Wetlands influencing river biogeochemistry: the case study of the Zambezi and the Kafue Rivers
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1 AFRIVAL Project (African River Basins) EGU General Assembly 2014, Vienna Wetlands influencing river biogeochemistry: the case study of the Zambezi and the Kafue Rivers Cristian R. Teodoru 1, Frank C. Nyoni 2,ImasikuNyambe 2, Alberto V. Borges 3, and Steven Bouillon 1 1 K.U. Leuven, Belgium; 2 University of Zambia, IWRM Center, Zambia, 3 University of Liege, Belgium 2 nd International Conference Water Resources and Wetlands Tulcea, Sept, 2014
2 Introduction: AFRIVAL project ( ) AFRIVAL African river basin: catchment scale carbon fluxes and transformation ( joint European Research Council Starting Grant project hosted at the Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences (K.U. Leuven, Belgium) and the Chemical Oceanography Unit(Université de Liège, Belgium) 5-yearfundingtoexploretheroleofAfricanriversincarboncycling Fieldwork within AFRIVAL has taking place in: Kenya: Tana& Sabaki Rivers Niger: Niger River Gabon: Ogooué River Madagascar: Bestiboka and Rianila Rivers Tana River DRC Congo & Central African Republic: Congo River Basin Zambia& Mozambique: Zambezi River Basin Ogooué River Niger River
3 Study site: the Zambezi River The Zambezi River general characteristics 4 th largestinafricaandthelargestflowingintotheindianocean(fromafrica) Totallength:>3000km;Drainagebasin:~1.4x10 6 km 2 (sharedby8countries) AverageannualdischargeatZambeziDelta: m 3 s -1 2largereservoirs:Kariba(5580km 2 ;180km 3 ),andcahorabassa(2670km 2 ;52km 3 ) 2majorwetlands:BarotseFloodplains(7700km 2 ),andchobe(1500km 2 ) Barotse Floodplains Zambezi source Victoria Falls Barotse Floodplains Chobe Kariba Reservoir
4 Study site: the Kafue River The Kafue River general characteristics Main tributary of the Zambezi River(entirely within Zambia) Totallength:>1500km;Drainagebasin:~156,000km 2 AverageannualdischargeattheconfluencewithZambezi:370m 3 s -1 2reservoirs:ItezhiTehzi(365km 2 ;5.5km 3 ),andkafuegorge(13km 2 ;0.8km 3 ) Majorwetlands:Lukanga(2100km 2 ),andkafueflats(6500km 2 ) Lukanga Kafue Flats
5 General characteristics: Climate & Rainfall Climate is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry Annual rainfall varies with latitude: 1400 mm in N to mm in S (mean average rainfall for entire basin: 940 mm) Two seasons: 1. Wet season(oct/nov Apr) corresponding to summer, with 95% of annual rainfall(900 mm) 2. Dry season (May Sep/Oct), corresponding to winter, with 5% of annual rainfall(40 mm). Monthly Precipitation [mm] Wet Season Oct-Apr (900 mm) Dry Season May-Sep (40 mm) 0 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
6 General characteristics: Hydrological cycle Driven by seasonality in rainfall patterns resulting in a bimodal distribution with a single main peakflood(max. Q: Apr/May) and min. flow in Oct/Nov wet season dry season Zambezi River Zambezi (Victoria Falls) Kariba Dam Kafue River Kafue (Hook Bridge) Kafue Gorge Dam 0 1/1/2012 2/1/2012 3/1/2012 4/1/2012 5/1/2012 6/1/2012 7/1/2012 8/1/2012 9/1/ /1/ /1/ /1/2012 1/1/2013 2/1/2013 3/1/2013 4/1/2013 5/1/2013 6/1/2013 7/1/2013 8/1/2013 9/1/ /1/ /1/ /1/2013 1/1/2014 Discharge [m 3 s -1 ] Discharge [m 3 s -1 ] Data [mm/dd/yy]
