ZBORNIK III. MEĐUNARODNOG ARHEOLOŠKOG KOLOKVIJA Rimske keramičarske i staklarske radionice. Proizvodnja i trgovina na jadranskom prostoru ATTI DEL III COLLOQUIO ARCHEOLOGICO INTERNAZIONALE Officine per la produzione di ceramica e vetro in epoca romana. Produzione e commercio nella regione adriatica PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3rd INTERNATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLOQUY Roman Pottery and Glass Manufactures. Production and Trade in the Adriatic Region ROMAN ECONOMYIN DALMATIA
ZBORNIK INSTITUTA ZA ARHEOLOGIJU / SERTA INSTITUTI ARCHAEOLOGICI KNJIGA / VOLUME 12 Izdavači /Editori / Publishers INSTITUT ZA ARHEOLOGIJU / INSTITUTO DI ARCHEOLOGIA / INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY MUZEJ GRADA CRIKVENICE / MUSEO CIVICO DI CRIKVENICA / CRIKVENICA MUNICIPAL MUSEUM Recenzenti Zbornika / Recensori del volume / Volume Reviewers Stefania PESAVENTO MATTIOLI Igor BORZIĆ Za izdavače / Direzione editorale / For the Publishers Marko DIZDAR Silvija HULJINA Prijevod / Traduzione / Translation Suzana ČULE, Tomislav BILIĆ (engleski jezik / inglese / English) Ana KONESTRA (talijanski jezik / italiano / Italian, hrvatski jezik / croato / Croatian) Adresa uredništva / Indirizzo editoriale / Editor s address Institut za arheologiju / Instituto di Archeologia / Institute of Archaeology HR-10000 Zagreb, Ljudevita Gaja 32 Tel.: +385 (0) 61 50 250 Fax: +385 (0) 60 55 806 web: http:/www.iarh.hr Urednici / A cura di / Editors Goranka LIPOVAC VRKLJAN Bartul ŠILJEG Ivana OŽANIĆ ROGULJIĆ Ana KONESTRA Izvršni urednici / Editori esecutivi / Desk editors Goranka LIPOVAC VRKLJAN Ana KONESTRA Tea ROSIĆ Lektura / Revisione testi / Proof-reading Diana GREBLIČKI-MICULINIĆ (hrvatski jezik / croato / Croatian) Ana KONESTRA (talijanski jezik / italiano / Italian) Tomislav BILIĆ (engleski jezik / inglese / English) Korektura / Correzioni bozze / Proofreading Goranka LIPOVAC VRKLJAN Bartul ŠILJEG Tea ROSIĆ Tatjana TKALČEC Tajana SEKELJ IVANČAN Dizajn / Disegno / Design Bojan CRNIĆ Tisak / Stampa / Print Tiskara Zelina d.d., Sveti Ivan Zelina Znanstveni izdavački savjet / Comitato scientifico / Scientific editorial board Tamás BEZECZKY (Beč) Igor BORZIĆ (Zadar) Ivo FADIĆ (Zadar) Robert MATIJAŠIĆ (Pula) Stefania PESAVENTO MATTIOLI (Padova) Jeroen POBLOME (Leuven) Irena RADIĆ ROSSI (Zadar) Mirjana SANADER (Zagreb) Eleni SCHINDLER KAUDELKA (Graz) Verena VIDRIH PERKO (Kranj) Susanne ZABEHLICKY-SCHEFFENEGGER (Beč) Naklada / Tiratura / Issued 150 primjeraka / 150 copie / 150 copies U suglasnosti s Muzejom Grada Crikvenice Zbornik se izdaje unutar edicije ZIA - Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju / Serta Instituti Archaeologici ZIA /knjiga 12 In accordo con il Museo Civico di Crikvenica, gli Atti sono pubblicati all interno dell edizione ZIA - Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju / Serta Instituti Archaeologici ZIA /volume 12 In agreement with the Crikvenica Municipal Museum the Proceedings are published within the edition ZIA - Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju / Serta Instituti Archaeologici ZIA / volume 12 Sredstva za tisak Zbornika III. međunarodnog arheološkog kolokvija u Crikvenici osigurao je Grad Crikvenica. Gli Atti del III colloquio archeologico internazionale di Crikvenica sono stati finanziati dalla Città di Crikvenica. The Proceedings of the 3rd international archaeological colloquy held in Crikvenica have been financed by the Town of Crikvenica. ISBN 978-953-6064-43-4 ISBN 978-953-56521-7-5 CIP zapis je dostupan u računalnome katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 000976810. Il record CIP è disponibile nel catalogo Online della Biblioteca Nazionale e Universitaria di Zagabria, con il numero 000976810. A CIP catalogue record is available in the Online Catalogue of the National and University Library in Zagreb under the number 000976810. Zbornik je nastao unutar rada na projektu Rimska ekonomija u Dalmaciji: proizvodnja, distribucija i potražnja u svijetlu keramičarskih radionica (RED, IP-11-2013- 3973) Hrvatske zaklade za znanost. Gli Atti si inseriscono all interno delle attività del progetto Economia romana in Dalmazia: produzione, distribuzione e richiesta alla luce delle officine ceramiche (RED, IP-11-2013- 3973) della Fondazione croata per la scienza (HRZZ). This Proceedings are part of the work on the project Roman Economy in Dalmatia: production, distribution and demand in the light of pottery workshops (RED, IP-11-2013- 3973) Croatian Science Foudation.
