2
Content Throughput in Antwerp, Rotterdam and Zeebrugge Technological and spatial development of container facilities Current issues 3
Top container port regions in the world Container throughput in million TEU Cluster Main container ports 1985 R 1990 R 1995 R 2000 R 2002 R 2004 R Pearl River Delta Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 2.34 4 5.37 3 13.74 1 24.26 1 29.83 1 40.11 1 Singapore region Singapore, Tanjung Pelepas 1.70 7 5.09 4 11.85 2 17.46 2 19.47 2 25.35 2 Yangtze River Delta Shanghai, Ningbo 0.20 9 0.47 9 1.69 9 6.51 8 10.47 7 18.56 3 Rhine-Scheldt Delta Rotterdam, Antwerp, Zeebrugge 4.24 1 5.65 1 7.75 3 11.39 3 12.34 3 15.66 4 San Pedro Bay Los Angeles, Long Beach 2.25 5 3.71 5 5.40 5 9.48 5 10.63 5 13.10 5 Taiwan Kaohsiung, Keelung 3.08 2 5.45 2 7.67 4 10.51 4 11.61 4 13.03 6 Korean Twin Hub Busan, Gwangyang 1.16 8 2.35 8 4.50 7 8.22 6 10.53 6 12.75 7 Helgoland Bay Hamburg, Bremen 2.15 6 3.14 7 4.43 8 7.11 7 8.49 8 10.55 8 Tokyo Bay Tokyo, Yokohama 2.46 3 3.37 6 5.16 6 5.63 9 5.52 9 6.59 9 Source: ITMMA based on individual port data of CI Online 4
Top 15 European container ports ( 000 TEU) 1975 1985 1995 2001 2004 1000 TEU % 1000 TEU % 1000 TEU % 1000 TEU % 1000 TEU % 1 Rotterdam 1079 26.0% Rotterdam 2655 21.5% Rotterdam 4787 19.3% Rotterdam 6096 14.3% Rotterdam 8281 14.9% 2 Bremen 410 9.9% Antwerp 1243 10.1% Hamburg 2890 11.7% Hamburg 4689 11.0% Hamburg 7003 12.6% 3 Hamburg 326 7.8% Hamburg 1159 9.4% Antwerp 2329 9.4% Antwerp 4218 9.9% Antwerpen 6064 10.9% 4 Antwerp 297 7.1% Bremen 986 8.0% Felixstowe 1924 7.8% Bremen 2915 6.8% Bremen 3469 6.2% 5 Tilbury 232 5.6% Felixstowe 726 5.9% Bremen 1518 6.1% Felixstowe 2737 6.4% Gioia Tauro 3261 5.9% 6 Le Havre 231 5.6% Le Havre 566 4.6% Algeciras 1155 4.7% Gioia Tauro 2488 5.8% Algeciras 2937 5.3% 7 Felixstowe 230 5.5% Marseille 488 3.9% Le Havre 970 3.9% Algeciras 2152 5.0% Felixstowe 2625 4.7% 8 Southampton 199 4.8% Leghorn 475 3.8% La spezia 965 3.9% Genoa 1527 3.6% Le Havre 2150 3.9% 9 Zeebrugge 184 4.4% Tilbury 387 3.1% Barcelona 689 2.8% Le Havre 1523 3.6% Valencia 2137 3.8% 10 Genoa 162 3.9% Barcelona 353 2.9% Southampton 683 2.8% Valencia 1506 3.5% Barcelona 1911 3.4% 11 Marseille 94 2.3% Algeciras 351 2.8% Valencia 672 2.7% Barcelona 1411 3.3% Genoa 1629 2.9% 12 Barcelona 77 1.9% Genoa 324 2.6% Genoa 615 2.5% Piraeus 1202 2.8% Piraeus 1542 2.8% 13 Hull 76 1.8% Valencia 305 2.5% Piraeus 600 2.4% Marsaxlokk 1165 2.7% Marsaxlokk 1461 2.6% 14 Leghorn 66 1.6% Zeebrugge 218 1.8% Zeebrugge 528 2.1% Southampton 1164 2.7% Southampton 1441 2.6% 15 Bilbao 64 1.5% Southhamp 214 1.7% Marsaxlokk 515 2.1% La spezia 975 2.3% Zeebrugge 1197 2.1% Top 5 2344 56.4% Top 5 6769 54.8% Top 5 13448 54.3% Top 5 20656 48.5% Top 5 28078 50.4% Top 10 3350 80.6% Top 10 9038 73.1% Top 10 17911 72.4% Top 10 29851 70.0% Top 10 39839 71.5% Top 15 3727 89.7% Top 15 10450 84.6% Top 15 20841 84.2% Top 15 35768 83.9% Top 15 47108 84.6% TOTAL 4157 100% TOTAL 12358 100% TOTAL 24747 100% TOTAL 42622 100% TOTAL 55694 100% (47 ports) (47 ports) (47 ports) (47 ports) (47 ports) 5
