E: Population VISUALS E1: Heaton Woollen Mills, 1860 Heaton is a suburb of Bradford, which was in the 1860s a world renowned centre of the woollen industry. It specialised in the production of worsteds, a lightweight, though coarse grained, woollen cloth. Worsteds were well suited to the mass production of woollen clothing and factory production saw the town grow very rapidly. Its population expanded eight fold from 1801 to 1861 (13,000 to 106,000) Source: Mary Evans Picture Library E2: A Ward in the Hospital for Sick Children, 1865 The Hospital for sick children at Great Ormond Street, London, first opened with only ten beds in 1852. The driving force behind the hospital s creation was Dr Charles West, who specialized in diseases of women and children. The hospital s fame rapidly grew, not least because it was under the patronage of Queen Victoria. 1
Source: Copyright Museum of London E3: Goodbye on the Mersey This oil painting from 1881, which now hangs in Liverpool s Walker Art Gallery, is by the French artist James Tissot. It shows a respectable family waving farewell to friends or relatives bound on an ocean liner for the United States. 2
Evans, The Shaping of Modern Britain Source: Courtesy of National Museums Liverpool 3
SIGNIFICANT STATS 1. Both in size and economic activity, England was the dominant nation in the United Kingdom between 1801 and 1914. Its degree of domination differed over the period, however. In 1801, only 53% of the UK population lived in England. By 1914, this proportion had increased to 75%. 2. For most of the period, the population of the four North Western counties increased at a faster rate than any region. Stimulated by the rapid development of industry, particularly in Lancashire, the 1810s and 1820s, both saw population increasing by almost 24%. By the 1890s and 1900s, however, improved transport was making an impact on where people lived. In both of these decades, the growth of population was fastest in the East Midlands and East Anglia. 3. Although overall death rates gradually decreased during the second half of the nineteenth century, infant mortality rates remained obstinately high at around 150 per 1000 live births until the first decades of the twentieth century, when they declined first to 132.2 and then to 102.6 4
E.i Population of the UK, 1781 1911 (in 000s) The figures to the right of the population indicators give the percentage increase/decrease in population per decade from 1811 1911 England Wales Scotland Ireland Total 1781 7,042 545 1,435 4,048 13,070 1791 7,740 4,420 1801 8,319 541 1,625 5,216 15,701 1811 9,491 14.09 611 12.94 1,824 12.20 5,956 14.19 17,882 13.89 1821 11,205 18.06 718 17.51 2,100 15.13 6,802 14.20 20,825 16.46 1831 13,008 16.09 807 12.40 2,374 13.05 7,767 14.20 23,956 15.03 1841 14,872 14.32 911 12.89 2,620 10.36 8,175 5.25 26,578 10.95 1851 16,812 13.04 1,006 10.43 2,889 10.27 6,552 19.85 27,259 2.56 1861 18,834 12.03 1,121 11.43 3,062 5.99 5,800 11.50 28,817 5.71 1871 21,370 13.47 1,222 9.00 3,360 9.73 5,413 6.67 31,365 8.85 1881 24,613 15.18 1,361 11.37 3,736 11.19 5,175 4.40 34,885 11.22 1891 27,484 11.66 1,519 11.61 4,026 7.76 4,705 9.08 37,734 8.17 1901 30,813 12.11 1,715 12.90 4,472 11.08 4,459 5.23 41,459 9.87 1911 34,133 10.77 1,937 12.94 4,761 6.46 4,390 1.55 45,221 0.07 National population growth rates, in percentages 1801 51 102.09 79.44 79.66 25.61 73.61 1801 71 156.88 108.82 108.96 3.78 99.77 1861 1911 81.23 72.79 55.49 24.31 56.92 5