RIMSKE KERAMIČARSKE I STAKLARSKE RADIONICE PROIZVODNJA I TRGOVINA NA JADRANSKOM PROSTORU ZBORNIK III. MEĐUNARODNOG ARHEOLOŠKOG KOLOKVIJA CRIKVENICA, 4. - 5. STUDENOGA 2014. OFFICINE PER LA PRODUZIONE DI CERAMICA E VETRO IN EPOCA ROMANA PRODUZIONE E COMMERCIO NELLA REGIONE ADRIATICA ATTI DEL III COLLOQUIO ARCHEOLOGICO INTERNAZIONALE CRIKVENICA (CROAZIA), 4-5 NOVEMBRE 2014 ROMAN POTTERY AND GLASS MANUFACTURES PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE ADRIATIC REGION PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3 rd INTERNATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLOQUY CRIKVENICA (CROATIA), 4 th - 5 th NOVEMBER 2014 UREDNICI / A CURA DI / EDITORS GORANKA LIPOVAC VRKLJAN BARTUL ŠILJEG IVANA OŽANIĆ ROGULJIĆ ANA KONESTRA CRIKVENICA 2017.
Sadržaj Indice / Table of contents PREDGOVOR UREDNIKA PREFAZIONE DELL EDITORE EDITOR S PREFACE RADIONICE I PROIZVODNJA KERAMIKE OFFICINE E PRODUZIONE CERAMICA WORKSHOPS AND POTTERY PRODUCTION Elizabeth A. Murphy, Jeroen Poblome Defining Production: Opportunities and Challenges of Comparative Workshop Studies Definiranje proizvodnje: mogućnosti i poteškoće komparativnih analiza radionica Silvia Palecchi The Roman kilns at Giancola, Brindisi. Clues on the reconstruction of the work organization system Rimske peći u Giancoli, Brinidisi. Naznake za rekonstrukciju sustava organizacije rada Cristina Mondin Impianti produttivi per ceramica nella decima regio: distribuzione topografica e evoluzione strutturale. Keramičarska proizvodna središta decime regio: topografska distribucija i strukturalna evolucija Corinne Rousse, Gaetano Benčič, Vladimir Kovačić, Kristina Gergeta Sotončić, Davor Munda New insights into the Loron complex (Tar Vabriga, Croatia): Preliminary results on the Villa of Santa Marina Nove spoznaje o Loronskom kompleksu (Tar-Vabriga, Hrvatska): preliminarni rezultati u villi u Svetoj Marini 10 15 17 29 41 67 Marina Ugarković, Branimir Šegvić Tableware of the Living or Pots for the Dead? An Introduction to the 2nd and 1st c. BCE Grey Ware from the Tombs of Issa Stolno posuđe živih ili posude mrtvih? Rasprava o sivoj keramici 2. i 1. stoljeća pr. n. e. pronađenoj u grobnicama Ise Goranka Lipovac Vrkljan Tipologija lokalne proizvodnje amfora crikveničke radionice Typology of local amphorae production from the workshop in Crikvenica Zrinka Šimić Kanaet Eksperimentalna arheologija. Rekonstrukcija izrade keramike tankih stijenki Experimental archaeology. Reconstruction of thin-walled ware shaping DISTRIBUCIJA KERAMIKE I TRGOVINA DISTRIBUZIONE E COMMERCIO DELLE CERAMICHE POTTERY DISTRIBUTION AND TRADE Tiziana Cividini, Paola Maggi Ceramiche fini nel Medio Friuli: la distribuzione delle terre sigillate nelle campagne dell agro aquileiese Fino stolno posuđe na području središnje Furlanije: distribucija tere sigilate na ruralnim područjima akvilejskoga agera Diana Dobreva, Valentina Mantovani Ceramiche fini di produzione dalmata, pannonica, retica e di treviri ad Aquileia Keramičko stolno posuđe dalmatinske, panonske, recijske i trijerske proizvodnje u Akvileji 161 185 197 205 207 225 Slavica Filipović, Mirna Crnković Organizirana keramičarska proizvodnja u Mursi: Vojarna 2003. 2005. Organised pottery production at Mursa: Vojarna 2003 2005 Martin Auer, Malgorzata Daszkiewicz Archaeological expectations and archaeometric results. Some considerations on imported coarse wares and local pottery production in Aguntum, Austria Arheološka očekivanja i arheometrijski rezultati. Razmatranja o uvoznom kuhinjskom posuđu i lokalnoj proizvodnji u Aguntumu, Austrija Paola Ventura, Claudio Capelli Produzioni fittili dai territori di Aquileia e Concordia (regione Friuli Venezia Giulia): l apporto dell archeometria, vecchi e nuovi dati a confronto Keramičarska proizvodnja na područje Akvileje i Concordije (regija Friuli Venezia Giulia): doprinos arheometrije, usporedba starih i novih podataka 75 97 127 Stefania Mazzocchin Terra sigillata tardo padana da un contesto dello scavo di S. Maria di Lugo (Campagna Lupia-Venezia) Kasna padska terra sigillata s istraživanja u S. Maria di Lugo (Campagna Lupia-Venecija) Mario Cesarano, Lorenzo Zamboni In mezzo scorre il fiume.... Prime ricerche su vetri e ceramiche fini dagli insediamenti di età romana tra Adria e Ravenna Između teče rijeka.... Prva istraživanja stakla i keramičkog finog stolnog posuđa iz rimskodobnih naselja između Adrije i Ravenne Enrico Cirelli Settlements and pottery: local versus long-distance trade in Mid-Adriatic Italy (4 th 8 th c.) Naselja i keramika: lokalna i trgovina na velike udaljenosti u središnjoj jadranskoj Italiji (4. 8. st.) 255 269 295 György Szakmány, Sándor Józsa, Tamás Bezeczky New data on provenance and technology of the Fažana Amphora Workshop. A case study of Laecanii and Imperial amphorae Novi podaci o provenijenciji i tehnologiji fažanskoga amforaškog proizvodnog središta. Case study Lekanijevih i carskih amfora 145 Marzia Giuliodori Terra sigillata norditalica dal porto romano di Ancona: risultati preliminari Sjeveroitalska tera sigilata iz rimske luke Ancone: preliminarni rezultati 317 6 7
