E: Population VISUALS

Transcription

1 E: Population VISUALS E1: Heaton Woollen Mills, 1860 Heaton is a suburb of Bradford, which was in the 1860s a world renowned centre of the woollen industry. It specialised in the production of worsteds, a lightweight, though coarse grained, woollen cloth. Worsteds were well suited to the mass production of woollen clothing and factory production saw the town grow very rapidly. Its population expanded eight fold from 1801 to 1861 (13,000 to 106,000) Source: Mary Evans Picture Library E2: A Ward in the Hospital for Sick Children, 1865 The Hospital for sick children at Great Ormond Street, London, first opened with only ten beds in The driving force behind the hospital s creation was Dr Charles West, who specialized in diseases of women and children. The hospital s fame rapidly grew, not least because it was under the patronage of Queen Victoria. 1

2 Source: Copyright Museum of London E3: Goodbye on the Mersey This oil painting from 1881, which now hangs in Liverpool s Walker Art Gallery, is by the French artist James Tissot. It shows a respectable family waving farewell to friends or relatives bound on an ocean liner for the United States. 2

3 Evans, The Shaping of Modern Britain Source: Courtesy of National Museums Liverpool 3

4 SIGNIFICANT STATS 1. Both in size and economic activity, England was the dominant nation in the United Kingdom between 1801 and Its degree of domination differed over the period, however. In 1801, only 53% of the UK population lived in England. By 1914, this proportion had increased to 75%. 2. For most of the period, the population of the four North Western counties increased at a faster rate than any region. Stimulated by the rapid development of industry, particularly in Lancashire, the 1810s and 1820s, both saw population increasing by almost 24%. By the 1890s and 1900s, however, improved transport was making an impact on where people lived. In both of these decades, the growth of population was fastest in the East Midlands and East Anglia. 3. Although overall death rates gradually decreased during the second half of the nineteenth century, infant mortality rates remained obstinately high at around 150 per 1000 live births until the first decades of the twentieth century, when they declined first to and then to

5 E.i Population of the UK, (in 000s) The figures to the right of the population indicators give the percentage increase/decrease in population per decade from England Wales Scotland Ireland Total , ,435 4,048 13, ,740 4, , ,625 5,216 15, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , National population growth rates, in percentages

6 Note: Irish population statistics are radically affected by the impact of the potato famine of On the eve of the famine in 1845, Irish population stood at an estimated 8.3m. It fell continuously thereafter until 1916 when it stood at 4,273,000, a decline of approximately 48.5%. Total population growth in the UK (which includes Ireland) between 1801 and 1845 is estimated at about 75%. Sources English population figures are taken from the extensive recalculations of Wrigley and Schofield, The Population History of England, (1981), pp. 534, 588. Welsh figures are taken from the Census. Figures for Scotland are derived from M. Flinn et al., Scottish Population History from the Seventeenth Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977), p Figures for Ireland are derived from S. Daultry, D. Dickson and C. O Grada, Eighteenth century Irish population: New Perspectives from Old Sources Journal of Economic History, xli (1981), pp , W. E. Vaughan and A. J. Fitzpatrick (eds), Irish Historical Statistics: Population, (1978), pp

7 E.ii.1 English population growth by region, (in 000s) % % % % % % % increase 1821 increase 1831 increase 1841 increase 1851 increase 1861 increase 1871 increase 1. North west 1,023 1, , , , , , , North east 1,177 1, , , , , , West Midlands 4. East Midlands , , , , , , East Anglia 1,051 1, , , , , , , South Midlands , , , London and environs 1,265 1, , , , , , , South 935 1, , , , , , , South west 1,103 1, , , , , , , North West North East West Midlands East Midlands East Anglia South Midlands London & environs

8 South South west (7.92) Notes The following county categorizations have been used. North west: North east: West Midlands: East Midlands: East Anglia: South Midlands: London and environs: South: South west: Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancashire, Cheshire. Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire. Staffordshire, Shropshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire. Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Rutland. Lincolnshire, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex. Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire. London, Middlesex, Surrey. Wiltshire, Dorset, Hampshire, Sussex, Kent. Gloucestershire, Monmouthshire, Somerset, Devon, Cornwall. Source : Calculations from county figures in Mitchell and Deane, op. cit., pp

9 E.ii.2 Changing regional balance of population, Percentages of total English population in given categories North Midlands and East Anglia South Industrial and Commercial counties Mixed counties Agricultural counties North Midlands & East Anglia South Industrial & Commercial counties Mixed counties Agricultural counties (NB: Because of rounding, and also some Census inconsistency, totals to not add to exactly 100%) Notes 1. The regional classification derives from the list in E.ii.1. North comprises 1 and 2, the Midlands and East Anglia categories 3 6 and the South categories The economic and function divisions here follow those in P.Deane & W.A.Cole, British Economic Growth, (Cambridge University Press, 1964), p103 Industrial and Commercial counties are: Durham, Gloucestershire, Kent, London, Lancashire, Middlesex, Northumberland, Staffordshire, Surrey, Warwickshire, Yorkshire (West Riding) Mixed counties are: Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Devon, Dorset, Hampshire, Leicestershire, Monmouth, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Shropshire, Somerset, Westmorland, Worcestershire, Yorkshire (East Riding), Yorkshire (North Riding) 9