Cargo throughput ( 000 TEU) in the Hamburg-Le Havre range 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002 2004 2005 (est.) Rotterdam (NL) 1079 1901 2655 3666 4787 6275 6515 8281 9300 Hamburg (D) 326 783 1159 1969 2890 4248 5374 7003 7800 Antwerp (B) 297 724 1243 1549 2329 4082 4777 6064 6500 Bremen/Bremerhaven (D) 405 703 986 1163 1518 2752 2982 3469 3900 Le Havre (F) 232 507 566 858 970 1465 1720 2150 2100 Zeebrugge (B) 151 181 218 334 528 965 959 1197 1420 Dunkirk (F) 38 63 71 71 71 149 161 200 n.a. Rouen (F) 14 98 135 93 120 146 144 120 140 Amsterdam (NL) 32 72 79 69 91 53 45 52 n.a. Wilhelmshaven (D) 0 0 0 0 6 29 41 43 n.a. Ghent (B) 10 10 10 10 6 10 21 32 n.a. Ostend (B) 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 15 9 Flushing (NL) 28 83 35 26 6 3 9 18 n.a. TOTAL 2612 5125 7158 9808 13322 20176 22760 28645 Source: data respective port authorities 6
Container throughput 1966-2005 (in 1000 TEU) Container throughput in 1000 TEU 10000 9500 9000 8500 8000 7500 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Antwerpen Rotterdam Zeebrugge Antwerp - share in Hamburg-Le Havre range Rotterdam - share in Hamburg-Le Havre range Zeebrugge - share in Hamburg-Le Havre range 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Market share in Hamburg-Le Havre range 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 7
Container distribution in the large load centres of the Hamburg - Le Havre range, TEU 1997 and 2003 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 11% 31% 50% 16.0% 28% 20% Le Havre Bremen Hamburg Antwerpen Rotterdam 2003 30% 100% 20% 10% 49% 27% 16% 38% 30% 37% 90% 80% 0% Europe America Africa Asia Australasia TOTAL 70% 1997 60% 50% 40% 14% 31% 50% 21.5% 25% 23% 30% 20% 10% 34% 25% 16% 31% 34% 30% 0% Europe America Africa Asia Australasia TOTAL 8
Container terminal development history The early years of containerisation in Antwerp Churchill Dock: Hessenatie-Neptunus Noord Natie Gylsen Havenbedrijf Pays etc.. 1967 Leopold Dock The first container gantry crane of Hessenatie-Neptunus at the Churchill Dock in Antwerp 9
Container terminal development - History The early years of containerisation in Rotterdam Waalhaven 1970s: start operations Unitcentre City Centre Shift of ALL containers to Maasvlakte? Not feasible! (study of 1974) Eemhaven May 1966: Quick Dispatch - Prinses Beatrixhaven August 1967: start operations ECT 1970: ECT Sea Land terminal 10
The handling of the first container vessels (Vessel of United States Lines) 11
Early solutions for container moves on terminals Source: Hinterland, no. 56, 1968 Side-loader 12
The straddle carrier 1968 1990s 1 over 3 13
Container terminal development -history Antwerp in the 1980s 1982: Delwaide Dock Hessenatie Noord Natie Seaport Terminals Delwaide Dock Terminal depth of 600 m 75% of total container throughput in 1989 14
Container terminal development - history Antwerp in the 1990s: on-stream facilities 1997: Noordzeeterminal 1990: Europaterminal 1999: upgrading Hessenatie terminal at Churchill dock 15
Spatial distribution of container throughput in the Antwerp port area 100% % in total container throughput Antwerp 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Scheldt Terminals Delwaide Dock Churchill dock Other terminals (multipurpose) 10% 0% 1967 1975 1983 1989 1992 1995 1999 2001 2002 2003 16
Container terminal development - history Rotterdam in the 1980s Maasvlakte 1984: first vessel at Delta Terminal (now DMU) City Centre 17