Sadržaj Indice / Table of contents Archer Martin Italian Sigillata in Abruzzo: The Evidence from Monte Pallano Italska sigilata u Abruzzu: nalazi s Monte Pallana 333 PROIZVODNJA I DISTRIBUCIJA STAKLA PRODUZIONE E DISTRIBUZIONE DEL VETRO GLASS PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION 497 Carlo de Mitri Ceramiche fini da mensa di produzione occidentale nell area ionico-adriatica (II sec. a.c. II sec. d.c.): presenza e circolazione nella penisola salentina Fino stolno posuđe zapadnomediteranske proizvodnje na jonsko-jadranskom području (2. st. pr. Kr. 2. st. po. Kr.): prisutnost i distribucija na salentinskom poluotoku Asja Tonc, Ivan Radman Livaja Keramički materijal s Gradine Sv. Trojice - preliminarna analiza Preliminary analysis of pottery from the Sv. Trojica hillfort Dušanka Romanović Amfore ravnog dna tipa Crikvenica iz slojeva antičke luke u Zatonu kod Zadra Flat-bottomed amphorae of the Crikvenica type from the Roman port in Zaton near Zadar Filipa Jurković Pešić, Anamarija Eterović Borzić Korintska reljefna keramika s nekropole antičkog Jadera Corinthian relief ware from the necropolis of ancient Iader 351 365 387 407 Nicoletta Frapiccini I vetri romani dalla Croazia nel Museo Archeologico Nazionale delle Marche di Ancona Rimsko staklo iz Hrvatske u Nacionalnom arheološkom muzeju regije Marche u Anconi Berislav Štefanac, Aska Šopar Srebrne pikside sa staklenim recipijentima s nekropole antičkog Jadera Silver pyxides with glass receptacles from the necropolis of Roman Iader Šime Perović Privjesak s likom Harpokrata s nekropole antičkog Jadera Harpocrates pendant from the necropolis of Roman Iader Mia Leljak Staklene posude iz istočnomediteranskih radionica s područja hrvatskoga dijela provincije Panonije Glass vessels from eastern-mediterranean workshops from the territory of the Croatian part of the province of Pannonia 499 517 529 541 Mladen Pešić 419 Sjevernoafrička tera sigilata s brodoloma kod otočića Babuljaša blizu Pakoštana North African terra sigillata from the shipwreck near Babuljaš islet near Pakoštane Mirna Vukov 433 Tegulae with stamps from the Pansiana workshop from Archaeological museum in Split Tegule s pečatom radionce Pansiana iz Arheološkog muzeja u Splitu Ivana Ožanić Roguljić, Ana Konestra 453 Pannonian slipped ware in Dalmatia Panonska keramika s premazom u Dalmaciji Gloria Bolzoni, Tania Chinni, David R. Hernandez 463 Vitalità produttiva e rapporti commerciali a Butrinto in epoca romana: la testimonianza di ceramica e vetro Proizvodna vitalnost i trgovački odnosi u rimskodobnom Butrintu: svjedočanstva keramike i stakla Brikena Shkodra-Rrugia 481 Some Evidence on African Cooking Ware Imports in Albania Neki dokazi uvoza afričkoga kuhinjskog posuđa u Albaniji 8 9
Predgovor urednika PREDGOVOR UREDNIKA PREFAZIONE DELL EDITORE EDITOR S PREFACE Cijenjeni kolegice i kolege, pred vama je Zbornik III. Međunarodnog arheološkog kolokvija Rimske keramičarske i staklarske radionice. Proizvodnja i trgovina na jadranskom prostoru koji sadržava tekstove sudionika Kolokvija održanog u Crikvenici 4. i 5. studenog 2014. godine. Raduje nas kontinuitet održavanja Kolokvija i mogućnost objave Zbornika nakon svakog održanog skupa, osobito jer je riječ o tematski definiranim trogodišnjim skupovima. Kao i proteklih godina, bez znanstvenog interesa i napora autora tekstova, bilo bi iznimno teško održati ne samo slijed objave već i znanstvenu kvalitetu Zbornika. Tekstovi objavljeni u ovom Zborniku sadržajno su povezani s osnovnom temom Kolokvija, antičkim keramičarskim i staklarskim radionicama. Rasprave tako zahvaćaju široku problematiku: od prostorne organizacije radionica i obilježja njihove proizvodnje do problema distribucije predmeta te tipoloških analiza keramičkih i staklarskih nalaz. Poseban doprinos za uspostavu referentnih arheoloških i interdisciplinarnih kriterija pri definiranju lokalne proizvodnje nalazimo u nizu rasprava bilo da je riječ o proizvodnji kasnohelenističke keramike, keramike tankih stijeniki, tere sigilate i njihovim lokalnim varijantama. Naša istraživanja lokalne proizvodnje keramike na priobalju rimske provincije Dalmacije, a koja se provode u sklopu znanstvenog istraživačkog projekta RED, Roman Economy in Dalmatia: production, distribution and demand in the light of pottery workshops (HRZZ, IP-11-2013-3973), posebno