Zones metropolitaines: sources de croissance. Montreal, 7 Mai 2009

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1 Zones metropolitaines: sources de croissance Montreal, 7 Mai 2009

2 Concentration matters Urbanisation: Percentage yearly change in total population living in large urban TL3 regions in the whole country; 1995 to 2005 national Turkey Australia France Mexico United States OECD (20) total Spain Canada Sweden Germany Austria Greece nited Kingdom Netherlands Portugal Japan Belgium Italy Korea Poland Hungary large urban regions -2% 0% 2% 4% Population concentration: Percent of national population which lives in the 10% of TL3 regions with the largest population Australia Canada Iceland United Mexico Turkey Greece Spain Sweden OECD Portugal New Switzerl Italy Finland Korea Japan Austria United Hungary Germany France Netherla Ireland Norway Poland Denmark Belgium Czech Slovak % 49% 47% 42% 41% 38% 38% 33% 33% 29% 28% 28% 27% 24% 22% 21% 21% 18% 17% 17% 12% 0% 50% 63% 61% Concentration is a fact of life: Countries even in OECD- are increasingly being urbanised. People are constantly concentrating Economic activity is often concentrated in a few places Turkey Greece Portugal Sweden Hungary Finland Spain Austria Canada (TL2) New Zealand Japan Mexico (TL2) Italy United States OECD(27) France United Germany Korea Norway Ireland Poland Czech Australia Netherlands Denmark Slovak Belgium Economic concentration: Percent of national GDP in the 10% TL3 regions with largest GDP % 53% 49% 47% 46% 44% 44% 44% 43% 42% 41% 40% 40% 38% 37% 37% 31% 30% 30% 28% 27% 25% 24% 22% 21% 0% 20% 40% 60%

3 Cities are key engines of national economies. Most of the largest OECD metro-regions have a higher GDP per capita than their national average, a higher labour productivity level, and many of them tend to have faster growth rates than their countries. Higher GDP per capita Benefits of Agglomeration Higher Productivity. Agglomeration economies. The concentration of jobs and firms can be beneficial: pooled labour markets, backward and forward linkages among firms, and knowledge spill-overs can lead to higher productivity growth. Higher Employment -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% -50% 0% 50% 100% -30,0% -20,0% -10,0% 0,0% 10,0% 20,0% WARSAW BUDAPEST PARIS PRAGUE MEXICO CITY HOUSTON ATHENS ROME MINNEAPOLIS STOCKHOLM MILAN DALLAS VIENNA GUADALAJARA HELSINKI ATLANTA AICHI SAN DIEGO BARCELONA OECD AVERAGE DUBLIN ISTANBUL PUEBLA TURIN PORTLAND RANDSTAD-HOLLAND BUSAN COPENHAGEN MELBOURNE PITTSBURGH ST.LOUIS PHOENIX KRAKOW ANKARA VALENCIA MANCHESTER TAMPA BAY LILLE BERLIN DEAGU WARSAW BUSAN SAN FRANCISCO WASHINGTON NEW YORK AUCKLAND BUDAPEST BOSTON SEATTLE PARIS ATHENS PRAGUE DENVER LOS ANGELES SAN DIEGO DETROIT OECD AVERAGE BRUSSELS CLEVELAND MADRID ZURICH FRANKFURT HANBURG OSAKA PORTLAND LONDON MILAN STUTTGART BARCELONA MIAMI PHOENIX MELBOURNE ST.LOUIS FUKUOKA TAMPA BAY LILLE VANCOUVER MONTREAL LEEDS NAPLES MINNEAPOLIS BARCELONA BUDAPEST KRAKOW TURIN VALENCIA WASHINGTON ZURICH BRUSSELS WARSAW ST.LOUIS SYDNEY TAMPA BAY PHOENIX AICHI LONDON SAN DIEGO BALTIMORE VANCOUVER DALLAS PHILADELPHIA OECD AVERAGE LEEDS ATHENS MONTREAL ANKARA COPENHAGEN LOS ANGELES STUTTGART PARIS NEW YORK VIENNA HOUSTON BIRMINGHAM FUKUOKA MONTERREY OSAKA PUEBLA RHINE-RUHR NAPLES

4 Challenges of Agglomeration Success should not be taken for granted. Diseconomies can emerge due to negative externalities including congestion, environmental degradation and social disorder (declining neighbourhoods, criminality). 25% National productivity grow th Metro-region productivity grow th 6% 20% 4% 15% 2% Productivity Growth 10% 5% 0% -2% 0% -4% -5% Prague Krakow Budapest Busan Seoul Dublin Vienna Stuttgart Helsinki Daegu Hamburg Brussels Osaka Copenhaguen Paris Munich Fukuoka Tokyo Izmir Athens Berlin Aichi Frankfurt Lyon Ankara Milan Oslo Rhine-Ruhr Turin Lille Rome Naples Barcelona Randstad-Holland Istanbul Stockholm Valencia Madrid -6% London Prague Leeds Manchester Birmingham Naples Stockholm Rome Milan Lyon Warsow Busan Turin Munich Dublin Stuttgart Helsinki Tokyo Fukuoka Lisbon Valencia Madrid Copenhagen Paris Aichi Frankfurt Lille Brussels Seoul Oslo Ankara Hamburg Randstad-Holland Osaka Vienna Istanbul Rhine-Ruhr Barcelona Berlin Athens Izmir Krakow Daegu Budapest Cities can falter. A group of cities systematically performs below their national averages, for almost all types of socio-economic indicators. In many cities, wealth creation does not produce enough job creation (more than one-third of the largest metro-regions have above national average unemployment rates) and activity rate is lower than other types of regions.

5 Cities and Disparities In many cases intra-regional disparities are widest in large metro-regions in the OECD.

6 Cities and Climate Change Cities concentrate half of the world population but responsible for 2/3 of total energy and CO2 emissions (IEA World Energy Outlook 2008) Mtoe Gt non-oecd OECD CO2 (right axis) Cities World Cities World Cities World % of projected growth in city energy use from non-oecd countries