Ref. Ares(2015)273327-23/01/2015 Tourism networks in Europe Encouraging transnational partnerships through clusters and networks Carlos Costa [ccosta@ua.pt] University of Aveiro DEGEI GOVCOPP Conference on smart cooperation in coastal and maritime tourism Brussels, 20 th January 2015
References 2013 2014 2006 2006
Summary I. What is tourism all about? II. The reality of tourism networks in Europe (examples of destinations located in coastal areas) I. Conclusions and implications
I. What is tourism all about?
What is tourism all about? Movement (local, regional, national, international) Emotions (happiness, self-achievement, recognition) Family (increases lateral interaction) Health (relaxation, less stress, more time to the person) Economy (stimulates economies, increases productivity,. spreads benefits, boosts innovation) Preservation (heritage, culture, environment) Image (effective way of promoting places, cultures, products) Peace (comprehension, social cohesion and inclusion)
From a non-scientific area Despite its importance, tourism theory and practice are still poor Tourism studies have emerged in a very fragmented way in an undisciplined way (John Tribe) in a wheel of non connected knowledge (Jafar Jafari) Following this perspective, tourism is not! a scientific area. Its theoretical background becomes poor and its practice and sectorial interaction are fragmented
to an emerging scientific area! Tourism demands!! Own knowledge Has to address proper issues Must respond to the stimulus of an emerging leisure society Should not be simply an arithmetic sum of various disciplines
Challenges!! from tourism to a leisure society How to improve and modernize the leisure time How to bring leisure activities into the working and biological time How to make all this by ensuring that we contribute to a better, fair and modern society
Tourism Satellite Account in Central Portugal The tourism economy is narrowed tourism demands a new management of operations! Accommodation Food and Beverages Transportation 27,9% 28,6% 29,0% 85,5% Tour operations and retailing Cultural services Recreational services Other tourism services 4,6% 1,4% 4,9% 3,6% Does this fragile economic structure unveil that tourism networks are neither inclusive nor dense and thus tourism clusters show more difficulty to emerge?
II. The reality of tourism networks in Europe (examples of destinations located in coastal areas)
Wine Tourism Network Full network [ Fonte: Costa, C (2008) Strategy for the Bairrada Wine Route, University of Aveiro, Portugal ]
Wine Tourism Network Network of links for promotion [ Fonte: Costa, C (2008) Strategy for the Bairrada Wine Route, University of Aveiro, Portugal ]
Wine Tourism Network Network of links for mutual sales [ Fonte: Costa, C (2008) Strategy for the Bairrada Wine Route, University of Aveiro, Portugal ]
Regional Tourism Board Network Formal Network Ano 1995 Ano 2007 RT Rota Rota da da Luz Regional Tourism Board Municípios Municipalities Organizações Public Sector do Sector Organisations Público Organizações Private Sector do Sector Organisations Privado RT Rota Rota da da Luz Regional Tourism Board Municípios Municipalities Organizações Public Sector do Sector Organisations Público Organizações Private Sector do Sector Organisations Privado
Regional Tourism Board Network Informal Network Ano 1995 Ano 2007 RT Rota Rota da da Luz Regional Tourism Board Municípios Municipalities Organizações Public Sector do Sector Organisations Público Organizações Private Sector do Sector Organisations Privado RT Rota da Luz Regional Tourism Board Municípios Municipalities Organizações Public Sector do Sector Organisations Público Organizações Private Sector do Sector Organisations Privado
Centrality, prominence Vs. Peripheral, visible, anonymous Maximum 20% of the organisations.. 50% of connectivity Regional tourism board Regional planning commission (CCDR) Large municipalities Medium 45% of the organisations.. 40% of connectivity Municipalities located in the most developed areas Public sector organisations Low 35% of the organisations.. 10% of connectivity Private sector organisations Municiplaities located in the less developed areas Not for profit organisations
Regional Tourism Board Network Network of innovation Source: Brandão, 2014
III. Conclusions and implications
A New conceptual approach is need for tourism New Consumers: DEMAND TRENDS The transformation of Consumer Behaviour Domestic and Visiting Friends and Relatives Tourism Alternative tourism and the moralisation of tourism CONFERENCE TOURISM - MICE Market and Business tourism Mass Market vs Exclusive market Culture, heritage and art driven tourism Third Age tourism Youth and adventure tourism New Products: EMERGING INDUSTRY SOLUTIONS Reengineering established products & destinations Fashion and accessibility based emerging destinations Experience based products Nature based products, Ecotourism and Adventure tourism Sport and events tourism Urbanisation and second homes tourism New Age Travel / Tourism: spiritual experiences Shopping and tourism Gastronomy, Food & Wine Thanatourism and Dark Tourism (include Spiritual and Pilgrimage tourism) Space Tourism New Industry: SUPPLY TRENDS Hospitality Megatrends Transport and transit: Air, Land and Sea Attractions Megatrends Intermediaries: Travel Agencies & Tour Operators Culture, Heritage and Visiting Attractions Entertainment and new leisure Destination Management Organisations and Actors Tourism Futures: Conclusions Emerging Realities in the Market Place and Shift New Trends Demographics Safety and Security and World Peace Crisis management and tourism Climate Change Monitoring as an Approach to Sustainable Tourism Ethics, social responsibility Media and communications Corporate Responsibility and Tourism: market driven approach Liberalisation and deregulation for tourism Research: New approaches and knowledge creation New Management Organisations and Management in the future The Future of Work and Employment in Tourism Policy related Networks and Partnerships in Tourism Destination based business Networks and Partnerships Innovation, Creativity and competitiveness Managing Globalisation Complexity and Network Theories for tourism destinations Chaos theory and managerial approaches Human Resources Developments Education and Training: Models / approaches SMEs in Tourism Resource Management: social, cultural, physical environment New Tools Consumer Centric Tourism Marketing Cross-Cultural Hospitality & Tourism Marketing Information Communication Technologies Tourism Marketing Information System Decision Support for the Tourism Manager Planning, development and the territory Managing Economic Impacts, Satellite Accounts and Observatories Quality control, enforcement, improvement Forecasting methodologies for Tourism Source: 2006: Buhalis, D Costa, C, (eds), Tourism Business Frontiers: Consumers, Products and Industry, Elsevier, London 2006: Buhalis, D Costa, C, (eds), Tourism Management Dynamics: Trends, Management and Tools, Elsevier, London
A New framework of development is required! Costa, C, Panyik, E, Buhalis, D, 2013, Trends in European Tourism Planning and Organisation, Channel View
New Governance models have to emerge Costa, C, Panyik, E, Buhalis, D, 2014, European Tourism Planning and Organisation Systems, Channel View
The situation of coastal areas Coastal areas are responsible for attracting the largest number of tourists The need to spread and smooth tourist pressure is particularly important at these regions Coastal tourist poles ought to be designed in order to create innovative and enlarged economies capable of boosting development in the adjacent regions and create dynamic clusters
Tourism in coastal areas research group University of Aveiro (Portugal) http://www.ua.pt/coastaltourism/#
THANK YOU! Tourism networks in Europe Encouraging transnational partnerships through clusters and networks Carlos Costa [ccosta@ua.pt] University of Aveiro DEGEI GOVCOPP Conference on smart cooperation in coastal and maritime tourism Brussels, 20 th January 2015