keramičarskoga proizvodnog kompleksa u Crikvenici, doprinos su poznavanju lokalnih proizvodnih obilježja ovog prostora. Na kraju još jednom zahvaljujemo svim sudionicima III. Međunarodnog arheološkog kolokvija, autorima te svim suradnicima u pripremi i objavi ovog Zbornika. Nadamo se da će zanimljivost tekstova privući pažnju i pozitivnu reakciju znanstvene javnosti te da će prezentirane teme pridonijeti budućim znanstvenim istraživanjima. Zahvale pripadaju Znanstvenom odboru Kolokvija i Znanstvenome izdavačkom savjetu Zbornika koji su svojim aktivnim sudjelovanjem pridonijeli znanstvenoj vrsnosti i Kolokvija i Zbornika. Posebno hvala Gradu Crikvenici i Muzeju Grada Crikvenice koji je, kao i uvijek do sada, preuzeo velik dio izdavačkog tereta i pratio naše znanstvene i stručne interese, želeći pridonijeti popularizaciji iznimnog lokaliteta keramičarske radionice o kojem skrbi. Za kraj, zahvaljujemo na podršci matičnoj ustanovi, Institutu za arheologiju, u čijoj je ediciji Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju / Serta Instituti Archaeologici ovaj Zbornik i objavljen. Goranka Lipovac Vrkljan 10 11
Prefazione dell Editore Editor s preface Spettabili colleghe e colleghi, Dear Colleagues, Con il presente volume vi presentiamo gli Atti del III Colloquio archeologico internazionale Officine per la produzione di ceramica e vetro in epoca romana. Produzione e commercio nella regione adriatica che raccoglie i contributi dei partecipanti al Colloquio tenutosi a Crikvenica il 4 e 5 novembre 2014. Siamo lieti della continuità con cui si tiene il Colloquio, come anche la possibilità di pubblicare gli Atti con la stessa cadenza, soprattutto trattandosi di incontri tematici triennali. Come negli anni precedenti, senza l interesse scientifico e lo sforzo degli autori sarebbe impossibile mantenere tale costanza e soprattutto la qualità scientifica degli Atti. I contributi pubblicati sono contestualmente connessi al tema principale del Colloquio, quello delle officine per la produzione di ceramica e vetro. Le discussioni comprendono ampie problematiche: dall organizzazione delle officine, alle caratteristiche dei loro prodotti e della loro distribuzione, fino ad analisi tipologiche di rinvenimenti ceramici e vitrei. Un particolare apporto alla definizione di criteri di referenza archeologici e interdisciplinari relativi a produzioni locali è dato da diverse discussioni che spaziano dalla produzione di ceramica tardo ellenistica, a quella di ceramica a pareti sottili e terra sigillata, nonché delle loro varianti locali. Le nostre ricerche relative alla produzione ceramica nell area costiera della provincia Dalmazia, portati avanti nell ambito del progetto RED, Roman Economy in Dalmatia: production, distribution and demand in the light of pottery workshops (HRZZ, IP-11-2013-3973), in particolare del centro produttivo di Crikvenica, contribuiscono alla conoscenza delle caratteristiche dei prodotti locali di quest area. Per finire ringraziamo nuovamente tutti i partecipanti al III Colloquio archeologico internazionale, tutti gli autori e tutti i collaboratori che hanno contribuito alla preparazione e alla pubblicazione del volume. Ci auguriamo che le interessanti tematiche degli articoli pubblicati attireranno l attenzione della comunità scientifica e produrranno nuovi spunti di riflessione su cui impostare sempre nuove ricerche scientifiche sul tema. Estendiamo i nostri ringraziamenti al Comitato scientifico del Colloquio e al Comitato scientifico editoriale degli Atti, che con la loro attiva partecipazione hanno contribuito alla qualità di entrambi. Un sentito ringraziamento alla Città di Crikvenica e al Museo civico di Crikvenica, che ha, come sempre, assunto un importante ruolo nella pubblicazione del volume e ha saputo supportarci nei nostri interessi scientifici, con la costante volontà di contribuire alla conoscenza dell eccezionale sito produttivo del quale si prende cura. Infine, ringraziamo per il sostegno il nostro ente, l Istituto di Archeologia, nell ambito della cui collana Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju / Serta Instituti Archaeologici questi Atti sono pubblicati. Goranka Lipovac Vrkljan welcome to the Proceedings of the 3 rd International Archaeological Colloquium Roman pottery and glass manufactures. Production and trade in the Adriatic region in which gathered together are the texts of the participants of the Colloquium held in Crikvenica from 4 th 5 th November 2014. We are very pleased with the continued staging of the Colloquium and the possibility of publishing each collection of Proceedings after the meeting, especially as it concerns the thematically defined triennial conferences. As in previous years, without the