Historical Manufacturing Data for Virginia and the United States in 1870 May 2015
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Virginia Manufacturing 1870 3
4 Virginia Manufacturing and Wages by Industry in 1870 Mechanical and Manufacturing Industries Establishments Hands Employed Percent of Total Hands Employed Average per Establishment Average Annual Wage Total 5,933 26,974 100.0% 5 $198 Agricultural implements 37 267 1.0% 7 $385 Bark, ground 4 11 0.0% 3 $196 Baskets 2 78 0.3% 39 $244 Blacksmithing 825 1,451 5.4% 2 $71 Bleaching and dyeing 4 36 0.1% 9 $158 Bookbinding 5 53 0.2% 11 $194 Boots and shoes 498 850 3.2% 2 $124 Boxes, cheese 1 2 0.0% 2 $50 Boxes, packing 3 24 0.1% 8 $357 Boxes, tobacco 11 84 0.3% 8 $378 Boxes, paper 1 10 0.0% 10 $200 Brass founding and finishing 1 2 0.0% 2 $150 Bread, crackers, and other bakery products 43 163 0.6% 4 $283 Brick 22 251 0.9% 11 $125 Bridge building 3 34 0.1% 11 $504 Brooms and wisp-brushes 4 9 0.0% 2 $93 Butchering 2 3 0.0% 2 $33 Carpentering and building 319 915 3.4% 3 $232 Carriages and wagons 186 563 2.1% 3 $216 Cars, freight and passenger 7 469 1.7% 67 $552 Cement 2 27 0.1% 14 $293 Cheese 2 12 0.0% 6 $54 Clothing, men's 95 278 1.0% 3 $233 Clothing, women's 51 103 0.4% 2 $102 Coffins 20 35 0.1% 2 $248 Confectionary 7 22 0.1% 3 $293 Cooperage 87 231 0.9% 3 $153 Cordage and twine 1 4 0.0% 4 $300 Cotton goods, not specified 11 1,741 6.5% 158 $132 Dentistry, mechanical 4 5 0.0% 1 $0 Dye-woods and dye-stuffs, ground 1 2 0.0% 2 $100 Engraving and stencil-cutting 3 6 0.0% 2 $117 Excelsior, (for upholstery) 1 7 0.0% 7 $39 Fertilizers 7 42 0.2% 6 $316
Mechanical and Manufacturing Industries Establishments Hands Employed Percent of Total Hands Employed Average per Establishment Average Annual Wage Files 1 3 0.0% 3 $400 Flouring and grist mill products 1,556 2,592 9.6% 2 $134 Furniture, not specified 124 289 1.1% 2 $192 Furniture, chairs 2 22 0.1% 11 $112 Gas 6 116 0.4% 19 $680 Gloves and mittens 5 54 0.2% 11 $89 Gunsmithing 15 29 0.1% 2 $297 Hats and caps 4 10 0.0% 3 $126 Hubs, spokes, bows, shafts, wheels, and felloes 3 20 0.1% 7 $239 Husks, prepared 1 30 0.1% 30 $167 Iron, blooms 5 141 0.5% 28 $242 Iron, forged and rolled 12 696 2.6% 58 $473 Iron, nails and spikes, cut and wrought 1 160 0.6% 160 $531 Iron, pigs 18 1,036 3.8% 58 $262 Iron, castings, not specified 51 532 2.0% 10 $367 Iron, castings, stoves 3 9 0.0% 3 $422 Jewelry, not specified 2 4 0.0% 2 $450 Lamps and lanterns 1 6 0.0% 6 $500 Lead, pig 1 42 0.2% 42 $143 Leather, tanned 172 313 1.2% 2 $141 Leather, curried 146 194 0.7% 1 $97 Lime 4 21 0.1% 5 $399 Liquors, distilled 49 140 0.5% 3 $167 Liquors, malt 6 32 0.1% 5 $342 Locksmithing and bellhanging 2 2 0.0% 1 $63 Looking-glass and picture frames 2 5 0.0% 3 $154 Lumber, planed 4 17 0.1% 4 $228 Lumber, sawed 605 2,283 8.5% 4 $151 Machinery, not specified 26 443 1.6% 17 $390 Machinery, railroad repairing 1 30 0.1% 30 $600 Machinery, steam engines and boilers 1 50 0.2% 50 $480 Marble and stone work, not specified 2 16 0.1% 8 $800 Marble and stone work, monuments and tombstones 6 9 0.0% 2 $114 Masonry, brick and stone 17 59 0.2% 3 $132 Meat, packed, pork 2 72 0.3% 36 $31 Source: 1870 U.S. Census 5
