CLASSICAL AGE 510 BC- 323 BC Includes: Persian Wars, Delian League/Athenian Empire, Peloponnesian War, Civil Unrest, Alexander the Great
ATHENIAN EMPIRE Aftermath of the Persian Wars until Peloponnesian War 479 BC-431 BC
RECAP Major Events of the Archaic Age? Dates? Trade, writing, art Polis Colonization Government Major forms? Why democracy in Athens? Warfare Like in Dark Age? Different in Archaic-how/why? How did warfare influence Sparta s development and impact the Persian War? How did the Persian Wars affect Greece?
DELIAN LEAGUE Major naval power! New political power for the lower classes Delian League 477 BC- 404 BC 477-454 Delian League 454-404 Athenian Empire Major cultural center Building projects (acropolis) Religious festivals Tragedies Olympic games extended Intellectual growth Medicine and philosophy Other democracies Syracuse
Conflict in the east Continued 449 BC Sparta allowed Athenian leadership Cimon Empire by force Cleruchies Greek unrest Themistocles vs Kimon GROWTH OF ATHENIAN DOMINATION Conflict with Sparta Spartan earthquake 462 BC Cimon sent help Expedition failed and Spartan Athenian relationship strained Athens reforms government more Delian League 477-404 BC
ATHENIAN REFORMS Cleisthenes Rearranged the tribes Archons chosen by lot chosen from upper classes Ostracisms Themistocles Archons chosen by lot from among the general population Ephialtes Archons voted from general population Limited areopagus Court system
ATHENIAN DEMOKRATIA AFTER THE PERSIAN WARS Pericles Athenian Assembly Met every 10 days Citizenship Law of 451 Voting Athenian Officials Generals rose in prestige 700 government positions Judicial System Crime a civil matter State pay Jury duty, boule, assembly Civic functions
CULTURE AFTER THE PERSIAN WARS UNTIL THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
POLIS To Agora Acropolis Highest point in a polis Serves as a fortified hill Agora Marketplace of the city Stoas Long rectangular buildings to serve as shelter and a place to discuss business
Agora with acropolis to the south-east and the areopagus (hill) to the south
PHYSICAL SPACE OF THE POLIS
VISUAL ART Archaic Idealized Static archaic smile Classical New motivation behind development Anti-East Motion Still a sense of tranquility
SCULPTURE
VISUAL ART Roman copy of the discobolus by Myron
ARCHITECTURE
VISUAL ART Pediments Statues under the roof of a temple Celebrating civility and excellence Grave stela
VASES Interested in action not contemplation Little personal information Mythological or the mundane Depictions of trades Women at work Domestic Prostitution either as slaves or metics
Progression from abstract to naturalized human form. POTTERY Ajax and Achilles playing dice 530 BC Women washing clothes 470 BC
OTHER CULTURAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Simonides War epitaphs Pindar True excellence is found in ancestors LYRIC POETRY Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by That here, obeying their commands, we lie. -Simonides And now Alcidamas gives clear proof that the power born in the blood is like the fruit-bearing fields that now, in alternation, yield mankind yearly sustenance from the ground -Pindar Sixth Nemean Ode
OIKOS Oikos: primary unit of production, consumption and reproduction Citizenship contingent on acceptance into the polis Death at 36 for women and 45 for men 50% mortality rate Women married young-age 15; 30 for men 20% of girls exposed at birth Marriage Girls would dedicate dolls to Artemis Night-time procession Marriage to one spouse Men worked outside and women inside (food/textiles0 Separate lving quarters
RELIGION Characteristics Near East connection Human qualities Role of sacrifices Temenos Reciprocity: People gave offerings to gods as a you bless me, I ll bless you Rules, appeasement, and rituals Gods honor: Hospitality, proper burial, humility, and shun homicide Offenses Forgetting a sacrifice, violating a temple, breaking an oath Homicide: gods punished by casting a miasma (curse) until the murderer was punished Appeasements and Worship Came from oracles, dreams, divination and prophesies Prayers, singing, sacrifices, propitiation
RELIGION Role of art Cults and Festivals Apollo Greater and Lesser Dionysia Sparta Eleusinian Mysteries Women Cults Daily Life
GAMES AND FESTIVALS Pan-Hellenic Games Olympian Nemean Delphi Isthmian Gymnasium Women
No formal schooling Mousike Upper class schools sponsored by parents Learned lyric poetry/lyre Both girls and boys by 6 th century Girls to become priestesses or manage family accounts Ceased by 18 Cultural participation Promote tradition, indoctrination, and social cohesion Sophists: Taught art of persuasion INTELLECTUAL LIFE AND EDUCATION
DRAMA AND TRAGEDY Dionysian Festival Performed over three days Held in late spring Competitive Three playwrights chosen to produce four plays A trilogy (set of tragedies) and a satyr (comedy/satire) The plot would involve a struggle between gods and humans and represent a political struggle concurrent in Athens Playwrights competed for best drama as well as the actors
FIRST (UNDECLARED) PELOPONNESIAN WAR First Peloponnesian War 460-445 BC Megara allies with Athens Corinth invades and Athens builds a wall Sparta attempts to help but draws Athens into Boeotian affairs Pericles continues war against Persia until 449 BC Athens continues to dominate Attempts to kick Persia out of Egypt-fails Moves treasury in 454 BC to Athens (League continues 477-404 BC) In 445 BC the Athenian Empire collapsed Collapse of the Athenian Empire Spartan peace treaty in 445 BC A 30 Years Peace was negotiated with Sparta until 431 BC Athens still continues to build her city-state up
BREAKDOWN OF THE PEACE 441-439 War with Samos Many city-states began to rebel as Pericles was using the money to build up Athens Pericles responded that Greece was free of Persia 431 BC Athens places sanction on Megara and Potidaea Interferes with Corinthian trade Corinth appeals to Sparta Sparta offers compromise-pericles refuses