Figure 1. Overview map of Burrard Inlet, showing location of False Creek inlet. 65
Figure 2. Location map of False Creek and shoreline and mid-channel monitoring sites. 66
Figure 3. Location of CSO's, stormwater discharges and marinas in False Creek 67
Number of respondents 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Mouth Winter West East Very often Often Occasionally Frequency of use Number of respondents 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Mouth Spring West East Very often Often Occasionally Frequency of use Number of respondents 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Mouth West Summer East Very often Often Occasionally Frequency of use Number of respondents 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Mouth Fall West East Very often Often Occasionally Frequency of use Figure 4. Number of survey respondents partaking in secondary-contact recreation activities during the winter, spring summer and fall in each basin of False Creek. 68
12 1 9 1 Enterococci 8 Fecal coliforms 8 6 4 2 69 Enterococci (CFU/1 ml) Fecal coliforms (CFU/1 ml) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 29/5/22 5/6/22 12/6/22 19/6/22 26/6/22 3/7/22 1/7/22 17/7/22 24/7/22 31/7/22 7/8/22 14/8/22 21/8/22 28/8/22 4/9/22 11/9/22 18/9/22 25/9/22 2/1/22 9/1/22 16/1/22 23/1/22 3/1/22 6/11/22 13/11/22 2/11/22 27/11/22 4/12/22 11/12/22 18/12/22 Date Figure 6. Comparison of fecal coliform and enterococci weekly samples from May 29, 22 to December 18, 22 at Site F3, west of the Burrard Street bridge (correlation coefficient =.88, P <.1).
1 1 9 9 Enterococci 8 8 Fecal coliforms 7 6 5 4 3 Enterococci (CFU/1 ml) Fecal coliforms (CFU/1 ml) 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 29/5/22 5/6/22 12/6/22 19/6/22 26/6/22 3/7/22 1/7/22 17/7/22 24/7/22 31/7/22 7/8/22 14/8/22 21/8/22 28/8/22 4/9/22 11/9/22 18/9/22 25/9/22 2/1/22 9/1/22 16/1/22 23/1/22 3/1/22 6/11/22 13/11/22 2/11/22 27/11/22 4/12/22 11/12/22 18/12/22 Date Figure 7. Comparison of fecal coliform and enterococci weekly samples from May 29, 22 to December 18, 22 at Site F12, near the Heather Street CSO discharge (correlation coefficient =.81, P <.1). 7
8 6 7 6 5 Enterococci Fecal coliforms 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 71 Enterococci (CFU/1 ml) Fecal coliforms (CFU/1 ml) 1 29/5/22 5/6/22 12/6/22 19/6/22 26/6/22 3/7/22 1/7/22 17/7/22 24/7/22 31/7/22 7/8/22 14/8/22 21/8/22 28/8/22 4/9/22 11/9/22 18/9/22 25/9/22 2/1/22 9/1/22 16/1/22 23/1/22 3/1/22 6/11/22 13/11/22 2/11/22 27/11/22 4/12/22 11/12/22 18/12/22 Date Figure 8. Comparison of fecal coliform enterococci weekly samples from May 29, 22 to December 18, 22 at Site F15, south of the Plaza of Nations (correlation coefficient =.79, P <.1).
1-Dec-2 25 2 Fecal coliform geometric means Primary contact recreation guideline 15 1 5 72 GeoMean (MPN/1 ml) 1-Jun-9 1-Dec-9 1-Jun-91 1-Dec-91 1-Jun-92 1-Dec-92 1-Jun-93 1-Dec-93 1-Jun-94 1-Dec-94 1-Jun-95 1-Dec-95 1-Jun-96 1-Dec-96 1-Jun-97 1-Dec-97 1-Jun-98 1-Dec-98 1-Jun-99 1-Dec-99 1-Jun- 1-Dec- 1-Jun-1 1-Dec-1 1-Jun-2 Date of Final Sample Figure 9. Rolling geometric means of fecal coliform samples collected at Site 17 between 199 and 22.
