Introduction to TEACHER MATERIALS Technology PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT Technology Grade 6 BIGELOW MIDDLE SCHOOL Newton, MA Education TEACHER MATERIALS 10-25-07
P r in c i p l e s o f F l ig h t One of the most innovative and imaginative transportation inventions has been in the area of flight People have been dreaming of flying for years Even great inventors like Leonardo da Vinci thought people should be able to fly like birds Flight was first developed to overcome passions and dreams, only later was it utilized for transportation Each human journey into the sky involved Technology - designing, building, and using a device to extend the human potential Aircraft can be divided into two categories: lighter-than-air craft and heavier-than-air craft Lighter-than-air craft are able to float in the air (like a hot air balloon), while heavier-than-air craft (airplanes and rockets) must apply some sort of power to enable them to fly The first really successful aircraft of any kind was a hot air balloon designed by the French in 1783 They weren't even really sure how the balloon went up, but it did Have you ever heard of the Hindenberg? What was it? How did it work? What happened to it? Today we use blimps instead of Dirigibles Blimps use helium gas, which is much safer than hydrogen Have you ever seen a blimp? What do they look like? What are they used for? If you've ever seen a Super Bowl football game you have probably seen how blimps are sometimes used Do you know who made the first controlled flight in 1903? If you answered the Wright brothers' you are correct The Wright brothers experimented with gliders and even built a wind tunnel to help them develop ways to control the plane in flight In other words they had to know about the forces working against the plane in order to overcome them The plane must overcome four forces: weight, lift, thrust, and drag It is like a four-way tug of war with the plane in the middle An eighteenth-century Swiss scientist named Daniel Bernoulli discovered, when air speeds up its pressure is reduced, and when air slows down its pressure is increased Therefore the air that speeds up over the top of a wing creates a slight suction which pulls upward on the wing At the same time, the air flowing below the wing slows down and bunches up which creates an upward force on the wing Lift is a combination of these two forces Most all airplanes share the same six basic body parts: A fuselage, an engine(s), wings, a rudder, elevators, and ailerons In this activity you will be challenged to construct, fly, and test a paper airplane of your own Your paper airplane will have all the parts of a real plane except you will supply the power by throwing it
Unit overview In this activity you will conduct a scientific experiment on the principles of flight All students will construct a paper airplane, conduct tests about the plane's flight performance, make alterations to the airplane's structure and finally make a conclusion based on your findings All testing is to be done inside the Tech Lab Make sure all of the following steps are completed Construct a paper airplane using one 8 1/2" x 11" piece of paper only (No tape) Step 1 Observe the overall design of your plane Answer the Hypothesis questions for you plane Step 2 Label the wing diagram to illustrate Bernouli s Principle Step 3 Complete the duration tests by measuring the amount of time that your plane stays in the air each time you throw it Count one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand three until the plane lands Step 4 Complete the distance tests by measuring the distance your plane flies each time you throw it Count the squares on the floor to get the distance flown (Each square is 1 foot) Step 5 Complete the aerobatics tests by recording the number of loops, turns, twists, dips, dives, etc that your plane makes during each test flight You will be conducting 9 test flights in all, 3 tests throwing your plane straight ahead, 3 tests throwing it upward, and 3 tests throwing it downward Step 6 In the spaces provided, list all of the places you have flown in your life List the departure city and the destination city for each flight and indicate if it was a round trip After all trips have been listed use the map of the world to estimate the distance you travelled (in miles) for each trip and record the miles in the space provided Finally add all of the miles you have flown together and record the total miles you have flown Step 7 Think about the total miles you have flown in your life WOW! My guess is that it is a HUGE number Imagine driving all that way or taking a boat or train Answer the question in the space provided Step 8 Label the parts of the 747 Jet Airliner diagram Step 9 This is where we get a chance to alter our plane in different ways First, you will add weight to the plane and test it 3 times each Second, you will make ailerons on the wings and record the effect they have on the way the plane flies Last, you will try to make your plane do specific things, like turn to the left or right, do a loop or a twist, fly up in the air or downward, etc Step 10 The Final step in completing this TLA is to reflect on all the data we have collected from this experiment and to write a conclusion based on your findings Good Luck! WHY PAPER AIRPLANES CRASH In order to keep your plane flying, you must make sure the plane is stable Stability keeps the plane balanced and symmetrical and also assures the plane will fly smoothly forward There are three types of stability: pitch stability, directional stability, and roll stability Y SHAPE In order to assure the plane is pitch stable you need weight in the front of the plane This keeps the plane s nose from diving up or down Directional stability is what keeps the plane flying straight Keeping the plane symmetrical (left side = right side) will help you do this Roll stability keeps the plane level A plane without roll stability will have a tendency to spiral to the ground To give the plane roll stability make sure the wings form a slight Y shape (see below) HINT: Sometimes adding a rudder, ailerons, or corner flaps help to keep the plane stable in all areas
