Historical Manufacturing Data for Virginia and the United States in 1870

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1 Historical Manufacturing Data for Virginia and the United States in 1870 May 2015

2 For additional information or explanation of the content of this document, you may contact the Economic/Operations Research section at (804) , or

3 Virginia Manufacturing

4 4 Virginia Manufacturing and Wages by Industry in 1870 Mechanical and Manufacturing Industries Establishments Hands Employed Percent of Total Hands Employed Average per Establishment Average Annual Wage Total 5,933 26, % 5 $198 Agricultural implements % 7 $385 Bark, ground % 3 $196 Baskets % 39 $244 Blacksmithing 825 1, % 2 $71 Bleaching and dyeing % 9 $158 Bookbinding % 11 $194 Boots and shoes % 2 $124 Boxes, cheese % 2 $50 Boxes, packing % 8 $357 Boxes, tobacco % 8 $378 Boxes, paper % 10 $200 Brass founding and finishing % 2 $150 Bread, crackers, and other bakery products % 4 $283 Brick % 11 $125 Bridge building % 11 $504 Brooms and wisp-brushes % 2 $93 Butchering % 2 $33 Carpentering and building % 3 $232 Carriages and wagons % 3 $216 Cars, freight and passenger % 67 $552 Cement % 14 $293 Cheese % 6 $54 Clothing, men's % 3 $233 Clothing, women's % 2 $102 Coffins % 2 $248 Confectionary % 3 $293 Cooperage % 3 $153 Cordage and twine % 4 $300 Cotton goods, not specified 11 1, % 158 $132 Dentistry, mechanical % 1 $0 Dye-woods and dye-stuffs, ground % 2 $100 Engraving and stencil-cutting % 2 $117 Excelsior, (for upholstery) % 7 $39 Fertilizers % 6 $316

5 Mechanical and Manufacturing Industries Establishments Hands Employed Percent of Total Hands Employed Average per Establishment Average Annual Wage Files % 3 $400 Flouring and grist mill products 1,556 2, % 2 $134 Furniture, not specified % 2 $192 Furniture, chairs % 11 $112 Gas % 19 $680 Gloves and mittens % 11 $89 Gunsmithing % 2 $297 Hats and caps % 3 $126 Hubs, spokes, bows, shafts, wheels, and felloes % 7 $239 Husks, prepared % 30 $167 Iron, blooms % 28 $242 Iron, forged and rolled % 58 $473 Iron, nails and spikes, cut and wrought % 160 $531 Iron, pigs 18 1, % 58 $262 Iron, castings, not specified % 10 $367 Iron, castings, stoves % 3 $422 Jewelry, not specified % 2 $450 Lamps and lanterns % 6 $500 Lead, pig % 42 $143 Leather, tanned % 2 $141 Leather, curried % 1 $97 Lime % 5 $399 Liquors, distilled % 3 $167 Liquors, malt % 5 $342 Locksmithing and bellhanging % 1 $63 Looking-glass and picture frames % 3 $154 Lumber, planed % 4 $228 Lumber, sawed 605 2, % 4 $151 Machinery, not specified % 17 $390 Machinery, railroad repairing % 30 $600 Machinery, steam engines and boilers % 50 $480 Marble and stone work, not specified % 8 $800 Marble and stone work, monuments and tombstones % 2 $114 Masonry, brick and stone % 3 $132 Meat, packed, pork % 36 $31 Source: 1870 U.S. Census 5

6 6 Virginia Manufacturing and Wages by Industry in 1870 (continued) Mechanical and Manufacturing Industries Establishments Hands Employed Percent of Total Hands Employed Average per Establishment Average Annual Wage Millinery % 2 $120 Millwrighting % 2 $27 Mineral and soda waters % 5 $329 Molasses and syrup, principally sorghum % 2 $0 Oil, fish % 12 $130 Oil, vegetable, essential % 4 $286 Oil, vegetable, linseed % 2 $25 Oysters and fish, canned % 8 $46 Painting % 2 $114 Paper % 19 $408 Patent medicines and compounds % 1 $0 Photographs % 2 $164 Plaster, ground % 2 $97 Plastering % 3 $159 Plumbing and gasfitting % 4 $284 Printing and publishing, book % 8 $63 Printing and publishing, newspaper % 11 $644 Printing and publishing, job % 6 $416 Pumps % 2 $79 Saddlery and harnesses % 2 $172 Sails % 2 $0 Salt % 4 $0 Sash, doors, and blinds % 8 $293 Saws % 11 $364 Ship building, repairing, and ship materials % 6 $279 Soap and candles % 2 $353 Stone and earthen ware % 3 $172 Sumac, ground % 5 $404 Tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware % 3 $257 Tobacco and cigars % 3 $250 Tobacco, chewing, smoking, and snuffing 94 7, % 79 $155 Tobacco, cigars % 3 $268 Trunks, valises, and satchels % 1 $0 Typefounding % 10 $300 Upholstery % 2 $315

Mechanical and Manufacturing Industries Establishments Hands Employed Percent of Total Hands Employed Average per Establishment Average Annual Wage Vegetables, canned 1 5 0.