10 Agricultural counties are: Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdon, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Oxfordshire, Rutland, Suffolk, Sussex, Wiltshire At the margin, such a categorization is arbitrary, especially since, in order to indicate change over a long period of time, a static model has been adopted. Clearly, the predominant functions of many counties change. It is odd, for example, to see Essex categorized as agricultural by the 1890s when so much of the economic activity in the south of the county has been influenced by London. The tables show broad trends only. Monmouth, now in south east Wales, is included here as an English county. This is for completeness, since Monmouth s status as Welsh had been uncertain since the Second Act of Union between England and Wales in Not until the local government reorganisation of 1974 was the county unequivocally determined to be part of Wales. 10

11 E.iii Population of towns, Preliminary note: An attempt is made here to chart the growth of representative British towns. Choice is inevitably subjective; I have tried to include towns both of large and modest growth as also centres of expanding industry and those of relatively stagnant production such as the workshop textile centres of the South west which were by passed by factory developments further north. The categories below are not mutually exclusive, but it is useful to distinguish between the major centres of cotton and woollen manufacture (b) and other important towns whose units of manufacturing production remained relatively small (workshop rather than factory dominated) until at least 1850 (c). Category (d) includes market, administrative and leisure centres, although some manufactures were carried on in each of them. Category (e) defines itself; category (f) towns are either railway towns or heavyindustry towns which developed largely because of railway provision. Note that local government reorganisation in the 1880s and 1890s enabled population figures to be cited either as shown in the census of the appropriate year or by using figures for the area of the town as computed at subsequent censuses. The former method has been used for census figures in 1891, 1901 and Population (in 000s) Pre (a) London ,139 1,380 1,656 1,949 2,363 2,808 3,261 Rate of growth, : 146%; Rate of growth, : 92% (b) Factory textile towns Blackburn Bolton 12 (1789) Bradford 4 (1781) Glasgow 62 (1791) Halifax

12 Leeds Manchester Oldham Paisley 14 (1792) Preston 6 (1791) Salford 8 (1788) Stockport 5 (1779) (c) Other manufacturing towns Average rate of growth, : 299% Population (in 000s) Pre Barnstaple Birmingham 42 (1778) Coventry Derby 9 (1788) Devizes Edinburgh 85 (1791) Leicester 13 (1785) Merthyr Tydfil Northampton Norwich

13 Sheffield Swansea Trowbridge Walsall Wolverhampton (d) County and leisure towns Rate of growth : 186% Bath Brighton Chester Ipswich Margate Scarborough Shrewsbury Worcester York

14 Rate of growth : 139% Population (in 000s) Pre (e) Ports Bristol Cardiff Hull Liverpool Newcastle upon Tyne Southampton Sunderland Whitehaven 10 (1775) Yarmouth, Gt 13 (1784) Rate of growth, : 214% (f) New towns Barrow Crewe Middlesbrough Swindon

15 a) London b) Factory textile towns Blackburn Bolton Bradford Glasgow Halifax Leeds Manchester Oldham Paisley Preston Salford Stockport Average rate of growth : 299% Average rate of growth : 146% 15

16 c) Other manufacturing towns Barnstaple Birmingham Coventry Derby Devizes Edinburgh Leicester Merthyr Tydfil Northampton Norwich Sheffield Swansea Trowbridge Walsall Wolverhampton Average rate of growth : 186% Average rate of growth : 133% 16

17 d) County and Leisure Towns Bath Brighton Chester Ipswich Margate Scarborough Shrewsbury Worcester York Average rate of growth : 139% Average rate of growth : 74% 17

18 e) Ports Bristol Cardiff Hull Liverpool Newcastle upon Tyne Southampton Sunderland Whitehaven Yarmouth (Great) Average rate of growth : 214% Average rate of growth : 124% 18

19 f) New towns Barrow in Furness Crewe Middlesborough Swindon Average rate of growth : Average rate of growth : 1211% Sources The censuses of 1851 and 1871 list of population figures from , Pre 1801 estimates mostly derive from C. M. Law, Some notes on the urban population of England and Wales in the eighteenth century, Local Historian, x (1972), pp and from J. Sinclair, The Statistical Account of Scotland (21 vols, Edinburgh, 1795). Estimates are for 1775 except where reasonably accurate local censuses exist; the dates of such censuses are shown in parentheses. Estimates for Barrow in 1851 and 1861 are drawn from J. D. Marshall, Furness and the Industrial Revolution (Barrow, 1958), pp. 201, 281. A 1788 estimate of Salford s population derives from J. Aitkin, A Description of the Country Thirty to Forty Miles around Manchester (1795), pp