6 Virginia Manufacturing and Wages by Industry in 1870 (continued) Mechanical and Manufacturing Industries Establishments Hands Employed Percent of Total Hands Employed Average per Establishment Average Annual Wage Millinery 13 32 0.1% 2 $120 Millwrighting 10 15 0.1% 2 $27 Mineral and soda waters 3 14 0.1% 5 $329 Molasses and syrup, principally sorghum 1 2 0.0% 2 $0 Oil, fish 4 47 0.2% 12 $130 Oil, vegetable, essential 2 7 0.0% 4 $286 Oil, vegetable, linseed 1 2 0.0% 2 $25 Oysters and fish, canned 2 15 0.1% 8 $46 Painting 12 24 0.1% 2 $114 Paper 4 77 0.3% 19 $408 Patent medicines and compounds 1 1 0.0% 1 $0 Photographs 4 9 0.0% 2 $164 Plaster, ground 20 33 0.1% 2 $97 Plastering 4 13 0.0% 3 $159 Plumbing and gasfitting 9 34 0.1% 4 $284 Printing and publishing, book 1 8 0.0% 8 $63 Printing and publishing, newspaper 23 256 0.9% 11 $644 Printing and publishing, job 12 68 0.3% 6 $416 Pumps 4 7 0.0% 2 $79 Saddlery and harnesses 123 245 0.9% 2 $172 Sails 1 2 0.0% 2 $0 Salt 2 8 0.0% 4 $0 Sash, doors, and blinds 17 143 0.5% 8 $293 Saws 1 11 0.0% 11 $364 Ship building, repairing, and ship materials 7 41 0.2% 6 $279 Soap and candles 5 8 0.0% 2 $353 Stone and earthen ware 23 77 0.3% 3 $172 Sumac, ground 12 61 0.2% 5 $404 Tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware 80 251 0.9% 3 $257 Tobacco and cigars 2 6 0.0% 3 $250 Tobacco, chewing, smoking, and snuffing 94 7,414 27.5% 79 $155 Tobacco, cigars 35 114 0.4% 3 $268 Trunks, valises, and satchels 1 1 0.0% 1 $0 Typefounding 1 10 0.0% 10 $300 Upholstery 9 17 0.1% 2 $315
Mechanical and Manufacturing Industries Establishments Hands Employed Percent of Total Hands Employed Average per Establishment Average Annual Wage Vegetables, canned 1 5 0.0% 5 $100 Watch and clock repairing 31 46 0.2% 1 $236 Wheelwrighting 161 257 1.0% 2 $66 Wooden ware 1 35 0.1% 35 $229 Wood, turned and carved 1 2 0.0% 2 $250 Wool-carding and cloth-dressing 50 76 0.3% 2 $29 Woolen goods 19 203 0.8% 11 $278 Source: 1870 U.S. Census 7
Manufacturing in Virginia - 1870 1,000-7,456 500-999 250-499 100-249 50-99 20-49 2-19 no data Virginia Total = 26,974 Source: 1870 U.S. Census Note: In 1870, cities were not separate from counties, so there is no city data, except for those cities that were once counties. For example, Princess Anne County became Virginia Beach. Dickenson County was formed in 1880 from parts of Buchanan, Tazewell, and Wise counties. 8
Manufacturing Average Annual Wage in Virginia - 1870 $300 - $393 $250 - $299 $200 - $249 $150 - $199 $100 - $149 $50 - $99 $12 - $49 no data Virginia Average = $198 Source: 1870 U.S. Census Note: In 1870, cities were not separate from counties, so there is no city data, except for those cities that were once counties. For example, Princess Anne County became Virginia Beach. Dickenson County was formed in 1880 from parts of Buchanan, Tazewell, and Wise counties. 9
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United States Manufacturing 1870 and 2014 11
12 States and Territories Manufacturing Wage and in the United States and Territories in 1870 and 2014 1870 Average Annual Wage 1870 Manufacturing Percent of 1870 U.S. Manufacturing 2014 Average Annual Wage 2014 Manufacturing Percent of 2014 U.S. Manufacturing Alabama $270 8,248 0.4% $47,986 252,600 2.1% Alaska purchased 1867; not part of 1870 Census $38,960 14,200 0.1% Arizona* $543 84 0.0% $51,379 156,500 1.3% Arkansas $210 3,206 0.2% $40,842 154,700 1.3% California $517 25,392 1.2% $59,576 1,269,600 10.4% Colorado* $603 876 0.0% $56,604 136,600 1.1% Connecticut $435 89,523 4.4% $63,003 