scientific interest and the support of the authors, it would be extremely difficult to continue not only with the publication but also to keep up the scientific quality of the Proceedings. The texts published in these Proceedings are by their content linked with the basic theme of the Colloquium, with ancient ceramist and glassmaker s workshops. The papers, therefore, cover a wide range of issues: from the spatial organisation of the workshops and the characteristics of their production to the problems of the distribution of the items and the typological analyses of the ceramic and glass finds. We encounter a particular contribution to the establishment of referential archaeological and interdisciplinary criteria in the definition of the local production in a number of discussions whether it concerns the production of Late Hellenistic ceramics, thin-walled ware and terra sigillata, and their local variants. Our investigations of the local pottery production in the coastal area of the Roman province of Dalmatia, and which are being carried out within the scientific research project RED, Roman Economy in Dalmatia: production, distribution and demand in the light of pottery workshops (HRZZ, IP-11-2013-3973), particularly of the pottery producing complex in Crikvenica, are a contribution to the understanding of the local production characteristics of this area. To end with I would like to thank all the participants of the 3 rd International Archaeological Colloquium, the authors and all the collaborators in the preparation and publication of these Proceedings. We hope that the appeal of these texts attracts the attention and positive reaction of the scientific public and we believe that the presented themes will contribute to future scientific research. Our thanks go to the Scientific Committee of the Colloquium and the Scientific Publishing Board of the Proceedings who with their active participation have contributed to the scientific quality of the Colloquium as well as the Proceedings. Special thanks go to the Town of Crikvenica and the Crikvenica Municipal Museum which, as always, has taken on a great part of the publication expense and has followed our scientific and expert interests, with the wish to contribute to the popularisation of the exceptional site of the pottery workshop about which it cares. To finish with we would also like to thank the support of our parent institution, the Institute of Archaeology, in whose edition of the Proceedings of the Institute of Archaeology / Serta Instituti Archaeologici these Proceedings are also published. Goranka Lipovac Vrkljan 12 13
I.O.R. / A.K. Pannonian slipped ware in Dalmatia Panonska keramika s premazom u Dalmaciji IVANA OŽANIĆ ROGULJIĆ Institut za arheologiju Gajeva 32 HR-10000 Zagreb iozanic@iarh.hr ANA KONESTRA Institut za arheologiju Gajeva 32 HR-10000 Zagreb ana.konestra@gmail.com ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER IZVORNI ZNANSTVENI RAD The paper deals with the finds of Pannonian Slipped Ware (PSW) on the territory of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Recognised for the first time in 2006, this ware has since been documented throughout the coastal area and on the adjacent islands. Nevertheless, a concentration of finds can be noted in the area of the northern Adriatic, pointing to the importance of Senia the main crossroad of maritime and terrestrial routes in this area, in the distribution on the ware. The models of distribution in the southern part of the province are yet to be understood, though seaborne transport is certain due to the presence of this ware on islands. PSW is present in Dalmatia with three main types of bowls, but finds of plates, though of an unidentifiable type, are also present. The distribution of PSW on the eastern Adriatic coast is circumscribed to a specific timeframe within the 2 nd c., although its production continued much longer, coinciding with the period when the Italic products gave way to eastern Mediterranean and north African imports. KEY WORDS: Pannonia slipped ware province of Dalmatia road communications trade PANNONIAN SLIPPED WARE IN DALMATIA U radu se obrađuju nalazi panonske keramike s premazom s područja rimske provincije Dalmacije. Ova je keramička vrsta prvi put prepoznata 2006. g., a od tada je primijećena duž obale i na otocima. Ipak, moguće je primijetiti koncentraciju nalaza na sjevernom Jadranu, što upućuje na važnost Senie, inače važnoga sjecišta kopnenih i pomorskih putova, u distribuciji ove keramike. Modeli distribucije u južni dio provincije još uvijek ostaju nejasnima iako je prijevoz morem neupitan zbog nalaza na otocima. Panonska keramika s premazom u Dalmaciji je prisutna s trima osnovnim oblicima zdjelica, no javljaju se i tipovima tanjura, koje, međutim, nije moguće pobliže odrediti. Distribucija panonske keramike s premazom na jadranskoj obali ograničena je na 2. st. po. Kr., iako je njezina proizvodnja znatno ranija i duža, pa ona tako koincidira s razdobljem prestanka italskoga uvoza i početka uvoza s istočnog Mediterana i sjeverne Afrike. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: panonska keramika s premazom provincija Dalmacija cestovna komunikacija trgovina 453