7 Methods: Sampling strategy 3 sampling campaigns: Wet(Feb-Apr) 2012, Wet(Jan-Apr) 2013, Dry(Oct-Dec) sampling sites: 26 along Zambezi (Kariba & CB Res.), 13 along the Kafue (ITT Res.), and 17 on different tributaries Wet Season Dry Season Victoria Falls Kariba Dam 6000 biweekly monitoring: Zambezi and Kafue 5000 Wet 2012 Wet Discharge [m 3 s -1 ] 10/1/ /1/ /1/2010 1/1/2011 2/1/2011 3/1/2011 4/1/2011 5/1/2011 6/1/2011 7/1/2011 8/1/2011 9/1/ /1/ /1/ /1/2011 1/1/2012 2/1/2012 3/1/2012 4/1/2012 5/1/2012 6/1/2012 7/1/2012 8/1/2012 9/1/ /1/ /1/ /1/2012 1/1/2013 2/1/2013 3/1/2013 4/1/2013 5/1/2013 6/1/2013 7/1/2013 8/1/2013 9/1/ /1/ /1/ /1/2013 1/1/2014 Dry Date [mm/dd/yy]
8 Methods: Measured parameters Physico-chemical: ph, O 2, t, conductivity, Total Alkalinity Total Suspended Matter (TSM) and sediment characterization Concentration and stable isotope (δ 13 C) composition of POC, DOC, DIC, Aquatic metabolism: Bacterial respiration and primary production GHG (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O) concentrations and fluxes Radiocarbon isotopes dating (Δ 14 C POC and Δ 14 C DOC ) In-situ CO 2 measurements Headspace Technique Membrane Equilibrator Floating chamber
9 Results: ph spatio-temporal variability ph [NBS] 10.0 Zambezi (2012 wet) Kariba Res. (2012 wet) C.B. Res. (2012 wet) Zambezi (2013 wet) Kariba Res. (2013 wet) C.B. Res. (2013 dry) Zambezi (2013 dry) kariba Res. (2013 dry) Barotse Floodplains Zambezi River Chobe ph [NBS] Kafue (2012 wet) Kafue (2013 wet) Kafue (2013 dry) Kafue River ITT Res. (2012 wet) ITT Res. (2013 wet) ITT Res. (2013 dry) Lukanga Kafue Gorge Reservoir Kafue Flats ph decreases(more acidic) in-, and downstream wetlands
10 Results: DO spatio-temporal variability Zambezi River Kafue River Dissolved Oxyen [%] 180 ZBZ (2012 wet) Kariba Res. (2012 wet) ZBZ (2013 wet) Kariba Res. (2013 wet) ZBZ (2013 dry) Kariba Res. (2013 dry) Barotse Floodplains Chobe 2 mg L -1 C.B. Res. (2012 wet) C.B. Res. (2013 wet) C.B. Res. (2013 dry) Dissolved Oxygen [%] 180 Kafue (2012 wet) ITT Res. (2012 wet) Kafue (2013 wet) ITT Res. (2013 wet) Kafue (2013 dry) ITT Res. (2013 dry) mg L -1 Lukanga Kafue Flats SignificantDO decreasein-, and downstream wetlands (below2 mg L -1 )
11 Results: CO 2 spatio-temporal dynamics Zambezi River Kafue River Zambezi (2012 wet) Kariba Res. (2012 wet) C.B. Res. (2012 wet) Zambezi (2013 wet) Kariba Res. (2013 wet) C.B. Res. (2013 wet) Zambezi (2013 dry) Kariba Res. (2013 dry) Chobe Shire >13000 ppm Kafue (2012 wet) Kafue (2013 wet) Kafue (2013 dry) ITT Res. (2012 wet) ITT Res. (2013 wet) ITT Res. (2013 dry) Kafue Flats Kafue Gorge Reservoir pco 2 [ppm] Barotse Floodplains Kariba & CB Dam hypolimnetic water release pco 2 [ppm] Lukanga Degassing Vic. Falls atm. CO Substantialincreasein CO 2 in-, and downstream wetlands
12 Results: CH 4 spatio-temporal dynamics Zambezi River Kafue River CH 4 [nmol L -1 ] Zambezi (2012 wet) Zambezi (2013 wet) Zambezi (2013 dry) Barotse Floodplains Kariba Res. (2012 wet) Kariba Res. (2013 wet) Kariba Res. (2013 dry) Chobe C.B. Res. (2012 wet) C.B. Res. (2013 dry) CH 4 [nmol L -1 ] Kafue (2012 wet) Kafue (2013 wet) Kafue (2013 dry) ITT Res. (2012 wet) ITT Res. (2013 wet) ITT Res. (2013 dry) Kafue Flats Lukanga CH 4 increases substantiallyin-, and downstream wetlands
13 Results: TSM & POC spatio-temporal variability Zambezi River Kafue River 1000 ZBZ (2012 wet) ZBZ (2013 wet) ZBZ (2013 dry) Kariba Res. (2012 wet) Kariba Res. (2013 wet) Kariba Res. (2013 dry) C.B. Res. (2012 wet) C.B. Res. (2013 wet) 1000 Kafue (2012 wet) Kafue (2013 wet) Kafue (2013 dry) ITT Res. (2012 wet) ITT Res. (2013 wet) ITT Res. (2013 dry) Chobe Kafue Flats TSM [mg L -1 ] Barotse Floodplains TSM [mg L -1 ] Lukanga Barotse Floodplains Chobe Lukanga Kafue Flats % POC of TSM [%] % increase 2% increase 11% increase -No clear TSM trend -Notable increasein the relative contribution ofpoc to the TSMin-, and downstream wetlands 6 UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM
