Student: Date Completed: Private Pilot Flight Training TAXIING Objective: To develop the student's planning and technique in taxi operations. Elements: 1. Proper brake check and correct use of brakes. 2. Compliance with airport surface marking, signals, and clearances. 3. How to control direction and speed. 4. Control positioning for various wind conditions. 5. Techniques used to avoid other aircraft and hazards. 6. Positioning the airplane with consideration for other aircraft, surface conditions and wind. 7. Division of attention inside and outside the cockpit. 8. Method used to determine that airplane is in a safe operating condition. 9. Method used for assuring that the takeoff area or path is free of hazards. 10. Method used for assuring adequate clearance from other traffic. Schedule: Preflight Discussion 0:15 Demonstration and Student Practice 1:00 Postflight Discussion 0:15 All Times Dependent on Pilot's Ability Equipment: Aircraft Drawing Surface and Marking Utensil Instructor's Actions: Student's Actions: PREFLIGHT: PREFLIGHT: Discuss lesson objective. Discuss lesson objective. Discuss common student errors in performing Listens and takes notes. the preflight. Resolves Questions. Discuss the FAA's emphasis on safety including Practices the preflight as directed. leaving all problems on the ground. Answers questions posed by instructor. Coach student practice. Critiques own performance. Evaluate student understanding of maneuver. Critique student performance. Answer student questions. Completion Standards: FAA S 8081 14B (Private PTS, II. D. 1 12) TAXIING 1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to safe taxi procedures. 2. Performs a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving. 3. Positions the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions. 4. Controls direction and speed without excessive use of brakes. 5. Exhibits procedures for steering, maneuvering, maintaining taxiway, runway position, and situational awareness to avoid runway incursions. 6. Exhibits proper positioning of the aircraft relative to hold lines. 7. Exhibits procedures to insure clearances/instructions are received and recorded/read back correctly.
8. Exhibits situational awareness/taxi procedures in the event the aircraft is on a taxiway that is between parallel runways. 9. Uses a taxi chart during taxi. 10. Complies with airport/taxiway markings, signals, ATC clearances & instructions. 11. Utilizes procedures for eliminating pilot distractions. 12. Taxies so as to avoid other aircraft and hazards. Private Pilot Flight Training Common Errors: FAA H 8083 3A (Chapter 2 9) 1. Improper use of brakes. 2. Improper positioning of the flight controls for various wind conditions. 3. Hazards of taxiing too fast. 4. Failure to comply with markings, signals, or clearances. 5. Failure to use or the improper use of the checklist. 6. Improper positioning of the airplane. 7. Acceptance of marginal engine performance. 8. An improper check of flight controls. 9. Hazards of failure to review takeoff and emergency procedures. 10. Failure to check for hazards and other traffic. References: FAA H 8083 3A (Chapter 2 9) FAA S 8081 14B (Private PTS, II. D. 1 6) AIM (4 3 18) POH / AFM Things to Remember: Progressive Taxis at new airports ATIS, instrument checks? Coach the student when they attempt to steer the airplane with the control wheel.
Private Pilot Flight Training Taxiing Technique OBJECTIVE: To teach the ability to maneuver the aircraft on the ground. AIRMANSHIP Before Taxing 1. Check brakes on. 2. Adjust Throttle Friction 3. Clearance 4. Note wind velocity During Taxing 1. Check engine and gyro instruments 2. Look around 3. Listening watch on ground frequency SEQUENCE Starting and Stopping When safe, demonstrate starting and stopping in a straight line. Starting: 1. Throttle closed. 2. Brakes released. 3. Control column back. 4. Open throttle. 5. Throttle back slightly effect of inertia 6. Dangers of misuse of power and elevator. (tailwheel) Stopping: 1. Close throttle. 2. Rudder pedals coordinated. 3. Control column back. 4. Apply brakes. 5. Be aware of braking too harshly. Control of Direction and Turning Demonstrate use of rudder and brake both upwind and downwind. Braking: 1. Power off, brakes off small effect. 2. Power on, brakes off improved effect. 3. Power on, brakes set large effect a. Rudder and power as required. 4. Anticipation. Cross Wind Techniques 1. Weather vaning tendency 2. Turns into wind tend to tighten up 3. Aircraft is less willing to turn downwind
Private Pilot Flight Training Taxiing Technique (continued) Control of Speed 1. Smooth use of throttle. 2. Control of speed with a. Power. b. Brake. 3. Factors affecting speed: a. Surface gradient. b. Nature of surface. c. Wind. 4. Judging speed. 5. Avoid taxing fast Turning in Confided Spaces 1. Low speed. 2. Use of rudder, power, and brakes. 3. Check that the tail is clear of obstacles. Leaving Parking Location 1. Checks. 2. Brakes tested. 3. Check minimum use of differential braking.
Instructor notes and visual aids
Lesson Plan Notes: Private Pilot Flight Training BASIC TAXI TECHNIQUES: Standard techniques to be used for all aircraft taxiing. Prior to aircraft movement, gain awareness of surroundings, pedestrians, animals, vehicles and other aircraft. If there is ever doubt about clearing an obstruction, shut down and investigate Keep eyes out of the windows, and avoid distractions during all ground operations Get taxi clearance or self announce. Read back, record, and understand clearance prior to moving. Set heading bug to wind, and position flight controls for current wind conditions Upon movement, check brakes immediately. If unsatisfactory, shut down Steer with rudder pedals / brakes Taxi at an appropriate, yet cautious speed. Downwind taxi will require less power When making turns, check: Airspeed Indicator, Heading Indicator, Turn Coordinator and Compass Avoid excess braking/braking with power. Idle power before braking. (Except differential braking) Use the yellow taxi center line, or green lights. Slow prior to turns Reposition flight controls for current wind conditions during/after each turn Be aware of weather vaning in high wind conditions Always be alert and scan during taxi operations TAXIING WITH A HEADWIND: Used when taxiing in moderate to strong headwind conditions. Hold the yoke to maintain the ailerons in a neutral or level position. TAXIING WITH QUARTERING HEADWINDS: Used when taxiing in strong quartering headwinds. Fully turn the yoke in the direction of the wind placing the upwind aileron in the up position. Due to reduced control effectiveness at slow taxi speeds, full aileron deflection is required. Hold the yoke to maintain the elevator (or stabilator) in neutral or level position. A neutral elevator position will help maintain sufficient nose wheel friction and allow positive directional control. TAXIING WITH A TAILWIND: The effectiveness of the airplane controls is influenced by tailwinds. Hold the yoke to maintain the ailerons in a neutral position and the elevator in the down position TAXIING IN QUARTERING TAILWINDS: Used when taxiing in strong quartering tailwind conditions. (Note: This is the most critical wind condition for taxiing a tricycle gear, high wing airplane.) Fully turn the yoke in the direction away from the wind. In a right quartering tailwind turn the yoke fully to the left, or left aileron up. Reverse the position of the aileron control when taxiing with a left quartering tailwind. Hold the yoke full forward to maintain the elevator (or stabilator) in a down position which will counteract the airplane s tipping tendency. Dive away from the wind
Private Pilot Ground Training Taxiing Graphical Aids Aileron and Elevator Control Position while taxiing Brake and power while taxiing downwind Taxiing with a left quartering headwind
Taxiing with a right quartering tailwind Surface area on an airplane most affected by the wind