Romani dialects on the Slovak Ukrainian border

Romani dialects on the Slovak Ukrainian border FINKA Symposium On the border of language and dialect Joensuu, 4 6 June 2014 MICHAEL BENÍŠEK CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE MICHAEL.BENISEK@GMAIL.COM

Romani Indo-Aryan non-indian highly diversified homogeneous proto-language( Early Romani ) split up around the12 th 14 th centuries regarded as one language with many dialects BUT different grammatical systems, vocabularies limited or no intellligibility

Romani dialects several major dialect groups(languages) dialect groups nation states < migrations(and/ or itinerancy) < political boundaries(sedentary population) dialect continua

Romani dialects several major dialect groups(languages) dialect groups nation states < migrations(and/ or itinerancy) < political boundaries(sedentary population) dialect continua East-Central Europe(Austria-Hungary, till 1918) Central Romani: two branches dialectological project Linguistic Atlas of Central Romani (Elšík& Bodnárová& Beníšek)

Central Romani

Slovak Ukrainian border area Slovakia Ukraine(Transcarpathian province) part ofonecountry till1938 till 1918: Hungarian Kingdom till 1938: Czechoslovakia since 1945: current political border settled Romani population Central Romani, Rusyn(NE), Hungarian(S) historical marital links common surnames

Slovak Ukrainian border area

Common innovations

Common innovations food (ER *xaben; < xa- to eat ) xaben(conservative) texan(< nominalized infinitive)

Common innovations food (ER *xaben; < xa- to eat ) xaben(conservative) texan(< nominalized infinitive) western affiliation of Krišovská Liesková (southeasternmost Slovak dialect)

Common conservations alive (ER *dživdo; <dživ- to live ) dživdo(conservative) džido(innovative)

Conservations and innovations tear (ER*asv-; IA) asv- asm- avs- aps- ( replaced by a loanword)

Conservations and innovations tear (ER *asv-; IA) asv- asm- avs- aps- ( replaced by a loanword) isoglosscrossingthecity of Uzhhorod

Conservations and innovations tear (ER *asv-; IA) asv- asm- avs- aps- ( replaced by a loanword) isoglosscrossingthecity of Uzhhorod 2 varieties in Uzhhorod (Močāra& Radvanka)

Common L2: Slovak Slovak: currentl2 in Slovakia formerl2 in dialectsof Transcarpathian Ukraine

Common L2: Slovak Slovak: currentl2 in Slovakia formerl2 in dialectsof Transcarpathian Ukraine healthy (ER *sasto; IA) zdravo( Slovak) (sasto missing in this area)

Common L2: Slovak vinegar (ER *šut; IA) šut octos( Slovak)

Common L2: Slovak vinegar (ER *šut; IA) šut octos( Slovak) most Slovak dial.: octos most Ukr. dial.: šut Radvanka(Uzhh.): octos Uzhhorod: Slovak L2 till WW2

Different L2: Hungarian Hungarianin Transcarpathian Ukraine

Different L2: Hungarian Hungarianin Transcarpathian Ukraine blue belavoor modro ( Slovak) kīko( Hungarian)

Different L2: Hungarian Hungarianin Transcarpathian Ukraine blue belavoor modro ( Slovak) kīko( Hungarian) isogloss along the border

Different L2: East Slavic East Slaviclanguagesin Transcarpathian Ukraine Rusyn(or SW Ukrainian) Russian: since WW2

Different L2: East Slavic East Slaviclanguagesin Transcarpathian Ukraine Rusyn(or SW Ukrainian) Russian: since WW2 focus particle also (only Slavic loanwords) tiš( localslovak) tože( East Slavic)

Northern continuum to hit lem-(< l- to take?) dem-(< d- to give?) (as the main variant)

Northern continuum to hit lem-(< l- to take?) dem-(< d- to give?) (as the main variant) Ukrainian dialects: Uzhhorod: dem- rural: lem-

Northern continuum dog (ER *rikono puppy Armenian koriwn) rikono rukono rokono

Northern continuum dog (ER *rikono puppy Armenian koriwn) rikono rukono rokono former continuum of rokono in northwestern Transcarpathia?

Slovak continuum to Uzhhorod wheat, corn (ER *giv; IA) žužo ďiv(< collocation pure wheat ) žoďiv(univerbation, aphaeresis)

Slovak continuum to Uzhhorod wheat, corn (ER *giv; IA) žužo ďiv(< collocation pure wheat ) žoďiv(univerbation, aphaeresis) Uzhhorod: žoďiv unattestedin NE Slovakia and someukr. dialects

Slovak continuum to Uzhhorod egg (ER *anṛo; IA) andro jandro(j-prothesis)

Slovak continuum to Uzhhorod egg (ER *anṛo; IA) andro jandro(j-prothesis) within Ukr. dialects: Radvanka jandro other: andro

Slovak continuum to Uzhhorod Gypsy, Romani (adj.; ER *romano;< rom) romano romaduno

Slovak continuum to Uzhhorod Gypsy, Romani (adj.; ER *romano;< rom) romano romaduno highly indicative (romaduno: non-trivial innovation)

Slovak continuum to Uzhhorod Gypsy, Romani (adj.; ER *romano;< rom) romano romaduno highly indicative (romaduno: non-trivial innovation) diffusionfrompavlovce nad Uhom

Conclusion various patterns of isoglosses cross-border dialect area of the old county diffusion of innovations isoglosses of contact-induced differences rural Ukr. dialects: northern continuum (two) Uzhhorod varieties: Slovak continuum Radvanka: closest to Slovakia (Pavlovce nad Uhom) correlation with historical marital links and social contacts