14 Results: DOC spatio-temporal variability Zambezi River Kafue River 8.0 ZBZ (2012 wet) Kariba Res. (2012 wet) C.B. Res. (2012 wet) ZBZ (2013 wet) Kariba Res. (2013 wet) C.B. Res. (2013 wet) ZBZ (2013 dry) Kariba res. (2013 dry) Barotse Floodplains Chobe Kafue (2012 wet) Kafue (2013 wet) Kafue (2013 dry) Lukanga ITT Res. (2012 wet) ITT Res. (2013 wet) ITT Res. (2013 dry) Kafue Flats DOC [mg L -1 ] DOC [mg L -1 ] DOC increasesin-, and downstream wetlands
15 Results: Carbon Budget Total C Yield: 7165 ktc yr -1 River / Reservoir Area CO 2 flux CH 4 flux CO 2 load CH 4 load Emission Deposition [km 2 ] [mg C m -2 d -1 ] [kt C yr -1 ] Kafue River without reservoirs Itezhi Tezhi Reservoir Kafue Gorge Reservoir ** Kafue River with reservoirs * 18.9* Total C Yield: 23,485 ktc yr -1 Emissions increase 7 fold (16,300 ktc yr -1 ) Zambezi River without reservoirs Kariba Reservoir Cahora Bassa Reservoir ** Zambezi River with reservoirs * 11.5* Zambezi & Kafue Rivers with reservoirs * 12.0*
16 Concluding remarks Wetlands/floodplains have large influence on river biogeochemisty: Decreasing the ph and Dissolved Oxygen concentrations Increasing the Temperature and Evaporation IncreasingCO 2 andch 4,DOCandPOCconcentrations Highly productive ecosystems, wetlands are essential elements of carbon cycle, capable of shifting significantly the balance between Emissions, Storage and Transport components of carbon budgets. Further research (more quantitative data) are needed to better constrain the role ofwetlandsinboth regionaland globalcbudgets,which sofarhas been largely overlooked.
17 Thank you for your attention! Pirates of the Zambezi
18 Introduction: Inland waters in global C cycle The global carbon cycle Major carbon reservoirs Atmosphere Biosphere Ocean Global C budget studies are mostly limited to the three major carbon reservoirs with little or no focus on inland waters
19 Introduction: Inland waters in global C cycle Historical perception Land 0.9 Pg C y -1 Inland waters Ocean 0.9 Pg C y -1 River are passive pipes transporting to oceans terrestrial carbon Research on inland waters suggest that: beside Transport Emitting Storing (Cole et al., Plumbing the global carbon cycle: integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget. Ecosystems 10, )
20 Introduction: Inland waters in global C cycle More recent research (Aufdenkampe et al., Rivers key to coupling biogeochemical cycles between land, oceans and atmosphere. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9, 53 60) based on Batin el al., 2009 Canadell& Raupach, 2008 Global NEP ~3.0 PgC yr (70%) Terrestrial (NEP = GPP + total ER) Freshwater systems function as biogeochemical hot spots
21 Overlooked importance of wetlands Flooded forests and floating macrophytes provide, through litterfall and submerged root respiration, a total of 305±120 Tg C yr -1 of atmospheric carbon to the waters. not significantly different from the CO 2 outgassing flux of 210±60 Tg C yr -1. Central Amazonian waters thus receive at least as much carbon from semi-aquatic plants as they emit to the atmosphere Three-quarters of the world s flooded land consists of temporary wetlands, but the contribution of these productive ecosystems to the inland water carbon budget has been largely overlooked.
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