Ivana Ožanić Roguljić / Ana Konestra Pannonian slipped ware in Dalmatia Introduction 1 State of research Pannonian slipped ware 2 is a group of table ware that were produced in various areas of the province of Pannonia. A general description of this ware is that of dishes made on the wheel, slipped, most often undecorated, decorated by rouletting or stamping, or a combination of the two, and fired in reducing or oxidizing atmospheres. The vessels forms include several types of spherical bowls and plates, but also jugs, cups and beakers (Adler-Wölfl 2004). The current state of research proposes several production centres as diverse vessel groups have been identified, which are still a matter of discussion. In this paper the distribution of this ware in the Roman Province of Dalmatia, more precisely in its present-day Croatian part, will be presented. The information are gathered from published works, field surveys, archaeological excavations and extensive visits to museums and their storerooms. 3 Not many publications dealt with the topic of Pannonian slipped ware in Dalmatia. The first scholar to recognize this class in a Dalmatian pottery assemblage was Z. Brusić in the material from Aenona s port at Zaton - Cape Kremenjača (Brusić 2006: 42), soon followed by the comprehensive publication of Zaton s PSW finds by Z. Gregl (Gregl 2009). Nevertheless, Pannonian slipped ware was published on several occasions without being recognised as such. In the old excavations of the necropolis in Bakar (Fig.1) it was presented on illustrations (Ljubić 1882). This ware is also present in the publication of the Roman necropolis of Baška - st. Mark on the Island of Krk (Bekić,Višnjić 2008). In the continental part of the province, this material was identified on the hillfort Osječenica, which is situated on the border with Pannonia (Ožanić 1998). Recently identified Pannonian slipped ware from Dalmatia was published by I. Borzić (Aenona) and A. Konestra (Fulfinium, Bakar) (Borzić 2013; Konestra 2015a; 2015b: 119). The southernmost find of this group is from Narona (Topić 2003). On this occasion, the unpublished material from the sites Žuta Lokva, Arrupium, Varvaria, and the islands of Rab (Lopar), Krk (Curicta) and Brač will be presented, along with the two fragments kept at the Senj City Museum, probably recovered at the nearby settlement of sv. Juraj (Lopsica) (Fig.1). PSW findspots Main settlements and ports Typology 1 The authors would like to dedicate this paper to our late colleagues Zdenko Brusić and Zoran Gregl, the first scholars to have identified PSW in Dalmatia and kind helpers in many pottery doubts. This papers stams from the activities of the project RED - Roman economy in Dalmatia: production, distribution and demand in the light of pottery workshops of the Croatian Science Foundation (IP-11-2013-3973). 2 Different names are used for this ware: Pannonische Glanztonware, Pannonian products, pottery with stamped decoration, Pannonian ceramics, Pannonian grey ceramics, grey ceramics with dark grey to black coloured slip, stamped pottery, Pannonian ceramics with stamped decoration, and dishes mostly originated from Resatus and his circle, panonska keramika s premazom, pečatna keramika. 3 The authors would like to thank Ante Milošević (Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika, Split), Tatjana Kolak (Muzej Like Gospić), Sanjin Mihelić (Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu), Kristina Jelinčić Vučković (Institut za arheologiju, Zagreb), Ranko Starac (Pomorski i povijesni muzej Hrvatskog primorja Rijeka), Blaženka Ljubović, prof. (Muzej Grada Senja) and the owners of the Samblich collection (Krk) for insights on unpublished material. The types of Pannonian slipped ware that are most commonly distributed throughout Dalmatian sites are variants of bowls and plates. The hemispherical bowl Type 1a (Fig. 2) belongs to a variation of the Drag 37 bowl, which is an extremely popular shape in Pannonia, where it is present on many sites (Ožanić Roguljić 2016: 41). It is often decorated with grooves in combination with rouletting and stamped decoration (Plesničar Gec 1977: 54; Brukner 1981: 87; Adler Wölfl 2004: 44; Nagy 2014: 119 127; Ožanić Roguljić 2016: 41). In Dalmatia it is present in the Bakar necropolis and at the underwater site Zaton - Cape Kremenjača. All examples are decorated with rouletting, some with zoning and others with Fig. 1 Distribution of PSW in Provincia Dalmatia, main provincial settlements and ports, and the location of Siscia (map: A. Konestra) Sl. 1 Distribucija panonske keramike s premazom u provinciji Dalmaciji, značajna naselja i luke, položaj Siscie (izradila: A. Konestra) 454 455