7 Mechanical and Manufacturing Industries Establishments Hands Employed Percent of Total Hands Employed Average per Establishment Average Annual Wage Vegetables, canned % 5 $100 Watch and clock repairing % 1 $236 Wheelwrighting % 2 $66 Wooden ware % 35 $229 Wood, turned and carved % 2 $250 Wool-carding and cloth-dressing % 2 $29 Woolen goods % 11 $278 Source: 1870 U.S. Census 7

8 Manufacturing in Virginia ,000-7, no data Virginia Total = 26,974 Source: 1870 U.S. Census Note: In 1870, cities were not separate from counties, so there is no city data, except for those cities that were once counties. For example, Princess Anne County became Virginia Beach. Dickenson County was formed in 1880 from parts of Buchanan, Tazewell, and Wise counties. 8

9 Manufacturing Average Annual Wage in Virginia $300 - $393 $250 - $299 $200 - $249 $150 - $199 $100 - $149 $50 - $99 $12 - $49 no data Virginia Average = $198 Source: 1870 U.S. Census Note: In 1870, cities were not separate from counties, so there is no city data, except for those cities that were once counties. For example, Princess Anne County became Virginia Beach. Dickenson County was formed in 1880 from parts of Buchanan, Tazewell, and Wise counties. 9

10 10

11 United States Manufacturing 1870 and

12 12 States and Territories Manufacturing Wage and in the United States and Territories in 1870 and Average Annual Wage 1870 Manufacturing Percent of 1870 U.S. Manufacturing 2014 Average Annual Wage 2014 Manufacturing Percent of 2014 U.S. Manufacturing Alabama $270 8, % $47, , % Alaska purchased 1867; not part of 1870 Census $38,960 14, % Arizona* $ % $51, , % Arkansas $210 3, % $40, , % California $517 25, % $59,576 1,269, % Colorado* $ % $56, , % Connecticut $435 89, % $63, , % Delaware $380 9, % $46,284 25, % District of Columbia $429 4, % $101,751 1, % Florida $360 2, % $49, , % Georgia $271 17, % $50, , % Hawaii annexed 1898 $36,954 13, % Idaho* $ % $48,943 60, % Illinois $375 82, % $53, , % Indiana $312 58, % $52, , % Iowa $275 25, % $48, , % Kansas $347 6, % $52, , % Kentucky $308 30, % $46, , % Louisiana $153 30, % $58, , % Maine $290 49, % $50,165 50, % Maryland $283 44, % $53, , % Massachusetts $ , % $60, , % Michigan $333 63, % $54, , % Minnesota $359 11, % $54, , % Mississippi $260 5, % $43, , % Missouri $475 65, % $52, , % Montana* $ % $33,895 18, % Nebraska $537 2, % $42,342 97, % Nevada $874 2, % $35,263 41, % New Hampshire $339 40, % $54,865 66, % New Jersey $432 75, % $54, , % New Mexico* $ % $34,496 28, %

States and Territories 1870 Average Annual Wage 1870 Manufacturing Percent of 1870 U.S. Manufacturing 2014 Average Annual Wage 2014 Manufacturing Percent of 2014 U.S. Manufacturing New York $405 351,800 17.

13 States and Territories 1870 Average Annual Wage 1870 Manufacturing Percent of 1870 U.S. Manufacturing 2014 Average Annual Wage 2014 Manufacturing Percent of 2014 U.S. Manufacturing New York $ , % $53, , % North Carolina $161 13, % $46, , % North Dakota* $ % $47,465 26, % Ohio $ , % $52, , % Oklahoma Indian $46, , % Oregon $388 2, % $47, , % Pennsylvania $ , % $49, , % Rhode Island $392 49, % $53,617 40, % South Carolina $190 8, % $49, , % South Dakota* $ % $43,124 42, % Tennessee $278 19, % $44, , % Texas $226 7, % $58, , % Utah* $258 1, % $47, , % Vermont $335 18, % $44,648 31, % Virginia $198 26, % $47, , % Washington* $560 1, % $70, , % West Virginia $370 11, % $43,227 47, % Wisconsin $309 43, % $49, , % Wyoming* $ % $42,240 9, % USA $378 2,053, % $52,844 12,188, % Source: 1870 U.S. Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Statistics. * in 1870; North and South Dakota were one territory. 13

14 AK Manufacturing Average Annual Wages by State and CA Washington OR NV Idaho Utah Montana Wyoming Colorado Dakota NE KS MN IA MO WI IL MI IN OH KY WV NY PA VA NC VT ME NH MA CT NJ DE MD DC RI Arizona New Mexico Indian AR MS TN AL GA SC 14 $874 $600 - $699 $500 - $599 $400 - $499 $300 - $399 $200 - $299 $153 - $199 no data U.S. Average = $378 TX LA Note: Alaska was not included in the 1870 Census; Hawaii was not annexed until Source: 1870 U.S. Census FL

15 AK Manufacturing by State and CA Washington OR NV 100, ,800 50,000-99,999 25,000-49,999 10,000-24,999 5,000-9,999 1,000-4, no data U.S. Total = 2,053,996 Idaho Utah Arizona Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Dakota NE TX KS Indian MN IA MO AR LA WI IL MS IN MI TN AL KY OH GA WV SC PA FL VA NC NY VT ME NH MA Note: Alaska was not included in the 1870 Census; Hawaii was not annexed until Source: 1870 U.S. Census CT NJ DE MD DC RI 15

CIM & Associates 2479 Murfreesboro Road Nashville, TN Tel: Fax:

CIM & Associates 2479 Murfreesboro Road Nashville, TN Tel: Fax: Alabama AL Arkansas AR Arizona AZ California CA (Northern) CA (Southern) Paine & Murray, Inc. 13300 Violet Lane Euless, TX 76040 Tel: 817-868-9584 Fax: 817-545-1312 Email: bruce@painemurray.com Intrex