20 E.iv.1 Baptisms and birth rates in England and Wales, (a) Total baptisms (Anglican) Annual average per decade (in 000s) 1780s s s s s s (b) Total births and birth rate Annual average per decade (in 000s) Births Birth rate per 1, s s s s s s s s Note Many children born to non Anglican parents were not baptized according to the Anglican rite and are not included in Table (a). Table (b) derives from civil registration data and is more comprehensive. Source Mitchell and Deane, op. cit., pp E.iv.2 Burials, death rates and infant mortality in England and Wales, (a) Total burials (Anglican) Annual average per decade (in 000s) 1780s s s s s

21 1830s (b) Total deaths, death rate and infant mortality rate, Annual average per decade (in 000s) Deaths Death rate Infant mortaliy per 1,000 live births 1840s s s s s s s s Note Infant mortality figures are for deaths of children under the age of 1 year who had been born alive. Source Mitchell and Deane, op. cit., pp. 28, 34, 36. E.v Age structure of the British population in 1851 and 1871 (in 000s) 1851 % 1871 % Males 0 4 1, , Females 0 4 1, , Males , , Females , , Males , , Females , , Males , , Females , , Males , Females , Males Females Total males 10, , Total females 10, ,

22 1891 % 1911 % Males (6.15) 2204 (5.40) Females (6.13) 2183 (5.34) Males (11.43) 4100 (10.04) Females (11.42) 4101 (10.04) Males (16.53) 6777 (16.59) Females (17.80) 7315 (17.91) Males ( 9.60) 4535 (11.10) Females (10.42) 4886 (11.96) Males ( 4.17) 1905 ( 4.66) Females ( 4.98) 2234 ( 5.47) Males ( 0.56) 234 ( 0.57) Females ( 0.79) 357 ( 0.87) Total Males 16,002 (48.45) 19,755 (48.36) Total Females: 17,025 (51,55) 21,076 (51.59) Note Population figures as from England, Wales and Scotland. Source Calculations from figures in Mitchell and Deane, op. cit., pp

23 Evi: Emigration E.vi.1 Movement of UK citizens to non European ports per decade, and destinations. 1850s United States British (Totals are in thousands.) North America Australia South Africa TOTAL (1853 9) s s s s s s ( ) TOTALS 7606 (60%) 2425 (19%) 1971 (16%) 656 (5%)

24 Notes: Usable records begin in 1853 The records chart movement of UK citizens. Not all of them were emigrants, although it is clear that even from the 1880s when more wealthy UK citizens undertook long distance travel by sea a substantial majority were. Emigration from Ireland was predominant, especially during the 1850s. See the Table below, which includes Irish emigrants to Britain. E.vi.2 Numbers and proportions of emigrants from Ireland, (Figures are in thousands) Estimate proportion of Irish Population emigrating 1840s ( ): s s s s s s s Notes: The peak years for emigration were , during which time 1.5m people left Ireland. Emigration from Ireland on a mass scale had begun well before the Irish Famine of About a quarter of a million Irish settled in the Americas in the second half of the eighteenth century. More than a million emigrated between the end of the French Wars in 1815 and the onset of Famine in Of the Irish who emigrated beyond Britain, about 70 per cent went to the United States and nearly all of the remainder to Canada. 24

25 E.vii Estimates of the distribution of the British labour force, (in 000,000s) Agriculture, fisheries and forestry % (35.4) (32.7) (29.0) (25.0) (22.6) (21.6) (18.5) (15.0) Manufactures, mining and industry % (29.1) (30.9) (38.7) (41.7) (39.2) (42.2) (43.5) (44.2) Trade and transport % (10.4) (10.9) (12.9) (12.5) (14.2) (15.5) (16.7) (19.2) Domestic and personal % (12.5) (12.7) (12.9) (12.5) (14.2) (13.4) (13.9) (15.0) Public service and professional % (6.3) (7.3) (4.8) (4.2) (3.6) (5.2) (5.6) (5.8) Total Estimated Employed Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry 1.7m Percentage (13.0) (10.8) (9.1) (8.7) Manufactures, Mining, Industry & Building Percentage (43.8) (43.9) (47.0) (47.0) Trade & Transport Percentage (21.5) (23.0) (22.0) (21.9) Domestic & Personal Percentage (15.4) (15.5) (14.0) (14.2) Public Service & Professional Percentage (6.2) (6.8) (7.9) (8.2) ESTIMATED TOTAL EMPLOYED

26 Notes: These figures should be used with considerable caution; they can give only general trends and indications. Since occupational categories were not included in the census until 1841 the figures for are little more than extrapolations and, as Deane and Cole put it, order ofmagnitude estimates. Even after 1841, categorization is both imprecise and liable to fluctuation. Censuses also under estimated the numbers of part time employees. This particularly understates the number of women in the workforce. There is a small residual category of other employment not included here. Percentages, however, are calculated from the total known or estimated occupied population, and not according to the method employed by Deane and Cole which seems to exaggerate the public service and professional category unwarrantably. Source Deane and Cole, op. cit., pp