450 OHASHI, Tadahiro 1 3 1 Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 Caves et al.1984 5 Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 OD 2 Brueckner and Spiller 1994 2 1990 JAL JAS Brueckner and Spiller1991 6 19901994 11 1995 12 2000 2003 13 i1997 14 1995 15 Yamaguchi 2007 16 ii 2004 17 2008 18 i Vol.14 No.3 2011 Autumn 009
ii 3 2 3 4 5 2 OD 1 modq m m POPODt m freq m airshare m 4 i j 2 Q ij ijdistance j jairportdum OD m 3 q im im I m m i S im Qq ij im j J m m Distance m m Distancet Brueckner and Spiller 1994 2 4 5 n m m 3 3.1 1 ODq m 450 ODOD round trip round tripod Q j OD airshare m 010 Vol.14 No.3 2011 Autumn
qm Qj airsharem POPPOPm pm LTIME FREQ HHI ACC_FARE ACC_TIME CTS HND NGO ITM FUK OKA ODm j ODm ODqm JTB JTB JTB JTB JTB JTB 10 10 10 10 10 10 POPPOP m ODm HHI JTBHHI 5 p m 6 FREQ 7 LTIME OD OD ODHHI HHI ACC_FAREACC_TIME JTBOD JTB 10 OD 2 3.2 2 8 6 a m 9 7 6 b 7 a 1 a 2 a 3 a 6 6 MR 10 8 Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 Vol.14 No.3 2011 Autumn 011
9 10 n m 11 mhnditm CTSNGOFUKOKA 12 1 6 7 S m Brueckner and Spiller1994 11 13 13 1 2 2 Q j < 0Q j 1 2 2 Q j > 0 Q j 4 6112005 2 12 2 13 23.2 611 0 1 2OD 3 6 4 5 6 1 0 1 2 3 4 11 5 6 7 1 2 1 3,476.296 2,892.545 7.68E-11 0.087 7.900216 0.200 0.148893 0.112 271.0062 14.00706 0.889 1 14.00706 4,417.706 2,376.587 1,868.212 2,602.89 542.2358 0.335 257.3684 0.876904 0.908 2 3,747.989 2,751.158 6.96E-11 0.079 10.57301 0.086 0.125062 0.180 271.271 13.49528 0.889 2 13.49528 4,340.629 2,668.458 1,958.272 2,500.99 442.8821 0.422 265.1637 2.672619 0.000408 0.910 3 3,757.011 2,790.728 6.90E-11 0.079 10.7077 0.082 0.124236 0.182 271.0461 13.43818 0.890 3 13.43818 4,206.954 2,606.773 1,921.429 2,535.497 425.6144 0.438 6,809.594 0.037 267.0729 2.740583 0.000422 0.911 611 6b 1 6a 1 a 5 a 1 5OD a 2 1,2,310 a 3 a 4 010 a 5 1 012 Vol.14 No.3 2011 Autumn
11 1 7 1 2 1 3 1 5 10 6 10 7 1 11 1 2 1 1 2 23 1 23 13Q j 1 2 2 Q j 13 23 Caves et al.1984 5 Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 13 5 50OD 1 2 1 Caves et al.1984 5 Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 Vol.14 No.3 2011 Autumn 013
2 1 450 Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 2 B 21730216 24 3 1Brander and Zhang1990 1 Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 Pels and Rietveld2004 3 low-cost careersfageda and Fernandez -Villadangos2009 4 2Brueckner and Spiller1991 6 Zhang1996 7 Nero1996 8 2007 9 Brueckner 2010 10 3 2007 19 10 2005 20 4 Yamaguchi2007 16 51/HHIn m 62006 21 7 014 Vol.14 No.3 2011 Autumn
8Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 b m b m b 97 4 10Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 average conduct parameter q m /q im average conduct parameter Bresnahan1982 22 Brander and Zhang1990 1 Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 Bresnahan1982 22 Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 1 1113Q j q m Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 q m 12Brueckner and Spiller1994 2 611 p m q m 611 611 131 13 ODOD 3.1 OD OD 2 1Brander, J.A. and Zhang, A.1990Market conduct in the airline industry: An empirical investigation, RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 21, pp. 567-583. 2Brueckner, J.K. and Spiller, P.T.1994Economies of traffic density in the deregulated airline industry, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 37, pp. 379-415. 3Pels, E. and Rietveld, P.2004Airline pricing behaviour in the London-Paris market, Journal Air Transport Management, Vol. 10, pp. 279-283. 4Fageda, X. and Fernandez-Villadangos, L.2009Triggering competition in the Spanish airline market: The role of airport capacity and low-cost careers, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 15, pp. 36-40. 5Caves, D.W., Christensen, L.R., and Tretheway, M.W.1984Economies of density versus economies of scale: Why trunk and local service costs differ, RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 15, pp. 479-489. 6Brueckner, J.K. and Spiller, P.T.1991Competition and mergers in airline networks, International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 9, pp. 323-342. 7Zhang, A.1996An analysis of fortress hubs in airline networks, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 303, pp. 293-307. 8Nero, G.1996A structural model of intra European Union duopoly airline competition, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 302, pp. 137-155. 92007 IATSS ReviewVol. 323pp. 206-215 10Brueckner, J.K.2010Schedule competition revisited, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 443, pp. 261-285. 111994 Vol. 40, pp. 67-92 121995 132003 No82, pp. 45-55 141997 No. 35, pp. 69-94 151995 No. 1, pp. 37-48 16Yamaguchi, K.2007Inter-regional air transport accessibility and macroeconomic performance in Japan, Transportation Research Part E, Vol. 43, pp. 247-258. 172004 No. 772/IV-65pp. 131-142 182008 DVol. 643pp. 432-446 192007 202005 212006 JJNo. 53, pp. 13-41 22Bresnahan, T.F.1982The oligopoly solution concept is identified, Economics Letters, Vol. 10, pp. 87-92. Economies of Traffic Density in Japanese Domestic Aviation Market By Tadahiro OHASHI This paper showed the existence of economies of traffic density in Japanese domestic aviation market. In analysis, we carried out simultaneous estimation of the supply-and-demand function using the prefectures' level's OD flow data. About supply-side economies of traffic density pointed out / taken into consideration by many existing researches, the existence was statistically significant as a result of estimation. Thus, when analyzing the structure of aviation market, the importance of taking economies of traffic density into consideration is pointed out. The coefficient of airport dummy variables, such as Haneda, Itami/Kansai, Shin-chitose Airport that are taken into consideration with a marginal cost function, has many positive cases. Thus, a possibility that a large-scale airport is the result of reflecting the height of a landing fee and congestion relatively compared with a local airport is pointed out. Key Words : Japanese domestic aviation market, simultaneous estimation of the supply-and-demand function, economies of traffic density Vol.14 No.3 2011 Autumn 015