Yoram Shiftan Transportation Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Brno May 2016
Improving accessibility of non auto modes public transportation Auto restrain policies (parking restrictions, physical restrictions) Pricing and taxing Integrated planning of transport and land use (growth management) Organizational changes: Telecommute, working hours Information and education
The controversy is often presented as an economic vs. environmental consideration Market disruptions increase travelers dependence on private cars: Inconsideration on externalities in cost-benefit considerations Under-pricing of road usage (users do not pay for the use) Unique resource allocation for road development Generous standards of level of service and parking Covering travel and parking costs by employers Company cars
Source: UITP 2000
Source: UITP 2000
Boarding/Person Annual PT Boarding per habitat Total public transport boardings per capita 600 500 400 300 200 133 100 0 Chicago New York Cairo Tel Aviv Caracas Sydney Toronto Istanbul Lyon Rio de Janeiro Copenhagen Oslo Mumbai Barcelona Paris Brussels Helsinki Berlin Amsterdam Santiago London Rome Munich Viena Mexico city Zurich Prague
Public Transport Trip % 80% 70% 74% 60% 67% 65% 64% 63% 50% 40% 51% 52% 52% 47% 30% 35% 32% 38% 31% 32% 20% 10% 18% 18% 16% 15% 17% 18% 0% Madrid Barcelona Paris Helsinki Budapest Vienna Amsterdam City Metropolin Country
Japan Switzerland Denmark Luxembourg Austria Korea (Rep. of) Germany UK Belgium Netherlands France Czech Rep. Finland Spain Portugal Hungary Croatia Ukraine Argentina Taiwan (China) Norway Italy Belarus Slovak Rep. Ireland Slovenia Russian Fed. India Poland Israel Bulgaria Estonia Sweden Mongolia Romania Montenegro Lithuania Malaysia Chile Greece Moldova Serbia Turkmenistan Kazakhstan Turkey China Annual passengers' rail trip per capita 80 Annual Passengers' Rail Trips per Capita 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4,7
Vkm/person Total public transport vehicle kilometres of service per capita 300 250 200 150 100 50 49 0 Cairo Mumbai Chicago Tel Aviv Lyon Toronto Amsterdam New York Barcelona Paris Sydney Viena Brussels Oslo Rome Munich Santiago Copenhagen Helsinki Berlin Prague Rio de Janeiro London Zurich Mexico city
m/ 1000 persons Length of Reserved PT Routes per 1000 People Total Length of Reserved PT Routes per 1000 People 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 14 0 Caracas Istanbul Mexico city Tel Aviv Mumbai Cairo Santiago Rio de Janeiro Amsterdam New York Toronto Chicago Berlin Paris Barcelona London Lyon Viena Helsinki Brussels Prague Sydney Rome Copenhagen Munich Zurich Oslo
m/ 1000 persons Suburban Rail Network Length per 1000 People Suburban rail network length per 1000 people 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 8 0 Tel Aviv Cairo Santiago Mumbai Rio de Janeiro Amsterdam Viena Berlin Brussels New York Toronto Lyon Chicago London Prague Helsinki Paris Barcelona Munich Rome Sydney Copenhagen Zurich Oslo
1000 Euros per habitat Average Investment in PT per Habitat Average Investment in PT per Habitat (Inventory) 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 1.4 0.0 Amsterdam Barcelona Berlin Brussels Copenhagen Helsinki Lyon Munich Oslo Prague Rome Sydney Toronto Viena Zurich Paris New York Israel Metropolins 2000 Israel Metropolins 2010
Km/h Average Speed of Public Transport Average Speed of Public Trasnport 40 35 30 25 20 16 15 10 5 0 Rio de Janeiro Tel Aviv Amsterdam Mexico city Santiago Cairo Lyon Barcelona Rome Brussels Toronto Viena Berlin London Helsinki Mumbai Prague Chicago Oslo Paris New York Sydney Zurich Munich Copenhagen
USD/Person Road Investment per Capita Road investment per capita 600 500 400 300 234 200 100 0 Mumbai Caracas Mexico city Rio de Janeiro Cairo Rome Prague London Munich Berlin Barcelona Viena Sydney Copenhagen Brussels Toronto Tel Aviv Amsterdam Helsinki Oslo Paris Chicago New York Lyon Zurich
m/ 1000 persons Length of Roads per 1000 People Length of Roads per 1000 People 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2453 2000 1000 0 Cairo Mumbai Barcelona Istanbul Mexico city Caracas Rio de Janeiro Berlin Munich Viena London Paris Brussels Prague Lyon Tel Aviv Amsterdam Helsinki Toronto Rome Copenhagen Zurich New York Chicago Oslo Sydney
spaces/1000 jobs Parking Spaces per 1000 CBD Jobs Parking Spaces per 1000 CBD Jobs 500 467 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Rio de Janeiro Prague Mexico city New York Mumbai Chicago Cairo London Zurich Paris Oslo Berlin Sydney Viena Copenhagen Toronto Munich Brussels Amsterdam Rome Lyon Helsinki Barcelona Tel Aviv
Volume & congestion map of morning peak hour Red line only Masterplan Difference % of road sections in congestion Estimated value of time lost in congestion 2.5 Milliard Dollar = 2010 7.5 Milliard Dollar =red line 2040 Source: Tel Aviv Transport Model
Response to Congestion Pricing 70% 60% 50% Pay the Toll 40% 30% 20% 10% Public Transport Change Trip Time Change Destination Cancel Trip 0% 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00 35,00
Response by Income Level Pay Toll Distribution: Low Income High Income
Percentage Workers Responses Workers 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% Pay Toll Public Transit Change TT Cancel Trip Change Dest 0.0% Toll
Non-Workers Responses NonWorkers 5.0% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Toll Pay Toll Public Transit Change TT Cancel Trip Change Dest
Percent change for morning peak hour, 2015, all the metro area toll of 15 NIS for entering, 3 NIS for residents. Small Ring Trips -4 Speed (base 30.5) KMH +4 Travel Hours -7 Travel KM -3 Medium Ring -6 +6-12 -6 Large Ring -6 +7-13 -7 Small Area -5 +5-7 -3 Medium Area -7 +7-13 -6 Large Area -8 +8-14 -7 The large ring don t add much benefits as many of those entering the medium ring live in the large ring.