1-Dec-2 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 73 1-Jun-2 Fecal coliform geometric means Primary contact recreation guideline GeoMean (MPN/1 ml) 1-Jun-9 1-Dec-9 1-Jun-91 1-Dec-91 1-Jun-92 1-Dec-92 1-Jun-93 1-Dec-93 1-Jun-94 1-Dec-94 1-Jun-95 1-Dec-95 1-Jun-96 1-Dec-96 1-Jun-97 1-Dec-97 1-Jun-98 1-Dec-98 1-Jun-99 1-Dec-99 1-Jun- 1-Dec- 1-Jun-1 1-Dec-1 Date of final sample Figure 1. Rolling geometric means of fecal coliform samples collected at Site 19 between 199 and 22.
14 12 1 8 6 4 2 74 1-Jun-2 1-Dec-2 Fecal coliform geometric means Primary contact recreation guideline GeoMean (MPN/1 ml) 1-Jun-9 1-Dec-9 1-Jun-91 1-Dec-91 1-Jun-92 1-Dec-92 1-Jun-93 1-Dec-93 1-Jun-94 1-Dec-94 1-Jun-95 1-Dec-95 1-Jun-96 1-Dec-96 1-Jun-97 1-Dec-97 1-Jun-98 1-Dec-98 1-Jun-99 1-Dec-99 1-Jun- 1-Dec- 1-Jun-1 1-Dec-1 Date of final sample Figure 11. Rolling geometric means of fecal coliform samples collected at Site 23 between 199 and 22.
45 4 Average of Geometric Means - Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 16 West of Cambie Street Bridge Average of geometric means Primary contact recreation guideline 23 22 18 17 19 21 Plaza of Nations 21B 21A 21C 2A Science World 2 2C 2B Granville CSO Laurel CSO Heather CSO Crowe CSO Terminal CSO Figure 12. Averages of all fecal coliform rolling geometric mean values calculated for shoreline sites in False Creek between May 8, 199 and December 18, 22 (error bars show +/- 1 standard deviation) 75
45 4 Average of Geometric Means - Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 West of Granville Street Bridge F3 F4 F5 F6 Between Granville Street Bridge and Cambie Street Average of geometric means Primary contact recreation guideline F8 F7 F9 F1 F3 F4 F5 Granville F6 CSO F8 F7Laurel F9 CSO F1Heather F12 CSOF11 Crowe F13 CSO F14 F15 F16 F17Terminal F18CSO F12 F11 F13 East of Cambie Street Bridge F14 F15 F16 F17 F18 Figure 13. Averages of all fecal coliform rolling geometric mean values calculated for mid-channel sites in False Creek between May 29, 22 and December 18, 22 (error bars show +/- 1 standard deviation). 76
45 4 Average of Geometric Means - Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 West of Granville Street Bridge F3 16 F5 23 F6 F4 22 Granville Street Bridge to Cambie Street Bridge Average - shoreline Average - midchannel Primary contact recreation guideline 18 F8 F7 F9 F1 17 F11 F12 F13 F14 19 Plaza of Nations 21 21B F16 F15 21A F17 21C Science World F18 2 2C 2B 2A Granville CSO Laurel CSO Heather CSO Crowe CSO Terminal CSO Figure 14. Comparison of averages of rolling geometric mean values calculated for fecal coliforms collected at shoreline (199-22) and mid-channel (22) sites (error bars show +/- 1 standard deviation). 77
12 Between Granville Street Bridge and Cambie Street Bridge 1 Average of Geometric Means - Enterococci (MPN/1 ml) 8 6 4 2 West of Granville Street Bridge Average of mid-channel sites F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-8 F-7 F-9 F-1 F-12 F-11 F-13 East of Cambie Street Bridge F-14 F-17 F-16 F-15 F-18 5 1 15 Granville CSO Laurel CSO Heather CSO Crowe CSO Terminal CSO Figure 15. Averages of 4 geometric mean enterococci values calculated for mid-channel sites in False Creek between January 24 and March 14, 22 (error bars show +/- 1 standard deviation). Relative location of CSOs shown. 78