Note: Irish population statistics are radically affected by the impact of the potato famine of 1845 47. On the eve of the famine in 1845, Irish population stood at an estimated 8.3m. It fell continuously thereafter until 1916 when it stood at 4,273,000, a decline of approximately 48.5%. Total population growth in the UK (which includes Ireland) between 1801 and 1845 is estimated at about 75%. Sources English population figures are taken from the extensive recalculations of Wrigley and Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541 1871 (1981), pp. 534, 588. Welsh figures are taken from the Census. Figures for Scotland are derived from M. Flinn et al., Scottish Population History from the Seventeenth Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977), p. 302. Figures for Ireland are derived from S. Daultry, D. Dickson and C. O Grada, Eighteenth century Irish population: New Perspectives from Old Sources Journal of Economic History, xli (1981), pp. 601 28, W. E. Vaughan and A. J. Fitzpatrick (eds), Irish Historical Statistics: Population, 1821 71 (1978), pp. 2 3. 6
E.ii.1 English population growth by region, 1801 1911 (in 000s) % % % % % % % 1801 1811 increase 1821 increase 1831 increase 1841 increase 1851 increase 1861 increase 1871 increase 1. North west 1,023 1,235 20.72 1,530 23.89 1,895 23.86 2,297 21.21 2,740 19.29 3,200 16.79 3,665 14.53 2. North east 1,177 1,334 13.34 1.581 18.52 1,848 16.89 2,166 17.21 2,493 15.10 2,885 15.72 3,509 21.63 3. West Midlands 4. East Midlands 854 972 13.82 1,115 14.71 1,294 16.05 1,498 15.77 1,705 13.82 1,981 16.19 2,204 11.26 448 515 14.96 593 15.15 678 14.33 759 11.95 819 7.91 892 8.91 990 10.99 5. East Anglia 1,051 1,159 10.28 1,359 17.26 1,518 11.70 1,659 9.29 1,805 8.80 1,829 1.33 1,942 6.18 6. South Midlands 623 680 9.15 783 15.15 865 10.47 945 9.25 1,007 6.56 1,051 4.37 1,132 7.71 7. London and environs 1,265 1,464 15.73 1,742 18.99 2,048 17.57 2,387 16.55 2,829 18.52 3,343 18.17 3,931 17.59 8. South 935 1,059 13.26 1,235 16.62 1,382 11.90 1,534 11.00 1,666 8.60 1,830 9.84 2,045 11.75 9. South west 1,103 1,255 13.78 1,467 16.89 1,684 14.79 1,876 11.40 1,983 5.70 2,059 3.83 2,156 4.71 1881 1891 1901 1911 North West 4413 20.40 4990 13.07 5546 11.14 6054 9.16 North East 4188 19.35 4731 12.97 5395 14.04 6050 12.14 West Midlands 2467 11.93 2654 7.58 2985 12.47 3276 9.75 East Midlands 1196 20.80 1371 14.63 1568 14.36 1780 13.52 East Anglia 2120 9.17 2331 9.95 2673 14.67 3062 14.55 South Midlands London & environs 1199 5.92 1292 7.76 1402 3.51 1545 10.20 4690 19.31 5372 14.54 6009 11.86 6513 8.39 7
South 2244 9.73 2507 11.72 2835 13.08 3169 11.78 South west 2187 1.44 2291 4.76 2424 5.81 2616 (7.92) Notes The following county categorizations have been used. North west: North east: West Midlands: East Midlands: East Anglia: South Midlands: London and environs: South: South west: Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancashire, Cheshire. Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire. Staffordshire, Shropshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire. Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Rutland. Lincolnshire, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex. Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire. London, Middlesex, Surrey. Wiltshire, Dorset, Hampshire, Sussex, Kent. Gloucestershire, Monmouthshire, Somerset, Devon, Cornwall. Source : Calculations from county figures in Mitchell and Deane, op. cit., pp. 20 1. 8