Ivana Ožanić Roguljić / Ana Konestra Pannonian slipped ware in Dalmatia indistinct decoration scattered all over the body (Ljubić 1882; Gregl 2009; Konestra 2015b). Type 1b seems to be related to African Red Slip shapes, in this case a distant cousin of Hayes 9. Most finds of this type have a glossy or opaque black slip and greyish fabric. The most common type, Bowl Type 2, (Fig. 2) is a hemispherical bowl with inverted rim. Bowl Type 2a is decorated with rouletting, sometimes in combination with stamped decoration, while Type 2b has simple decoration with grooves or no decoration at all. It is found on most Dalmatian sites where Pannonian slipped ware is present: Arrupium, Žuta lokva, sv. Juraj, Fulfinium, Curicta, Baška (Sv. Marko), Lopar Podkućine (island of Rab), Aenona (Nin- Sv. Križ), Zaton Cape Kremenjača, Varvaria and Narona (Bekić, Višnjić 2008; Gregl 2009; Borzić 2013; Konestra 2015b). Most finds of this type have a glossy or opaque black slip, while at Baška both black and red slipped bowls are present. Forms and decorations are quite similar to the finds from Zagreb Stenjevec, and Gornja Vas necropolis where they appear as grave goods and urns (Gregl 1989). In Dalmatia, they are present in different contexts, such as settlements, ports and road stations. In the necropolis of Baška/ Sv. Marko the bowls sherds were found mostly in layers above the graves, and not within the graves themselves. Type 3 flanged bowls (Fig. 2) can be connected with Adler-Wölfl 6b type (Adler Wölfl 2004: 47, T 10: 160; Konestra 2015b). It is found only at Fulfinium, from excavations carried out in the 1970s in an area defined as urban villa (Pavišić 1983). The fabric of this type is greyish and the slip is glossy dark grey. Plates with rounded rim are found on two sites (Tarsatica, Novo selo Bunje). These sherds are decorated by rouletting but, as they are poorly preserved, no insight on their typological determination is possible. The fabric of this type is also grayish, while the slip is glossy or opaque black. Distribution, dating, conclusion The precise production area of the vessel types identified in Dalmatia is difficult to determine. Judging by decoration and shape of the most common bowls, they belong to the southern group of Pannonian slipped ware, as recently proposed 4 (see also Gregl 2009: 198). In Pannonia, this group appears in both necropolises and settlements from the second half of the 1 st c. and throughout the 2 nd c. AD, but some shapes can be dated to the 3 rd or even 4 th c. The latter is in all probability residual. Analogies for the Dalmatian material are common throughout the south-western Pannonia (Petru, Petru 1978; Gregl 1989; 2007). Pannonian slipped ware is found in different Dalmatian contexts on sites from Tarsatica to Narona on the coast, but also in the immediate hinterland (Žuta Lokva, Arrupium, Varvaria). The statistical presence of this material within the published assemblages is usually less than 1%. The arrival of Pannonian slipped ware is a relatively short-lived phenomenon encompassing the 2 nd c., but it nevertheless seems to have reached the entire coastal area, as well as the islands. It is interesting to notice that bowls of type 2 were found on sites along the Siscia Senia road (Arrupium, Žuta Lokva), where Senia could be seen as the starting point of its seaborne distribution along the north-eastern Adriatic, and the road itself as a trade route for the products arrival. In fact, the abundant presence on the hillfort Osječenica (Ožanić Roguljić 1998), a settlement on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia, points to this possibility as well. The Siscia - Senia road was, in fact, one of the major arteries that connected Pannonia and Dalmatia, as Senia was probably the main port of this section of the Adriatic shore. Although PSW was not yet identified at Senj, the necropolis of Baška, located just across the Velebit-Vinodol channel, can testify to this link of terrestrial and maritime routes. While there is evidence that Siscia was a centre that received Mediterranean pottery from the time it was occupied by the Romans, partly probably arriving along the route starting at Senia, the distribution of Pannonian slipped ware is an important evidence for the presence of Pannonian goods on Dalmatian markets (Makjanić 1988, Baćani et al. 2010). Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Fig. 2 Main types of PSW identified in Dalmatia (from: Gregl 2009; Konestra 2015b) 4 http://www2.rgzm.de/transformation/magyarorszag/glanztonware/ GlanztonwareEnglisch.htm, 15.9.2016. Sl. 2 Osnovni tipovi panonske keramike s premazom identificirani u provinciji Dalmaciji (prema: Gregl 2009; Konestra 2015b) 456 457