14 Average of Geometric Means - Enterococci (MPN/1 ml) 12 1 8 6 4 West of Cambie Street Bridge 1-17 Cambie Street Bridge to Plaza of Nations 2-19 2-21 2-21B 2-21A Science World Average of shoreline sites 2-21C 2-2A 2-2B 2-2 2-2C 2 2 4 6 8 1 Heather CSO Crowe CSO Terminal CSO Figure 16. Averages of 4 geometric mean enterococci values calculated for shoreline sites in False Creek between January 24 and March 14, 22 (error bars show +/- 1 standard deviation). Relative locations of CSOs shown. 79
25 Average of Geometric Means - Enterococci (MPN/1 ml) 2 15 1 5 West of Burrard Street Bridge F3 Between Burrard Street Bridge and Granville Street Bridge F4 F5 F6 Between Granville Street Bridge and Cambie Street Bridge Average of midchannel stations F8 F7 F9 F1 F12 East of Cambie Street Bridge F11 F15 F14 F13 F16 F17 F18 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 16 Granville CSO Laurel CSO Heather CSO Crowe CSO Terminal CSO Figure 17. Averages of 26 geometric mean enterococci values calculated for mid-channel sites in False Creek between May 29 and December 18, 22 (error bars show +/- 1 standard deviation). Relative location of CSOs shown. 8
25 Science World Average of Geometric Means - Enterococci (MPN/1 ml) 2 15 1 5 East of Granville St Bridge Between Granville St Bridge and Cambie St Bridge Average of shoreline sites 22 Plaza of Nations 21A 21B 2A 2C 16 23 18 17 19 2 4 6 8 1 Granville CSO Laurel CSO Heather CSO Crowe CSO Terminal CSO Figure 18. Averages of 26 geometric mean enterococci values calculated for shoreline sites in False Creek between May 29 and December 18, 22 (error bars show +/- 1 standard deviation). Relative location of CSOs shown. 81
1 9 8 Winter data (Oct - Mar): average = 265 MPN/1 ml Summer Data (Apr - Sept): average = 153 MPN/1 ml 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 82 1/1/9 1/7/9 1/1/91 1/7/91 1/1/92 1/7/92 1/1/93 1/7/93 1/1/94 1/7/94 1/1/95 1/7/95 1/1/96 1/7/96 1/1/97 1/7/97 1/1/98 1/7/98 1/1/99 1/7/99 1/1/ 1/7/ 1/1/1 1/7/1 1/1/2 1/7/2 Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) Date Figure 19. Comparison of raw fecal coliform data collected weekly during winter and summer months at Site 1-16, west of Burrard Bridge near Coast Guard station.
Winter data (Oct - Mar): average = 131 MPN/1 ml 18 Summer Data (Apr - Sept): average = 1698 MPN/1 ml Maximum detection limit (MPN/1 ml) 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 83 1/1/9 1/7/9 1/1/91 1/7/91 1/1/92 1/7/92 1/1/93 1/7/93 1/1/94 1/7/94 1/1/95 1/7/95 1/1/96 1/7/96 1/1/97 1/7/97 1/1/98 1/7/98 1/1/99 1/7/99 1/1/ 1/7/ 1/1/1 1/7/1 1/1/2 Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) Date Figure 2. Comparison of fecal coliform data collected during winter and summer months at Site 2, near Science World.
18 16 Winter data (Oct - Mar): average = 18 MPN/1 ml Summer Data (Apr - Sept): average = 1945 MPN/1 ml Maximum detection limit (MPN/1 ml) 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 84 Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 1/1/92 1/7/92 1/1/93 1/7/93 1/1/94 1/7/94 1/1/95 1/7/95 1/1/96 1/7/96 1/1/97 1/7/97 1/1/98 1/7/98 1/1/99 1/7/99 1/1/ 1/7/ 1/1/1 1/7/1 1/1/2 Date Figure 21. Comparison of fecal coliform data collected during winter and summer months at Site 21, near Plaza of Nations.