E.ii.2 Changing regional balance of population, 1801 1911 Percentages of total English population in given categories 1801 1831 1851 1871 North 25.95 28.33 30.70 33.25 Midlands and East Anglia 35.10 32.96 31.30 29.05 South 38.96 38.71 38.00 37.69 Industrial and Commercial counties 44.89 48.49 52.50 57.30 Mixed counties 31.65 29.99 27.97 25.78 Agricultural counties 23.46 21.53 19.53 16.92 1891 1911 North 35.36 35.47 Midlands & East Anglia 27.83 28.31 South 37.00 36.03 Industrial & Commercial counties 60.42 60.92 Mixed counties 24.16 23.24 Agricultural counties 15.55 15.65 (NB: Because of rounding, and also some Census inconsistency, totals to not add to exactly 100%) Notes 1. The regional classification derives from the list in E.ii.1. North comprises 1 and 2, the Midlands and East Anglia categories 3 6 and the South categories 7 9. 2. The economic and function divisions here follow those in P.Deane & W.A.Cole, British Economic Growth, 1688 1959 (Cambridge University Press, 1964), p103 Industrial and Commercial counties are: Durham, Gloucestershire, Kent, London, Lancashire, Middlesex, Northumberland, Staffordshire, Surrey, Warwickshire, Yorkshire (West Riding) Mixed counties are: Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Devon, Dorset, Hampshire, Leicestershire, Monmouth, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Shropshire, Somerset, Westmorland, Worcestershire, Yorkshire (East Riding), Yorkshire (North Riding) 9
Agricultural counties are: Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdon, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Oxfordshire, Rutland, Suffolk, Sussex, Wiltshire At the margin, such a categorization is arbitrary, especially since, in order to indicate change over a long period of time, a static model has been adopted. Clearly, the predominant functions of many counties change. It is odd, for example, to see Essex categorized as agricultural by the 1890s when so much of the economic activity in the south of the county has been influenced by London. The tables show broad trends only. Monmouth, now in south east Wales, is included here as an English county. This is for completeness, since Monmouth s status as Welsh had been uncertain since the Second Act of Union between England and Wales in 1543. Not until the local government reorganisation of 1974 was the county unequivocally determined to be part of Wales. 10
E.iii Population of towns, 1780 1871 Preliminary note: An attempt is made here to chart the growth of representative British towns. Choice is inevitably subjective; I have tried to include towns both of large and modest growth as also centres of expanding industry and those of relatively stagnant production such as the workshop textile centres of the South west which were by passed by factory developments further north. The categories below are not mutually exclusive, but it is useful to distinguish between the major centres of cotton and woollen manufacture (b) and other important towns whose units of manufacturing production remained relatively small (workshop rather than factory dominated) until at least 1850 (c). Category (d) includes market, administrative and leisure centres, although some manufactures were carried on in each of them. Category (e) defines itself; category (f) towns are either railway towns or heavyindustry towns which developed largely because of railway provision. Note that local government reorganisation in the 1880s and 1890s enabled population figures to be cited either as shown in the census of the appropriate year or by using figures for the area of the town as computed at subsequent censuses. The former method has been used for census figures in 1891, 1901 and 1911. Population (in 000s) Pre 1801 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 (a) London 757 959 1,139 1,380 1,656 1,949 2,363 2,808 3,261 Rate of growth, 1801 51: 146%; Rate of growth, 1851 1901: 92% (b) Factory textile towns Blackburn 6 12 15 22 27 37 47 63 76 Bolton 12 (1789) 18 25 32 42 51 61 70 83 Bradford 4 (1781) 13 16 26 44 67 104 106 146 Glasgow 62 (1791) 77 101 147 202 275 345 420 522 Halifax 7 12 13 17 22 28 34 37 66 11