Container terminal development - history Rotterdam in the 1990s Maasvlakte 1993: opening of DSL (now DDN) Waalhaven Uniport (Morcon), Hanno Improved accessibility City Centre Plan Delta 2000-8 1996: first phase DDE 2000: first phase DDW 1990s: barge terminal, rail terminal, Distripark Maasvlakte, etc.. 2000: Maersk Delta b.v. Eemhaven Extention ECT terminal Opening RST 18
Spatial distribution of the container throughput in the Rotterdam port area (DD = diversion distance) 7000 6000 Rotterdam - Maasvlakte (DD = 17 km) Rotterdam - Eemhaven & Waalhaven (DD = 40) Container throughput in 1000 TEU 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1988 1992 1995 1998 1999 19
Container terminal development - History Containerisation in Zeebrugge Successes and failures of containerisation in Zeebrugge: CAST dedicated terminal in inner port: 1991: Opening 1995: CAST moves out of Zeebrugge. Terminal is now used for RoRo Flanders Container Terminal 1994: Start Flanders Container Terminal (0.6m TEU) by Seaport Terminals/Katoen Natie 2005: concession taken away after years of severe underutilization OCHZ (now CHZ) Success story 20
Container terminal development - history Zeebrugge in the 1990s Deepsea container terminals (lolo) 1 = OCHZ - Hessenatie/IFB (now CHZ) 2 = FCT - Seaport Terminals/ Katoen Natie (1994-2005) 3 = CAST terminal (1991-1995) inner port Rail terminals I = Rail terminal inner port II = Shunting yard IFB III = Rail terminal outer port 2 1 3 21
ROTTERDAM Today A 8 9 5 Planning area Maasvlakte 2 a 7 6 III II 1 3 4 b C c Diepzeecontainerterminals 1 = RST (Rotterdam Shortsea Terminal) 2 = Home Terminal - ECT (Eemhaven) 3 = Hanno + Morcon (Waalhaven) 4 = ECT (Waalhaven) 5 = Delta Dedicated North (DDE) - ECT 6 = Delta Dedicated East (DDE) - ECT 7 = Delta Dedicated West (DDW) - ECT 8 = Delta Multi-User terminal (DMU) - ECT 9 = APM Terminals Gespecialiseerde binnenvaartterminals A = Barge terminal (Hartelhaven) - ECT B = Waalhaven Terminal en Barge Center Waalhaven (Waalhaven) - Waalhaven Groep C = Holland Terminals (Botlek) - Hessenatie 2 Gespecialiseerde spoorterminals I = RSC Rotterdam (Eemhaven) - NS Cargo/GHR II = ECT terminal Maasvlakte - ECT III = Rail Terminal West - ECT Distriparks a = Distripark Maasvlakte b = Distripark Botlek c = Distripark Eemhaven I B 22
The Delta terminal complex at the Maasvlakte - Rotterdam DMU DDW APM Terminals DDE DDN New barge/sss terminal (under construction) Source ECT 23
AGV s used on DDN, DDW and DDE (ECT) Maasvlakte Rotterdam Source ECT 24
Container terminal development Future projects in Rotterdam Euromax terminal (first phase 2007) P&O Nedlloyd (?)/ ECT Second Maasvlakte (2013?) 25
Container terminal development Future projects in Rotterdam Maasvlakte II Euromax (5 m TEU; 2m TEU in first phase) Delta (Maasvlakte I) 26
ANTWERP (situation on January 1, 2006) 1 A B Deepsea container terminals 1 = Noordzee Terminal - HNN 2 = Europa Terminal - HNN 3 = Delwaide Dock - P&O Ports (future MSC) 4 = Delwaide Dock Home Terminal MSC/HNN 5 = Churchilldock - P&O Ports 6 = Churchilldock - HNN 7 = Hansadok - P&O Ports 8 = Deurganck Dock Antwerp Gateway P&O Ports Consortium (first phase operational since Sept. 2005) 9 = Deurganck Dock HNN (first phase operational since Dec. 2005) 10 = provisional planning zone Saeftinghe Dock 2 3 I 10 4 9 IV 5 8 II 7 6 Barge terminals for container traffic A = Barge terminal Noordzeeterminal B = Barge terminal Europaterminal III Rail terminals for container traffic I = Cirkeldyck terminal Belgian Rail II = Zomerweg terminal Belgian Rail III = Schijnpoort terminal Belgian Rail IV = Main Hub Belgian Rail 27