Name: Class: Hypothesis Answer the following questions in complete sentences Remember, you are making an educated guess as to how your plane will perform in the following tests Look closely at your plane design and consider many things when making your decisions (Overall plane design, wing size, wing shape, fuselage size and shape, balance of plane design, etc) 1 How long do you think your plane will stay in the air in seconds? 2 How far do you think your plane will fly in feet? 3 Describe what your plane will do when you throw it (fly straight ahead, do flips, loops, turns, dips, etc) 4 Do you think your plane will mostly be a duration flyer, a distance flyer, ans aerobatic flyer, or a combination flyer? 5 Explain why you think your plane will behave this way
Name: Class: Worksheet 1 1 Write the hypothesis and conclusion on the back of this sheet (10 pts) 2 Illustrate Bernoulli's Principle: (5 pts) Shade in the 2 directions the wing will move in when flying Label the wing to show the high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) zones by writing HP or LP in the boxes WING 3 Duration (5 pts) For this category, make three separate test flights Ask a friend to help you time your flights Use the wall clock and watch the second hand to determine the time the plane spends in flight Time the plane from the moment it leaves your hand to the moment it lands If the plane hits a wall or an object, the flight doesn't count Add the three test flights and divide by 3 to get the average duration time Test 1 2 3 Average Time (in seconds) 4 Distance (5 pts) Again, make three separate test flights For each flight use the squares on the tiled floor to determine the distance the plane flies (HINT: each tile is 1 foot square) If the plane hits a wall or an object, the flight doesn't count Test 1 2 3 Average Distance (in feet) 5 Aerobatics (5 pts) For this category, you must fly your plane straight ahead, tilted upward, and tilted downward three times each (You will make nine test flights in all) Record the number of loops, sharp turns, dips, rises and other aerobatic maneuvers the plane makes on the chart below Be as specific as possible Test 1 2 3 Straight Ahead Tilted Upward Tilted Downward
Name: Class: Worksheet 2 6 In the spaces below list all the places you have ever flown Use the map of the world to determine how far (round trip in miles) each trip was and record the mileage Add all of the mileage up and record the total miles flown (10 pts) Departure City Arrival City Miles Departure City Arrival City Miles Total miles flown: Try to imagine how long it would take to drive as far as you have flown Is it possible to drive to every location you have flown to? Perhaps you could reach some of the destinations by boat, if so think how long that would take you 7 How does traveling by boat, car, or train compare to flight? (10 pts) 8 Use the numbers below to label the parts of the plane (10 pts) 1 2 3 Rudder Engine Fuselage Elevators 6 5 4 Wing Ailerons
Name: Class: Alterations #1 9 Now it s time to make some alterations to your plane For this part of the activity it is important to test your plane at least 3 times and record the results after each alteration you make Be sure to be as descriptive as you can, because eventually youcould win prizes if you can remember how to make your planes do the following stunts (10 pts) Test 1 2 3 Add a paper clip to the front of the fuselage Move the paper clip to the middle of the fuselage Move the paper clip to the back of the fuselage For the next few tests you will need to add an aileron to the back of each wing Cut 2 slots the same length on the back side of each wing with scissors The ailerons can be bent up or down to control the plane in flight Record what the plane does in the space provided (10 pts) Test 1 2 3 Bend both ailerons up and test three times Bend both ailerons udown and test three times Bend one aileron up and one down and test three times
Name: Class: Alterations #2 Anyone who flies an airplane must be able to control the plane and make it do what he/she wants it to do For this part of the activity you will be using the data you have collected to try to make your plane behave the way you want it to (You may adjust the weight of your plane, the balance, or the ailerons) Refer back to the previous worksheets to determine the best combination of alterations to accomplish each task Record what you did to your plane to make it do the specific tasks For instance: To make my plane fly to the right I put the left aileron in the up position and the right aileron flat with the wing (simply shade in the aileron combination that worked for your plane) (10 pts) Test Left Aileron Right Aileron Notes Right turn Left turn Fly up Fly down Do a loop Do a twist or spiral Make any other change you want and record the results in this space
Name: Class: Conclusion Answer the following questions in complete sentences Remember, you are answering the following questions as they apply to your plane test results (10 pts ) 1 How close were your hypothesis predictions to your actual flight data? Test Hypothesis Actual Data Average Duration Average Distance What kind of plane (circle one) Distance flyer Duration flyer Aerobatic flyer Combination flyer Distance flyer Duration flyer Aerobatic flyer Combination flyer 2 Explain why your plane flew the way it did before making any changes to it (Did it crash, fly straight, do flips or turns and why did it do that?) 3 Which part or parts of the plane made it fly the way it did? (wing size, wing shape, fuselage, balance, stability, etc) 4 What were you able to do to your plane when you added ailerons to the wings? 5 Explain one way that you improved the way your plane flew (adding weight, ailerons, a rudder etc 6 Why did we only make one change at a time when testing our planes? 7 If you had a chance to make and test another airplane, what would you do differently?