159,700 1.3% Delaware $380 9,710 0.5% $46,284 25,700 0.2% District of Columbia $429 4,685 0.2% $101,751 1,000 0.0% Florida $360 2,749 0.1% $49,384 330,500 2.7% Georgia $271 17,871 0.9% $50,082 367,200 3.0% Hawaii annexed 1898 $36,954 13,700 0.1% Idaho* $424 265 0.0% $48,943 60,000 0.5% Illinois $375 82,979 4.0% $53,151 579,300 4.8% Indiana $312 58,852 2.9% $52,810 507,100 4.2% Iowa $275 25,032 1.2% $48,459 216,700 1.8% Kansas $347 6,844 0.3% $52,413 162,200 1.3% Kentucky $308 30,636 1.5% $46,646 234,500 1.9% Louisiana $153 30,071 1.5% $58,654 147,700 1.2% Maine $290 49,180 2.4% $50,165 50,200 0.4% Maryland $283 44,860 2.2% $53,402 103,400 0.8% Massachusetts $423 279,380 13.6% $60,036 249,700 2.0% Michigan $333 63,694 3.1% $54,051 575,900 4.7% Minnesota $359 11,290 0.5% $54,409 312,100 2.6% Mississippi $260 5,941 0.3% $43,794 139,300 1.1% Missouri $475 65,354 3.2% $52,991 256,200 2.1% Montana* $529 701 0.0% $33,895 18,900 0.2% Nebraska $537 2,665 0.1% $42,342 97,300 0.8% Nevada $874 2,859 0.1% $35,263 41,600 0.3% New Hampshire $339 40,783 2.0% $54,865 66,500 0.5% New Jersey $432 75,552 3.7% $54,170 242,600 2.0% New Mexico* $392 427 0.0% $34,496 28,100 0.2%
States and Territories 1870 Average Annual Wage 1870 Manufacturing Percent of 1870 U.S. Manufacturing 2014 Average Annual Wage 2014 Manufacturing Percent of 2014 U.S. Manufacturing New York $405 351,800 17.1% $53,675 452,300 3.7% North Carolina $161 13,622 0.7% $46,388 449,100 3.7% North Dakota* $232 91 0.0% $47,465 26,000 0.2% Ohio $358 137,202 6.7% $52,356 673,000 5.5% Oklahoma Indian $46,208 138,700 1.1% Oregon $388 2,884 0.1% $47,299 178,900 1.5% Pennsylvania $401 319,487 15.6% $49,899 567,200 4.7% Rhode Island $392 49,417 2.4% $53,617 40,900 0.3% South Carolina $190 8,141 0.4% $49,185 230,100 1.9% South Dakota* $232 91 0.0% $43,124 42,400 0.3% Tennessee $278 19,412 0.9% $44,928 325,200 2.7% Texas $226 7,927 0.4% $58,069 884,700 7.3% Utah* $258 1,534 0.1% $47,835 120,600 1.0% Vermont $335 18,686 0.9% $44,648 31,200 0.3% Virginia $198 26,974 1.3% $47,583 231,600 1.9% Washington* $560 1,026 0.0% $70,413 289,100 2.4% West Virginia $370 11,672 0.6% $43,227 47,800 0.4% Wisconsin $309 43,910 2.1% $49,133 464,800 3.8% Wyoming* $692 502 0.0% $42,240 9,800 0.1% USA $378 2,053,996 100.0% $52,844 12,188,000 100.0% Source: 1870 U.S. Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Statistics. * in 1870; North and South Dakota were one territory. 13
AK Manufacturing Average Annual Wages by State and - 1870 CA Washington OR NV Idaho Utah Montana Wyoming Colorado Dakota NE KS MN IA MO WI IL MI IN OH KY WV NY PA VA NC VT ME NH MA CT NJ DE MD DC RI Arizona New Mexico Indian AR MS TN AL GA SC 14 $874 $600 - $699 $500 - $599 $400 - $499 $300 - $399 $200 - $299 $153 - $199 no data U.S. Average = $378 TX LA Note: Alaska was not included in the 1870 Census; Hawaii was not annexed until 1898. Source: 1870 U.S. Census FL
AK Manufacturing by State and - 1870 CA Washington OR NV 100,000-351,800 50,000-99,999 25,000-49,999 10,000-24,999 5,000-9,999 1,000-4,999 84-999 no data U.S. Total = 2,053,996 Idaho Utah Arizona Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Dakota NE TX KS Indian MN IA MO AR LA WI IL MS IN MI TN AL KY OH GA WV SC PA FL VA NC NY VT ME NH MA Note: Alaska was not included in the 1870 Census; Hawaii was not annexed until 1898. Source: 1870 U.S. Census CT NJ DE MD DC RI 15