Actual container throughput compared to forecasted throughput as reported in various economic studies conducted in the 1990s 6 5,5 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Throughput in TEU Actual throughput Antwerp Port Authority (1990) Cost-benefit analysis Second Scheldt terminal (1992) OSC and Marconsult (1993) OSC (1995) OSC (1997) Verbeke et al (1996) Cost-benefit analysis container dock west - working strategy 1 (1997) Cost-benefit analysis container dock west - working strategy 2 (1997) 28
Deurganckdock (about 7 million TEU capacity) and proposed Saftingendock (20 berths) Deurganckdock opened in July 2005 First operations: Antwerp Gateway - Sept 2005, HNN - Dec 2005 5.3 km quay walls, 44 gantry cranes, 14.5m draft, 326 ha 7 million TEU capacity PSA - HNN ANTWERP GATEWAY 29
Picture of Deurganckdock November 2005 30
Cross-section of the river Scheldt - North Sea to locks of the Antwerp port Beam shipping lane > 500 m 500 m 300 m 31 Flushing Honte Borssele Terneuzen Hansweert Valkenisse Bath Zandvliet Dock system Antwerp 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 km North Sea
Zeebrugge Future extension Concession APM terminals OCHZ - HNN/CMA-CGM Capacity: 0.8 million TEU 32
Current issues 1. Functional interdependence and inter-port traffic 2. Structural changes in container handling market 3. Port competition and hinterland transportation 33
1. Functional interdependence and intra- and inter-port traffic Container exchanges over land - 1996 and 1999 - modal split in TEU Rotterdam Zeebrugge Total 1996 : 569,492 TEU Road: 12.4% Rail : 12.7% Inland navigation: 74.9% Total 1999: 881,000 TEU Road: 8.1% Rail: 14.8% Inland navigation: 77.1% Antwerp +55% Total 1996: 47,435 TEU Rail : 88% Total 1999: 174,000 TEU x3,6 Rail: 92% 34
2. Structural changes in the container handling market Scale increases in vessel size: evolution of the world cellular fleet 1991-2006 Jan 1991 Shares Jan 1996 Shares Jan 2001 Shares Jan 2006 Shares >5000 TEU 0 0.0% 30648 1.0% 621855 12.7% 2355033 30.0% 4000/4999 TEU 140032 7.5% 428429 14.4% 766048 15.6% 1339978 17.1% 3000/3999 TEU 325906 17.6% 612377 20.6% 814713 16.6% 892463 11.4% 2000/2999 TEU 538766 29.0% 673074 22.6% 1006006 20.5% 1391216 17.7% 1500/1999 TEU 238495 12.8% 367853 12.3% 604713 12.3% 719631 9.2% 1000/1499 TEU 329578 17.7% 480270 16.1% 567952 11.6% 596047 7.6% 500/999 TEU 191733 10.3% 269339 9.0% 393744 8.0% 438249 5.6% 100/499 TEU 92417 5.0% 117187 3.9% 132472 2.7% 114976 1.5% TOTAL 1856927 100.0% 2979177 100.0% 4907503 100.0% 7847593 100.0% Source: BRS Alphaliner Fleet Report, September 2003 35
2. Structural changes in the container handling market Slot capacity operated by the top twenty carriers January 1980 September 1995 January 2000 November 2005 Carrier Slot cap. Carrier Slot cap. Carrier Slot cap. Carrier Slot cap. 1 Sea-Land 70000 Sea-Land 196708 AP Moller - Maersk 620324 Maersk Lines 1620587 2 Hapag-Lloyd 41000 Maersk 186040 Evergreen 317292 MSC 733471 3 OCL 31400 Evergreen 181982 P&O Nedlloyd 280794 CMA/CGM Group 485250 4 Maersk 25600 COSCO 169795 Hanjin/DSR Senator 244636 Evergreen Group 458490 5 NYK Line 24000 NYK Line 137018 MSC 224620 Hapag Lloyd/CP Ships 413281 6 Evergreen 23600 Nedlloyd 119599 NOL/APL 207992 China Shipping 334337 7 OOCL 22800 Mitsui OSK Lines 