78 revolt of 1956, 3, 77, 168 9, 171 see also opposition; repression Suárez, Adolfo, 17, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 201, 242 3 Suárez Illana, Adolfo, 131 2 Superior Council of Scientific Research (CSIC) (Consejo Superior de Investigaciónes Científicas), 123 Tácito group, 128 9, 132 Testimonio de las generaciones ajenas a la guerra civil, 77 Thompson, E.P., 20 Torcal, Mariano, 23, 24 tourism, 13 14 conflict over within Franco regime, 48 9, 52, 53 4, 55 62 economic impact of, 54 9 and Foreign Ministry, 52, 53 government policy, 53 8, 59, 61 interpretations of, 47 8 mass tourism, 51, 52 4, 55 and Ministry of Industry, 53 moral censure of, 52, 54, 60 numbers of tourists, 53, 55, 59, 85 pre-franco development, 49 50, 58 9, 60 2 of Spaniards, 59 and Spanish identity, 49 50, 53, 54, 56 7, 62 see also economy; Spain is Different (slogan); Stabilization Plan (1959) trade unions, see Vertical Syndicates (Sindicatos Verticales); Workers Commissions (Comisiones Obreras) (CC.OO.) Transition, The, 1 2, 10, 17, 18, 20, 23 4, 115, 135, 140, 253 and democratic opinion, 23 4 interpretations of, 25, 140 1, 163 and modernization, 195 social history of, 20, 158 and third wave, 227 transitologists, 20, 141 see also Borbón y Borbón, Juan Carlos de; Huntingdon, Samuel P.; Suárez, Adolfo Triunfo, 175 Tuñón de Lara, Manuel, 6 Tusell, Javier, 5 Umbral, Francisco, 173 4 Unión de Centro Democrático (UCD) (Union of the Democratic Centre), 134, 200 1, 215 United Nations, 2, 3, 5, 51 United States of America attitude to opposition, 229, 231 2, 236, 237 8, 242 attitude to PCE, 238, 242 and Bases Agreement (1953), 23 and democratization of Spain, 22, 23 diplomats in Madrid, 229, 231 2 and European economy, 38 40 policy towards Franco Spain, 228 34 policy towards post-franco Spain, 237 44 pressures Franco on Transition, 230 1 and Treaty of Friendship (1976), 240 see also Areilza, José María; Bases Agreement with US (1953); Borbón y Borbón, Juan Carlos de; Kissinger, Henry; State Department (US) Vance, Cyrus, 242 Vertical Syndicates (Sindicatos Verticales), 92 3 attitude of regime to, 102, 103 4, 105, 106 and labour unrest, 92 3 regulation of, 38 Villoria, Enrique, 151 Vizcaya, 113 Vovelle, Michel, 70 Walters, Vernon, 230 welfare state, 41 West Germany, 88 see also Allardt, Helmut; Brandt, Willy

Index 265 Western Europe, 22 post-war boom, 38 40 Spain compared to, 16 17, 40 1 Spain s convergence with, 12, 13 14, 56, 59, 62, 80, 85 7, 98 Spain s divergence from, 12 13 see also economy; Europe; Franco regime; Spain is Different (slogan); tourism Workers Commissions (Comisiones Obreras) (CC.OO.), 3, 93, 108, 114, 145, 146 see also civil governors; opposition; repression World War II, see Second World War Ysàs, Pere, 77, 169 Yugoslavia, 92, 95