Leeds 24 53 63 84 123 152 172 207 259 Manchester 30 75 89 126 182 235 303 339 351 Oldham 5 12 17 22 32 43 53 72 83 Paisley 14 (1792) 25 29 38 46 48 48 47 48 Preston 6 (1791) 12 17 25 34 51 70 83 85 Salford 8 (1788) 14 19 26 41 53 64 102 125 Stockport 5 (1779) 17 21 27 36 50 54 55 53 (c) Other manufacturing towns Average rate of growth, 1801 51: 299% Population (in 000s) Pre 1801 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 Barnstaple 3 4 4 5 7 8 9 8 9 Birmingham 42 (1778) 71 83 102 144 183 233 296 344 Coventry 15 16 18 21 27 31 36 41 38 Derby 9 (1788) 11 13 17 24 33 41 43 50 Devizes 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 Edinburgh 85 (1791) 83 108 138 162 166 194 203 242 Leicester 13 (1785) 17 19 26 41 53 61 68 95 Merthyr Tydfil 8 11 17 22 35 46 50 52 Northampton 6 7 8 11 15 21 27 33 41 Norwich 39 36 37 50 61 62 68 75 80 12
Sheffield 27 46 53 65 92 111 135 185 240 Swansea 4 7 9 11 15 20 25 33 43 Trowbridge 4 6 6 10 11 11 11 10 12 Walsall 4 10 11 12 15 20 26 38 46 Wolverhampton 10 13 15 18 25 36 50 61 68 (d) County and leisure towns Rate of growth 1801 51: 186% Bath 21 33 38 47 51 53 54 53 53 Brighton 3 7 12 24 41 47 66 78 90 Chester 15 15 16 20 21 24 28 26 30 Ipswich 12 11 14 17 20 25 33 38 43 Margate 5 6 8 10 11 10 10 14 Scarborough 6 6 7 8 8 10 12 17 22 Shrewsbury 11 15 17 20 21 18 20 22 23 Worcester 11 11 14 17 19 27 28 31 33 York 13 17 19 22 26 29 36 40 44 13
Rate of growth 1801 51: 139% Population (in 000s) Pre 1801 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 (e) Ports Bristol 55 61 71 85 104 124 137 154 183 Cardiff 2 2 4 6 10 18 33 40 Hull 14 30 37 45 52 67 85 98 122 Liverpool 35 82 104 138 202 286 376 444 493 Newcastle upon Tyne 33 33 33 42 54 70 88 109 128 Southampton 5 8 10 13 16 19 21 25 32 Sunderland 16 24 25 31 39 43 65 78 98 Whitehaven 10 (1775) 9 10 12 11 12 14 14 13 Yarmouth, Gt 13 (1784) 17 20 21 25 28 31 35 42 Rate of growth, 1801 51: 214% (f) New towns Barrow 0.5 3 19 Crewe 4 8 18 Middlesbrough 6 8 19 40 Swindon 1 1 2 2 2 5 9 12 14
1881 1891 1901 1911 a) London 3830 4228 4536 4522 b) Factory textile towns 1881 1891 1901 1911 Blackburn 101 120 128 133 Bolton 105 115 168 181 Bradford 183 216 280 288 Glasgow 587 658 762 784 Halifax 74 90 105 102 Leeds 309 368 429 446 Manchester 341 505 544 714 Oldham 111 131 137 147 Paisley 56 66 79 84 Preston 97 108 113 117 Salford 176 198 221 231 Stockport 63 70 79 109 Average rate of growth 1801 51: 299% Average rate of growth 1851 1901: 146% 15
c) Other manufacturing towns 1881 1891 1901 1911 Barnstaple 12 13 14 14 Birmingham 491 478 522 526 Coventry 42 53 70 106 Derby 81 94 106 123 Devizes 7 6 7 7 Edinburgh 295 332 394 401 Leicester 122 175 212 227 Merthyr Tydfil 52 59 69 81 Northampton 52 61 87 90 Norwich 88 101 112 121 Sheffield 285 324 381 455 Swansea 66 91 95 115 Trowbridge 11 15 12 12 Walsall 59 72 86 92 Wolverhampton 76 83 94 95 Average rate of growth 1801 51: 186% Average rate of growth 1851 1901: 133% 16
d) County and Leisure Towns 1881 1891 1901 1911 Bath 52 52 50 51 Brighton 108 116 123 131 Chester 37 39 45 46 Ipswich 51 57 67 74 Margate 16 18 23 27 Scarborough 31 34 38 37 Shrewsbury 26 27 28 29 Worcester 34 43 47 48 York 50 67 78 82 Average rate of growth 1801 51: 139% Average rate of growth 1851 1901: 74% 17
e) Ports 1881 1891 1901 1911 Bristol 207 222 329 357 Cardiff 83 129 164 182 Hull 82 95 95 108 Liverpool 553 630 704 753 Newcastle upon Tyne 142 186 247 267 Southampton 60 65 105 119 Sunderland 117 131 146 151 Whitehaven 19 12 26 25 Yarmouth (Great) 46 49 51 56 Average rate of growth 1801 51: 214% Average rate of growth 1851 1901: 124% 18