118208 COSCO 198841 NOL/APL 331639 8 Zim 21100 P&OCL 98893 NYK Line 166206 Hanjin/Senator 315153 9 US Line 20900 Hanjin Shipping 92332 CP Ships / Americana 141419 COSCO 311644 10 APL 20000 MSC 88955 Zim 136075 NYK Line 303799 11 Mitsui OSK Lines 19800 APL 81547 Mitsui OSK Lines 132618 OOCL 236789 12 Farrell Lines 16400 Zim 79738 CMA/CGM 122848 CSAV Group 230699 13 NOL 14800 K-Line 75528 K-Line 112884 K Line 228612 14 Trans Freight Line 13900 DSR-Senator 75497 Hapag-Lloyd 102769 Mitsui OSK Lines 220122 15 CGM 12700 Hapag-Lloyd 71688 Hyundai 102314 Zim 201263 16 Yang Ming 12700 NOL 63469 OOCL 101044 Yang Ming 185639 17 Nedlloyd 11700 Yang Ming 60034 Yang Ming 93348 Hamburg-Süd 185355 18 Columbas Line 11200 Hyundai 59195 China Shipping 86335 Hyundai 148681 19 Safmarine 11100 OOCL 55811 UASC 74989 Pacific Int'l Lines 134292 20 Ben Line 10300 CMA 46026 Wan Hai 70755 Wan Hai Lines 106505 Slop capacity of top 20 435000 2058063 3538103 7185608 C4-index 38.6% 35.7% 41.4% 45.9% Share top 5 in top 20 44.1% 42.3% 47.7% 56.3% Share top 10 in top 20 69.1% 67.5% 71.7% 73.9% Source: compiled from BRS Alphaliner and Containerisation International 36
2. Structural changes in the container handling market Concentration at the port demand side Strategic alliances, mergers, acquisitions MSC: 2 million TEU in Antwerp Maersk Sealand: 1.5 million TEU in Rotterdam CMA-CGM: 0.4 million TEU in Zeebrugge Shipping lines enter the stevedoring business Rotterdam: Maersk Line (APM Terminals) and P&O Nedlloyd (Euromax) Antwerp: MSC (MSC Home Terminal JV with PSA HNN) Cosco Pacific, CMA-CGM and P&O Nedlloyd (Antwerp Gateway) Zeebrugge: CMA-CGM (35% in CHZ) 37
Felixstowe Hamburg Harwich Thamesport Bremerhaven Tilbury Rotterdam Southampton Antwerp Zeebrugge Le Havre Zeebrugge = Eurogate = Hutchison PH = PSA (incl. HNN) = P&O Ports = APM Ports Lisbon Sines (Verdere betrokkenheid PSA is een vraagteken) Algeciras (joint-venture (Port Synergy met joint CMA-CGM) venture with CMA-CGM) Source: Notteboom Dunkirk Marseilles (joint-venture (Port Synergy met CMA-CGM) joint venture with CMA-CGM) Cagliari Genoa La Spezia Cagliari (sinds eind 2002) Marsaxlokk (Port Synergy) Livorno Venice Salerno Ravenna Gioia Tauro 38
2. Structural changes in the container handling market ROTTERDAM 1967: founding of ECT by five stevedoring companies in order to cope with high capital requirements and risks 1992: merger ECT - Unitcentre (Delta 2000-8) 1998: new shareholder structure for ECT 2000: : Hutchison acquires shareholding in ECT 2001: : Maersk Delta bv starts operations (now APM Terminals) 2004: : Hutchison full owner of ECT 2005: : ECT acquires Uniport 39
2. Structural changes in the container handling market ANTWERP The first wave 1987: founding of ACT (Müller( ller-thomson Antwerp and Havenbedrijf Pays) 1988: : CMB acquires Hessenatie (combination with Gylsen) 1989: : Katoen Natie acquires Seaport Terminals The second wave 2000: : P&O Ports acquires the container activities of Seaport Terminals 2000: : P&O Ports acquires ACT/MT 2000: Hessenatie and Noord Natie announce to join forces 2001: PSA acquires a majority stake in Hesse Noord Natie (HNN)( Now PSA full owner of HNN, PSA in competition with DP World to acquire P&O Ports Antwerp Gateway consortium: P&O Ports, P&O Nedlloyd, CMA-CGM, CGM, Duisport, Cosco Pacific 40