Name: Class: Unit Summary Now that we have finished the Principles of Flight Technology Learning Activity, let s see how much you have learned as a result Answer the following questions the best you can You may use all of the worksheets you have completed in your design portfolio 1 Why was flight first developed? 2 What is flight mostly used for today? 3 List the two categories that all aircraft can be separated into and give one example of each 1 Example: 2 Example: 4 What was the first really successful aircraft to fly designed by the French in 1783? 5 What kind of aircraft was the Hindenberg? (Hint: it was not a blimp) 6 What is the major difference between the Hindenberg and blimps as we know them today? 7 List two common uses for blimps today 1 2 8 Who made the first controlled flight in 1903? 9 What is a wind tunnel used for? 10 How do wind tunnels help engineers when designing new aircraft or testing existing ones? 11 List the four fources a plane must overcome in order to fly 1 2 3 4 12 List the six basic body parts of an airplane 1 2 3 4 5 6 13 How did your plane behave when you added a paper clip to it? 14 How did your plane behave differently when you added ailerons to the wings? 15 What changes(s) did you make to your plane on your own to make it do special stunts? 16 Explain how Bernoulli s Principle is the science behind the way a plane flies WING 17 Explain how flight plays a very important role in our lives today 18 What physical characteristic(s) of your plane made it fly the way it did? Explain 19 On a scale from 1 to 10, how well did you like this TLA? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 What other activities would you like to do next year in Engineering Technology Class?
Parts of an airplane Fuselage Wing Rudder Engine Ailerons Elevators OVERHEAD ORIGINAL
The forces of flying THRUST GRAVITY LIFT DRAG OVERHEAD ORIGINAL
Space Shuttle Hot Air Balloon Cessna Personal Plane Blimp Common Aircraft Wright Brothers plane Biplane Helicopter 747 Commercial Jet OVERHEAD ORIGINAL
objectives Upon completing this activity the student will: Learn the history of flight Understand how the evolution of Technology has influenced the design and implementation of flight Realize the efficiency of air transportation Identify various aircraft Label and define the parts of an aircraft Learn how planes fly by exploring Bernoulli's Principle Apply Bernoulli's Principle to an airfoil in a wind tunnel Learn how the forces of lift, weight, thrust, and drag effect a plane Understand and utilize the design process Demonstrate communication skills through technical drawings Create working models from their designs Understand the connection this activity has with all major subject areas Demonstrate safe work habits in the Technology Laboratory materials 1 ream of 8 ½ x 11" white bond paper Scissors Paper clips Markers and/or colored pencils Map of the world Tape measure or yard sticks Visual aids (plane model) Computer equipped with Microsoft Publisher (if desired) Black and white plain paper printer (if desired) Hand-outs for the students Overhead transparencies
helpful hints The kids are very excited to begin this unit and want to dive in before actually knowing what they are supposed to do No matter how tempting it might be, don't allow them to start constructing until you feel they all understand what is expected of them Have overheads ready and point to them often, the kids seem to follow along better if you have an overhead of the exact page they are looking at I use a lot of visual aids; for instance I have a model plane which I will use to label the parts of a plane and I also have sample paper airplanes for kids who might never have made one I allow some students to use the computers to generate their planes Microsoft Publisher has a template and a setup wizard to walk the students through the process of selecting a design and also adding graphics-cool stuff! I allow them to color and name their planes It gives the students a sense of ownership and the take pride in the planes I use plain white paper for construction so they can color on them I do not allow them to use glue because they tend to go overboard with it Make a plane along with them, they enjoy seeing your ideas I always have a little contest at the end to see which plane will fly the furthest, stay in the air the longest, and can fly the most accurately I give Whitman's chocolates out for the winners They love it! frameworks The following list contains the standards that meet or exceed the requirements for Technology Education as written in the Science & Technology Curriculum Frameworks for Grades 5-8: STRAND 3: TECHNOLOGY 1 The Design Process 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 2 The nature and impact of Technology 21, 22, 23 3 Technology yesterday, today and tomorrow 33 4 The tools and machines of Technology 41, 42 5 Resources of Technology 51, 52, 53 6 Technological areas of communication, construction, manufacturing, transportation, and power technologies 61, 64, 65