f) New towns 1881 1891 1901 1911 Barrow in Furness 47 52 58 64 Crewe 18 24 42 45 Middlesborough 55 76 91 105 Swindon 22 33 45 51 Average rate of growth 1801 51: Average rate of growth 1851 1901: 1211% Sources The censuses of 1851 and 1871 list of population figures from 1801 71, Pre 1801 estimates mostly derive from C. M. Law, Some notes on the urban population of England and Wales in the eighteenth century, Local Historian, x (1972), pp. 13 26 and from J. Sinclair, The Statistical Account of Scotland (21 vols, Edinburgh, 1795). Estimates are for 1775 except where reasonably accurate local censuses exist; the dates of such censuses are shown in parentheses. Estimates for Barrow in 1851 and 1861 are drawn from J. D. Marshall, Furness and the Industrial Revolution (Barrow, 1958), pp. 201, 281. A 1788 estimate of Salford s population derives from J. Aitkin, A Description of the Country Thirty to Forty Miles around Manchester (1795), pp. 156 7. 19
E.iv.1 Baptisms and birth rates in England and Wales, 1783 1914 (a) Total baptisms 1780 1839 (Anglican) Annual average per decade (in 000s) 1780s 237.0 1790s 262.1 1800s 283.5 1810s 321.0 1820s 371.4 1830s 398.3 (b) Total births and birth rate 1840 1869 Annual average per decade (in 000s) Births Birth rate per 1,000 1840s 539.8 32.45 1850s 637.9 34.08 1860s 739.0 35.12 1870s 850.0 34.20 1880s 890.3 32.89 1890s 909.8 30.02 1900s 932.7 27.57 1910s 803.6 21.80 Note Many children born to non Anglican parents were not baptized according to the Anglican rite and are not included in Table (a). Table (b) derives from civil registration data and is more comprehensive. Source Mitchell and Deane, op. cit., pp. 28 30. E.iv.2 Burials, death rates and infant mortality in England and Wales, 1783 1914 (a) Total burials 1780 1839 (Anglican) Annual average per decade (in 000s) 1780s 189.9 1790s 193.3 1800s 194.9 1810s 200.9 1820s 241.5 20
1830s 288.6 (b) Total deaths, death rate and infant mortality rate, 1840 1869 Annual average per decade (in 000s) Deaths Death rate Infant mortaliy per 1,000 live births 1840s 375.5 22.57 153.2 1850s 415.6 22.20 154.5 1860s 470.2 22.33 152.9 1870s 516.5 21.62 149.5 1880s 521.0 18.94 142.0 1890s 554.8 18.34 153.2 1900s 535.3 15.85 132.2 1910s 520.4 15.91 102.6 Note Infant mortality figures are for deaths of children under the age of 1 year who had been born alive. Source Mitchell and Deane, op. cit., pp. 28, 34, 36. E.v Age structure of the British population in 1851 and 1871 (in 000s) 1851 % 1871 % Males 0 4 1,366 6.56 1,767 6.78 Females 0 4 1,354 6.51 1,760 6.75 Males 5 14 2,349 11.28 2,966 11.38 Females 5 14 2,314 11.12 2,942 11.28 Males 15 34 3,453 16.59 4,148 15.91 Females 15 34 3,721 17.88 4,481 17.19 Males 35 54 2,003 9.62 2,487 9.54 Females 35 54 2,121 10.19 2,729 10.47 Males 55 74 858 4.12 1,138 4.36 Females 55 74 979 4.70 1,293 4.96 Males 75+ 128 0.62 156 0.60 Females 75+ 170 0.81 206 0.79 Total males 10,157 48.79 12,662 48.56 Total females 10,660 51.21 13,411 51.44 21
1891 % 1911 % Males 0 4 2030 (6.15) 2204 (5.40) Females 0 4 2026 (6.13) 2183 (5.34) Males 5 14 3775 (11.43) 4100 (10.04) Females 5 14 3773 (11.42) 4101 (10.04) Males 15 34 5461 (16.53) 6777 (16.59) Females 15 34 5879 (17.80) 7315 (17.91) Males 35 54 3172 ( 9.60) 4535 (11.10) Females 35 54 3441 (10.42) 4886 (11.96) Males 55 74 1378 ( 4.17) 1905 ( 4.66) Females 55 74 1646 ( 4.98) 2234 ( 5.47) Males 75+ 186 ( 0.56) 234 ( 0.57) Females 75+ 260 ( 0.79) 357 ( 0.87) Total Males 16,002 (48.45) 19,755 (48.36) Total Females: 17,025 (51,55) 21,076 (51.59) Note Population figures as from England, Wales and Scotland. Source Calculations from figures in Mitchell and Deane, op. cit., pp. 12 13 22