2. Structural changes in the container handling market ZEEBRUGGE 1991-1995: Dedicated terminal CAST 1994-2005: Seaport Terminals operates Flanders Container Terminal (did not get hold of concession in Antwerp!) Dec 2004: OCHZ (now CHZ) under full ownership of PSA-HNN 2005: competition between CMA-CGM and APM Terminals for concession former Flanders Container Terminal 2005: CMA-CGM acquires minority shareholding in CHZ 2006: APM Terminals will start operations 41
2. Structural changes in the container handling market The attitude of the port authorities Rotterdam Municipal Port Management: Model of one big player (i.e. ECT) Dedicated terminals, but preferably with shareholding ECT Antwerp Port Authority: Model of strong internal port competition Not eager to allow dedicated terminals Past practices: strong divergence between Rotterdam and Antwerp Today s practice: Market dynamics resulted in more or less same market structure Antwerp: 2 main players (P&O Ports, PSA), involvement shipping lines Rotterdam: 2 main players (ECT, APM), involvement shipping lines 42
3. Port competition The orange boomerang Source: Cushman & Wakefield, Healey & Baker 43
3. Port competition Port dynamics in the Med Med ports going north?. Algeciras. Barcelona. Valencia. Venice.. Trieste Koper Genoa.. Ravenna. La Spezia Fos Leghorn... Ancona Bar Civitavecchia. Naples Salerno.. Taranto. Cagliari. Gioia Tauro Main shipping lane. Malta.. Odessa. Ilyichevsk. Constanza Varna... Haydarpasa Armaport Kumport Thessaloniki Gemlik.. Izmir Piraeus. Mersin. Lattakia. Limassol..Tartous Beirut. Haifa Ashod. Alessandria Damietta Port Said 44
3. Port competition Existing and planned container ports in northern Europe Wilhelmshaven Bremerhaven Hamburg UNITED KINGDOM HOLLAND Amsterdam Felixstowe Harwich Tilbury Thamesport Southampton Zeeland Seaports Zeebrugge Rotterdam Dunkirk Gent Antwerp Le Havre Rouen FRANCE GERMANY Large load centers BELGIUM (> 1.25 million million TEU TEU throughput in 2003) in 2004) Medium-sized load centers (500,000 to 1.25 million million TEU) TEU) Small container ports (<200,000 TEU in 2003) 2004) New (proposed) terminal developments in non -hub ports: - Ceres terminal - Amsterdam (open since 2001) - Westerscheldt Container Terminal - Flushing (2009?) - JadeWeserPort - Wilhelmshaven - Wilhelmshaven - Dibden Bay Southampton (project cancelled) - Bathside Bay - Harwich - London Gateway - river Thames - Quai de Flandres - Dunkirk 45
3. Port competition Amsterdam & Westerscheldt Container Terminal - Flushing WCT Flushing Will be operated by PSA-HNN Still in planning phase Open in 2010? Capacity: >2 million TEU Amsterdam Operated by NYK Indented berth for 2-sided handling Open since 2001 First services in 2005 (Grand Alliance) Capacity: 0.95 million TEU 46
3. Port competition The market share of Rotterdam (basis= TEU in 1999) Bremen Hamburg Antwerpen Rotterdam Le Havre > 90% 70%-90% 50%-70% 30-50% 15-30% 5-15% <5% niet beschikbaar 47
3. Port competition The market share of Antwerp (basis= TEU in 1999) Bremen Hamburg Rotterdam Antwerp Le Havre > 90% 70%-90% 50%-70% 30-50% 15-30% 5-15% <5% not available 48
3. Port competition Discontinuous character of a port s service area Kilometers 0 25 50 100 150 200 Netherlands ROTTERDAM Port A Continuous hinterland Port A Discontinuous hinterland Port A 'Island' formation Avelgem ANTWERP Belgium Port B Continuous hinterland Port B Discontinuous hinterland Port B Core of the service area Middle section of the service area Outer section of the service area Maritime load centre France Source: Notteboom & Rodrigue (2005) Lux Inland terminal 49
