Eisenhower Policies The Space Race, Middle Eastern Diplomacy, and Eisenhower Doctrine
SPACE RACE
Dwight Eisenhower 34th President Was a five star general serving in WW2 Authorized the establishment of NASA. Led a nationwide scientific movement. Openskies initiative Spy satellites. Later began to resent the space program.
Yuri Gagarin Born on March 9, 1934, near Gzhatsk, Russia. Raised on a collective farm. In 1951 he worked as an apprentice at a technical school. Learned to fly planes. Joined Air Force after graduating in 1955.
Yuri Gagarin Flew on the Vostok 1 spacecraft on April 12, 1961. Spent 1 hour and 29 minutes in space. Gained celebrity status in Russia.
OPCVL Origin: A children s book published in 1978 about the life of Gagarin. Purpose: Teach children about the life of Gagarin. Value: Shows the heroic status granted to Gagarin after his space mission. Limitation: Glamorized to fit a child s perspective.
S P U T IN I K
Sputnik October 4th, 1957, the USSR sent the first artificial satellite into space. Originally believed to be fake until Sputnik 2. Had no scientific instruments on board but did contain a radio frequency emitter. 20 to 40 MHz. Frequencies provided data concerning Earth s ionosphere. Transmission ended after 21 days.
Saturn V Launched 13 times. Brought the Apollo mission, SkyLab, and other important missions. Remains the strongest rocket capable of bringing payloads into LEO. Only rocket shown capable of bringing humans beyond LEO.
Apollo 8 First manned mission to leave Earth s gravity and reach the moon. Photographed the moon, both the far and near side. Launched on December 21, 1968. Spent around 147 hours in space.
Apollo 11 First manned lunar landing mission. Flight Objectives- Deployment of a television camera. Solar wind composition experiment. Seismic experiment package. Laser Ranging Retroreflector.
The West Area Computing Group An African-American group of female mathematicians who calculated for NASA. Jim Crow laws forced segregation on the early versions of the program. In 1958, NASA s predecessor became modern day NASA, segregated facilities were dropped.
Reconnaissance Satellites Spy Satellites issued as a result of the Open Skies initiative. People were terrified of nuclear war. Created to watch out for ICBMs and SLBMs. Proposed by Eisenhower, shot down by Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953-1964. Originally the Governor of Ukraine. Responsible for the destalinization of the Soviet Union. Backed the early Soviet Space program. Leader in the tensest years of Soviet Union. Cuban Missile Crisis Sattelite Crisis
Nikita Khrushchev Views Announced Stalin to be a cruel tyrant. Denounced Stalin s purges in his Secret Speech. Aimed for a less repressive Soviet Union.
Suez Canal
Suez Canal November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal was opened for navigation. Waterway that runs along the North-South line across Egypt. Connects the Mediterranean and Red sea. Separates the African continent from Asia. Shortest route to Western Pacific Ocean and Europe. Used for shipping and military traffic.
Suez Crisis July 26, 1956, Egyptian President Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal. Originally, it had been owned by French/British Suez Canal Company. American and Britain refused to finance Egypts Construction of the Aswan High Dam. Egypt had growing ties with communist states and the USSR. Nassar declared martial law in the Suez Canal re
Suez Crisis October 29, 1956, IDF pushed into Egypt, going towards the Suez Canal. Israelis joined with French and British forces. Egypt and Syria sided with the Soviet Union. After clashes in the Suez territory, UN declared cease-fire and removal of invading troops.
Eisenhower Doctrine
The Middle East During the Cold War Split between the USSR and the USA. Important region because of Geographic Location Oil and gas reserves Middle Eastern Nationalism was on the rise. Still had influence from European and American powers.
Eisenhower Doctrine BASIC: A country can request American Economic assistance and military aid if it was being threatened by another nation. Eisenhower signed the Doctrine after increased tension in Middle East as a result of Suez Conflict. Believed there remained a power vacuum after the loss of British and French prestige.
Eisenhower Doctrine Cont. To match the Soviet involvement in the Middle East, 200 million dollars were set aside to help countries requesting aid under the Eisenhower Doctrine.
Orbiting Earth in a spaceship, I saw how beautiful our planet is. People, let us preserve and increase its beauty, not destroy it!
Citations "Yury Gagarin." Britannica LaunchPacks, Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 Feb. 2018. packs.eb.com/social-studies/180118/article/544814. Accessed 30 Mar. 2018. Encyclopedia Britanica. Suez Crisis, 31 Jan. 2018, www.britannica.com/event/suez-crisis. "The Middle East During The Cold War." UKEssays.com. 11 2013. All Answers Ltd. 04 2018 <https://www.google.com/?vref=1>. Crises over Hungary and Suez. Crises over Hungary and Suez < America in the Modern World < History 1963 < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and Beyond, www.let.rug.nl/usa/ outlines/history-1963/america-in-the-modern-world/ crises-over-hungary-and-suez.php. The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957. U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/ milestones/1953-1960/eisenhower-doctrine. History.com Staff. Suez Crisis. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/ cold-war/suez-crisis.