Ivana Ožanić Roguljić / Ana Konestra Pannonian slipped ware in Dalmatia The discovery of PSW in the Zaton - Cape Kremenjača port could help in identifying the starting point of its distribution to Aenona, Varvaria and perhaps other sites in the hinterland of Zadar. It is hard to imagine how these vessels arrived to Narona or Novo Selo Bunje on the Brač Island, although multiple roads connected the Dalmatian capital and the important port Salona to Pannonia (Migotti 2016: 159, fig. 4). These finds are, nevertheless, an indicator of the presence of Pannonian products in central and southern Dalmatia, and could mean that we can expect more of this pottery to appear on other neighbouring sites in the future. The shapes belonging to earliest types, just as the later shapes, are not present in Dalmatia, a fact that can be connected with the capillary distribution of Italic products throughout the 1 st c. AD, and the rise of imports from African provinces that flooded the Mediterranean, including the eastern Adriatic, market from the 2 nd c. onwards (Rice 2011: 91). This chronological time-frame could be indicative of a change in communication patterns between Dalmatia and Pannonia, but also of a change within the Pannonian production and distribution pattern itself. Both the necropolis at Baška and the layers of the port in Zaton are important for understanding the assemblages and contextual associations in which we might expect to find PSW in Dalmatia. In both cases, the 2 nd c. material is characterized by Aegean and eastern Mediterranean imports (Bekić, Višnjić 2008; Taras 2014), as well as the earliest ARS imports (Hayes 8 and 23) (Bekić, Višnjić 2008; Romanović, Gluščević 2014: 147). In addition, at Zaton the 2 nd c. flat-bottomed amphorae from Italy and Crikvenica are also characteristic for this period (Romanović, Gluščević 2014). Thus, the PSW along with ESB, might have filled a gap created by the decrease of Italian sigillata imports (Konestra 2016: 503-504) in the Flavian period, and before the massive arrivals of ARS. Nevertheless, PSW does occur in contexts together with ARS, as well as in contexts with ESB, pointing to the possibility that the area of the north-eastern Adriatic might have supplied Siscia with these materials in this period. These finds, while proving a commercial connection of the two provinces of the former Illyricum, are also indicative of an enlargement of the distribution area of PSW as traditionally defined. In fact, the distribution of these wares is mostly focused to the west into Noricum, to the north and along the Danube, as well as to the south-east (Moesia, Dacia and Barbaricum) of their main production areas 5. 5 http://www2.rgzm.de/transformation/magyarorszag/glanztonware/ GlanztonwareEnglisch.htm, 15.9.2016. 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Ivana Ožanić Roguljić / Ana Konestra Pannonian slipped ware in Dalmatia SAŽETAK PANONSKA KERAMIKA S PREMAZOM U DALMACIJI U radu se donose stari i novi nalazi te nove atribucije objavljenog materijala, panonske keramike s premazom u provinciji Dalmaciji. Ova je keramička vrsta u Dalmaciji prvi put primijećena unutar materijala iz luke Aenone u Zatonu (Brusić 2006, Gregl 2009), no u posljednjim je godinama sve češći nalaz duž istočne obale Jadrana i na otocima. Panonska keramika s premazom u Dalmaciji javlja se s tri tipa zdjelica, a prisutni su i nalazi tanjura, no njihov točan tip zbog veličine ulomaka nije bilo moguće identificirati. S obzirom na koncentraciju nalaza na sjevernom Jadranu (Kvarner), moguće je pretpostaviti važnost Senie u distribuciji ovoga materijala, kao glavnog sjecišta kopnenih i morskih putova ovoga područja. Modaliteti distribucije u južni dio provincije još uvijek ostaju upitnima, pa se tako pretpostavljaju distribucija iz pravca Senja i distribucija posredstvom luka Salone ili Narone, koje su također imale cestovne veze s unutrašnjošću. Distribucija ove keramike vremenski je ograničena na 2. st. po. Kr. iako na njezinu izvornom području - južnoj Panoniji - proizvodnja traje znatno duže, smještajući se tako u razdoblje kada na Jadranu prestaju pristizati italski proizvodi i započinje uvoz istočnomediteranskog i sjevernoafričkoga finoga stolnoga posuđa. 460 461