Metropolitan comparison Tel-Aviv Legend Central city Metropolitan area Rails (all technologies) *All maps same scale Brussels Amsterdam Lyon Berlin Madrid Frankfurt
0 100 200 300 400 500 Stadsregio Amsterdam (1) Bus refers to urban and suburban bus and trol Barcelona Berlin- Brandenburg West Midlends (Birmingham) Brussels Central Hungarian Region (budapest) (2) 29 69 74 25 126 5 45 33 23 85 31 75 2 15 274 122 143 192 190 74 256 138 Tram Metro Suburban railway 104 40 Cadiz Bay Greater Copenhagen Helsinki Greater London Madrid Regio 7 4 11 86 111 156 86 2 286 110 53 57 31 42 12 308 141 92 556 531 Greater Montreal Paris ile-de-france Prague Seville (3) South Yorkshire (Sheffield) Stockholm Greater Stuttgart (4) Turin Valencia VOR Region (Vienna) 60 109 78 76 91 136 82 63 3 61 6 63 4 8 70 82 11 6 30 35 70 108 13 9 101 254 18 135 134 125 117 181 155 7 99 272 34 39 341 343 351 (1) Figure includes urban bus, tram and metro (2) Figure includes urban and suburban bus and trolle (3) Figure includes urban and suburban bus and tram (4) Figure includes all modes Vilnius 229 166 395 Warsaw 191 91 76 31 389 Tel Aviv metro 92 11 103 Haifa Metro 128 17 118 Jerusalem Metro 104 1 105
Regional / intercity INTERCITÉS TGV TGV Suburb Suburb Tram-train Integrates within the suburb train network that includes various train types Urban Mass capacity Metro 4 metro lines (approx. 30 KM), mostly underground Urban Medium capacity Light train express Light train 5 light rail lines (approx. 50 KM) + express light rail to the airport
Regular fast trains Regional / intercity intercity Regular two-story trains in approx. 15 lines Suburb regional Urban Mass capacity Metro Metro 4 line metro, mostly above ground (approx. 43 KM) Urban Medium capacity קוrail Light 26 BRT Light rail BRT
Tel-Aviv KM 30 ק 30 "מ KM 50 ק 50 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ
30 KM 50 KM 100 KM 100 KM OpenStreetMap contributors
KM 30 ק 30 "מ KM 50 ק 50 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ OpenStreetMap contributors
Brussels KM 30 ק 30 "מ KM 50 ק 50 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ OpenStreetMap contributors
Frankfurt KM 30 ק 30 "מ KM 50 ק 50 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ OpenStreetMap contributors
Madrid KM 30 ק 30 "מ KM 50 ק 50 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ OpenStreetMap contributors
Berlin KM 30 ק 30 "מ KM 50 ק 50 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ OpenStreetMap contributors
Tel Aviv 2040 KM 30 ק 30 "מ KM 50 ק 50 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ 100 KM ק 100 "מ
Comparison of two Cities: Comparison of urban forms and transportation sector CO2 Emission Source: Lefevre, 2009.
Energy consumption per capita 12,0 Energy Consumption Modal Split and Population Iceland 10,0 8,0 Canada United States Luxembourg 6,0 Australia Finland Belgium Norway Sweden 4,0 2,0 New Zealand Korea Chile Turkey Germany Netherlands France United Kingdom Czech Republic Switzerland Ireland Denmark Austria Slovenia Italy Spain Israel Greece Portugal Poland Japan Slovak Republic Hungary 0,0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% PT Modal Share % Source: Author analysis of OECD database for the year 2000
% of population in cities Percent of Popoulation living in Cities 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Brazil China {3} Denmark Egypt France Germany Greece Hungary Israel Italy Japan Korea, South Luxembourg Mexico New Zealand Nigeria Norway {9} Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2006
Source: Gapminder World, analysis of UN database 2011
Source: Weisbord Glen, American Public Transport Association, 2009.
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