35 3 25 16 2 21 Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 2 15 1 5 January February March April May June July August September October November December Figure 22. Comparison of raw fecal coliform concentrations at three shoreline stations (Site 16, west of Burrard St. Bridge; Site 21, near Plaza of Nations; and Site 2, near Science World) by month (data from 199 to 22). 85
1 9 8 Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 7 6 5 4 3 R 2 =.1469 2 1 5 1 15 2 Precipitation in preceding 24 hours (mm) Figure 23. Linear regression of fecal coliforms versus precipitation in the preceding 24 hours at Site 16. 86
25 2 Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 15 1 R 2 =.73 5 5 1 15 2 Precipitation in preceding 24 hours (mm) Figure 24. Linear regression of fecal coliforms versus precipitation in the preceding 24 hours at Site 2. 87
18 16 14 Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 12 1 8 6 R 2 =.139 4 2 5 1 15 2 Precipitation in preceding 24 hours (mm) Figure 25. Linear regression of fecal coliforms versus precipitation in the preceding 24 hours at Site 21. 88
18 16 14 12 CSO Discharge (m 3 ) 1 8 6 4 R 2 =.533 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1-2 -4 Precipitation in preceding 24 hours (mm) Figure 26. Regression of CSO discharges from Heather Street CSO and precipitation in the preceding 24-hour period. 89
35, Overflow volume (cubic metres) F-1 Enterococci 3, F-12 Enterococci 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, 9 Heather Street CSO discharge (m 3 ) Oct 26, 1 Dec 15, 1 Feb 3, 2 Mar 25, 2 May 14, 2 Jul 3, 2 Aug 22, 2 Oct 11, 2 Nov 3, 2 Date 1 9 8 7 Enterococci (MPN/1 ml) Figure 27. Comparison of Heather Street CSO discharges with enterococci concentrations at sites F1 and F12. 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 9 8 7 Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 6 5 4 3 2 1 R 2 = 5E-5 5, 1, 15, 2, 25, 3, Salinity (mg/l) Figure 28. Comparison of fecal coliform concentrations and salinity at Site 16. 91
3 25 Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 2 15 1 5 R 2 =.5 5 1 15 2 25 3 Salinity (mg/l) Figure 29. Comparison of fecal coliform concentrations and salinity at Site 2. 92
18 16 14 Fecal coliforms (MPN/1 ml) 12 1 8 6 4 2 R 2 =.8 2 7 12 17 22 27 Salinity (mg/l) Figure 3. Comparison of fecal coliform concentrations and salinity at Site 21. 93
1% % Compliant % Non-compliant 9% 8% % Compliance / Non-compliance 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 16 F4 F5 F6 23 22 18 F8 F7 F9 F1 17 F12 F11 F13 19 F14 F15 21 21A 21B 21C F16 F17 2 2A 2B 2C F18 Site Figure 31. Percent attainment of enterococci geometric means at shoreline and mid-channel sites with B.C. Secondary-contact Recreation Guidelines based on 1.6% illness rate (geometric mean < 1/1 ml) 94
1% % Compliant % Non-compliant 9% 8% % Compliance / Non-compliance 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % F2 F3 16 F4 F5 F6 23 22 18 F8 F7 F9 F1 17 F12 F11 F13 19 F14 F15 21 21A 21B 21C F16 F17 2-2 2A 2B 2C F18 Site Figure 32. Percent attainment of enterococci geometric means at shoreline and mid-channel sites with EPA Secondary-contact Recreation Guidelines based on 1.9% illness rate (geometric mean < 175/1 ml) 95
1% % Compliant % Non-compliant 9% 8% % Compliance / Non-compliance 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % F2 F3 16 F4 F5 F6 23 22 18 F8 F7 F9 F1 17 F12 F11 F13 19 F14 F15 21 21A 21B 21C F16 F17 2 2A 2B 2C F18 Site Figure 33. Percent attainment of enterococci geometric means at shoreline and mid-channel sites with EPA Secondary-contact Recreation Guidelines based on recommended 1.4% illness rate (geometric mean < 7/1 ml) 96