references Blackburn & Lammers (1996) KIDS Paper Air Plane Book New York: Workman Publishing ISBN 0-7611-0478-X Johnson & Farrar-Hunter (1993) Exploring Transportation South Holland, Ill, Goodheart-Willcox, Inc ISBN 0-87006-979-9 Kasicki (1991) The Resources and Projects Book Albany, New York: Delmar Publishers Inc ISBN 0-8273-5265-4 McCormack (1981) Inventors Workshop San Diego, California: Creative Learning Inc ISBN 0-8224-9783-2 Morris (1996) The Best Paper Aircraft New York, New York: Perigree Books ISBN 0-399-51301-9 Sheets & De Old (1993) Transportation Activities Albany, New York: Delmar Publishers Inc ISBN 0-8273-5609-9 Thode (1994) Technology Albany, New York: Delmar Publishers Inc ISBN 0-8273-5098-8 MATERIALS: Whitewings - Great paper airplanes to use with the kids AG Industrial Inc 3832 148th Avenue, NE Redmond, WA 98052 (206) 885-4599 The Nature Company In the Mall Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aviation Education Programs 12 New England Executive Park Burlington, MA 01803 (617) 238-7378 wwwnefaagov
interdisciplines The following is how the TLA, Principles of Flight, connects with other subject areas: Art: Decorating the planes, aestetics, creativity of designs Language Arts: Describing flight results through writing, communicating through writing Mathematics: Measuring, timing, adding, averaging, estimating, proportion Science: Forces, mass, gravity, Bernoulli s Principle, molecules of air Social Studies: History of flight, Impact on society, plotting flight routes, international relations, revolution of flight industry Technology: Aircraft design, aerodynamics, technological innovation, design process, technological impact, future of flight, transportation, tools and machines used in aviation, model building vignette How many of you have ever flown? Almost every hand in the room goes up How many of you like to fly? Again, almost every hand goes up Imagine yourself as a pilot It s your day off and your boss has left you with the keys to a huge 747 passenger plane and an older biplane stunt plane Which plane would you choose to fly around in for the day? Since most students have flown in a large passenger plane most choose the stunt plane some conservative students think the biplane might be too old and rickety and choose the 747 simply for safety, and still others want neither Instead the want to fly a jet fighter or even the space shuttle No matter which plane type they choose, the enthusiasm rises with every new idea Once I have their attention we discuss the history of flight as a class To my amazement quite a few students are aware of some important historical discoveries Most, in fact know about Bernoulli s Principle and are intrigued when I demonstrate this in the wind tunnel They know what s coming Paper Airplanes! The first five minutes of the construction process is always the most hectic, but not necessarily the least productive Students discover that many design might have to be tried before one actually works well They take pride in their planes as I let them color and add graphics to them A few students wanted to try the computer program to design their plane and hey, it worked The testing happens quickly They know once the testing is done they can make changes and experiment with the design in order to do better in the competition The competition wraps up with students assuring me they can, and will, come up with a better plane design tomorrow Awards are given and devoured
Connection to Frameworks Upon completion of this TLA students will have learned and / or demonstrated the following Frameworks Standards: 1 Materials, Tools, and Machines 11 Given a design task, identify appropriate materials (eg, wood, paper, plastic, aggregates, ceramics, metals, solvents, adhesives) based on specific properties and characteristics (eg, weight, strength, hardness, and flexibility) 12 Identify and explain appropriate measuring tools, hand tools, and power tools used to hold, lift, carry, fasten, and separate, and explain their safe and proper use 2 Engineering Design 21 Identify and explain the steps of the engineering design process, ie, identify the need or problem, research the problem, develop possible solutions, select the best possible solution(s), construct a prototype, test and evaluate, communicate the solution(s), and redesign 22 Demonstrate methods of representing solutions to a design problem, eg, sketches, orthographic projections, multi-view drawings 23 Describe and explain the purpose of a given prototype 24 Identify appropriate materials, tools, and machines needed to construct a prototype of a given engineering design 26 Identify the five elements of a universal systems model: goal, inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback 6 Transportation Technologies 61 Identify and compare examples of transportation systems and devices that operate on each of the following: land, air, water, and space 62 Given a transportation problem, explain a possible solution using the universal systems model 62 Identify and describe three subsystems of a transportation vehicle or device, ie, structural, propulsion, guidance, suspension, control, and support 63 Identify and explain lift, drag, friction, thrust, and gravity in a vehicle or device, eg, cars, boats, airplanes, rockets