Evi: Emigration E.vi.1 Movement of UK citizens to non European ports per decade, 1853 1919 and destinations. 1850s United States British (Totals are in thousands.) North America Australia South Africa TOTAL (1853 9) 738 121 344 1203 1860s 1047 105 272 1424 1870s 1075 184 296 16 1571 1880s 1730 300 374 76 2480 1890s 1194 192 134 155 1675 1900s 1229 705 201 276 2411 1910s 593 818 350 133 1894 (1910 14) TOTALS 7606 (60%) 2425 (19%) 1971 (16%) 656 (5%) 12658 23
Notes: Usable records begin in 1853 The records chart movement of UK citizens. Not all of them were emigrants, although it is clear that even from the 1880s when more wealthy UK citizens undertook long distance travel by sea a substantial majority were. Emigration from Ireland was predominant, especially during the 1850s. See the Table below, which includes Irish emigrants to Britain. E.vi.2 Numbers and proportions of emigrants from Ireland, 1842 1919 (Figures are in thousands) Estimate proportion of Irish Population emigrating 1840s (1842 49): 970 13 1850s 1385 22 1860s 860 15 1870s 603 11 1880s 805 16 1890s 382 8 1900s 359 8 1910s 196 5 Notes: The peak years for emigration were 1845 55, during which time 1.5m people left Ireland. Emigration from Ireland on a mass scale had begun well before the Irish Famine of 1845 7. About a quarter of a million Irish settled in the Americas in the second half of the eighteenth century. More than a million emigrated between the end of the French Wars in 1815 and the onset of Famine in 1845. Of the Irish who emigrated beyond Britain, about 70 per cent went to the United States and nearly all of the remainder to Canada. 24
E.vii Estimates of the distribution of the British labour force, 1801 1911 (in 000,000s) Agriculture, fisheries and forestry 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.8 % (35.4) (32.7) (29.0) (25.0) (22.6) (21.6) (18.5) (15.0) Manufactures, mining and industry 1.4 1.7 2.4 3.0 3.3 4.1 4.7 5.3 % (29.1) (30.9) (38.7) (41.7) (39.2) (42.2) (43.5) (44.2) Trade and transport 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.3 % (10.4) (10.9) (12.9) (12.5) (14.2) (15.5) (16.7) (19.2) Domestic and personal 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.8 % (12.5) (12.7) (12.9) (12.5) (14.2) (13.4) (13.9) (15.0) Public service and professional 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 % (6.3) (7.3) (4.8) (4.2) (3.6) (5.2) (5.6) (5.8) Total Estimated Employed Agriculture, Fisheries & 4.8 5.5 6.2 7.2 8.4 9.7 10.8 12.0 1881 1891 1901 1911 Forestry 1.7m 1.6 1.5 1.6 Percentage (13.0) (10.8) (9.1) (8.7) Manufactures, Mining, 5.7 6.5 7.7 8.6 Industry & Building Percentage (43.8) (43.9) (47.0) (47.0) Trade & Transport 2.8 3.4 3.6 4.0 Percentage (21.5) (23.0) (22.0) (21.9) Domestic & Personal 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.6 Percentage (15.4) (15.5) (14.0) (14.2) Public Service & 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 Professional Percentage (6.2) (6.8) (7.9) (8.2) ESTIMATED TOTAL EMPLOYED 13.0 14.8 16.4 18.3 25
Notes: These figures should be used with considerable caution; they can give only general trends and indications. Since occupational categories were not included in the census until 1841 the figures for 1801 31 are little more than extrapolations and, as Deane and Cole put it, order ofmagnitude estimates. Even after 1841, categorization is both imprecise and liable to fluctuation. Censuses also under estimated the numbers of part time employees. This particularly understates the number of women in the workforce. There is a small residual category of other employment not included here. Percentages, however, are calculated from the total known or estimated occupied population, and not according to the method employed by Deane and Cole which seems to exaggerate the public service and professional category unwarrantably. Source Deane and Cole, op. cit., pp. 141 3. 26