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Distribution per distance class of inland container transport by road - 1998 Antwerpen Rotterdam 50 0-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 101-125 126-150 151-175 176-200 201-225 226-250 251-275 276-300 301-325 326-350 >350 Distance class in km % in total hinterland transport of containers by truck
Container modal split for load centres in the Le Havre Hamburg range - in %, excluding sea-sea transhipment Rail Road Barge 1998 2001 2003 1998 2001 2003 1998 2001 2003 Rotterdam 14,5% 13,0% 10,0% 51,3% 48,7% 50,0% 34,2% 39,0% 40,0% Antwerp 7,8% 8,8% 9,5% 64,5% 61,3% 59,5% 27,7% 29,9% 31,0% Le Havre 14,3% 11,4% 12,4% 84,6% 85,3% 82,8% 1,3% 3,1% 4,8% Zeebrugge 34,4% 41,9% 40,2% 50,6% 48,8% 55,1% 15,1% 9,2% 4,7% Dunkirk 9,0% 13,5% 20,5% 90,0% 82,5% 76,7% 1,0% 4,0% 2,7% Hamburg 29,7% 28,7% 28,7% 70,1% 69,9% 69,8% 0,2% 1,4% 1,7% Bremerhaven 33,1% 36,0% 30,6% 65,0% 62,0% 67,3% 1,9% 2,0% 2,0% Source: data respective port authorities 51
Inland ports in north-western Europe (source EFIP) 52
Rail networks Liberalisation has increased number of container shuttle operators 10 in the Netherlands, 4 in Belgium Cherry-picking Collapse of hub-and-spoke networks (replaced by selection of direct shuttles), e.g. NEN, Qualitynet,.. 53
Felixstowe Hamburg Harwich Thamesport Bremerhaven Tilbury Rotterdam Southampton Antwerp Zeebrugge Le Havre = Eurogate = Hutchison PH = PSA (incl. HNN) = P&O Ports = APM Ports Lisbon Sines (Verdere betrokkenheid PSA is een vraagteken) The East-West axes of P&O Ports and HPH? -Barge and rail -Role Duisburg! Algeciras (joint-venture (Port Synergy met joint CMA-CGM) venture with CMA-CGM) Source: Notteboom Marseilles (joint-venture (Port Synergy met CMA-CGM) joint venture with CMA-CGM) Cagliari Genoa La Spezia Cagliari (sinds eind 2002) Marsaxlokk (Port Synergy) The North-South axis of Eurogate: -Rail! Boxxpress.de, Sogemar (cf. Hannibal Express) -Terminal Dortmund, Interporti Livorno Venice Salerno Ravenna Gioia Tauro 54
Logistics polarisation in the Benelux Kilometers 0 25 50 100 150 200 Harlingen Leeuwarden Groningen Drachten Veendam Seaport in Rhine-Scheldt Delta Alkmaar Meppel Zaandam Beverwijk Amsterdam Kampen Almelo Hengelo Hillegom Netherlands Utrecht Ede ROTTERDAM Zutphen Delta seaport system with A. a/d Rijn Valburg multi-zone polarisation Gorinchem Nijmegem Oss Oosterhout Den Bosch Emmerich Zeeland Seaports Moerdijk Tilburg Gennep Duisburg Zeebrugge Krefeld Dortmund ANTWERP Helmond Venlo Ostend Deurne Neuss Duesseldorf Ghent Meerhout Genk Born Dormagen Willebroek Wielsbeke Stein Cologne Grimbergen Avelgem Brussels Bonn Belgium Liège Lille Inland Container Terminal (barge or multimodal) Growth region European Distribution (outside seaport system) Germany Valenciennes Andernach Koblenz France Source: Notteboom Lux Mertert 55
Future site of TriLogiPort Port of Liège Site of 100ha, including 12ha for container terminal (1850 quay) 90 ha owned by Région wallonne (Hermalle-sous-Argenteau), but since June 11, 2004 under the authority of Port Autonome de Liège. 56
Thank you for your attention! Any further questions: theo.notteboom@ua.ac.be 57