1. Tell me about some of the Dakota s neighbors. Tell me their names and where they lived.
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1 The Ojibwe
2 1. Tell me about some of the Dakota s neighbors. Tell me their names and where they lived. Answer: To the north were the Assiniboine and the Cree. To the east were the Ho-Chunk and the Mesquakie. The Iowa lived in the south. The Mandan and Hidatsa made their homes in the west. There were also other tribes they would hear about that were far beyond their own lands. They would hear of these tribes through trading with their neighbors.
3 2. Where did the Dakota Territory extend to around the year 1500? Answer: the Dakota s territory extended eastward along the southern shore of Lake Superior all the way to the waterfalls that spill into Lake Huron.
4 3. Some new neighbors had moved in on the eastern edge of the Dakota Territory, tell me how these neighbors were like the Dakota? Answer: These new neighbors were like the Dakota in that they lived in the forests and moved with the seasons. They hunted game, Harvested wild rice, and made sugar and syrup from maple sap.
5 4. How were these neighbors different from the Dakota? Answer: During much of the year, they lived in wigwams rounded frames made of poles or saplings that were covered with sheets of birchbark or woven mats, unlike the Dakota s bark houses and hide tipis. Their canoes were formed out of birchbark, instead of hallowed-out logs like those made by the Dakota and they also spoke a different language.
6 5. Where did the Dakota become aware of these new neighbors? What did the Dakota first start calling them? The Dakota may have first become aware of these new neighbors when the newcomers began gathering in villages near the waterfalls at Sault Sainte Marie in what is now in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Dakota started calling them the Hahatonwan, which meant the People of the Falls.
7 6. How were the relations between the Dakota and the new neighbors? Answer: As they moved around to the Northern and Southern sides of Lake Superior, tensions between the two tribes heightened. The Dakota did not want these new people to get too close, and battles broke out between them. The newcomers finally settled along Chequamegon Bay, near the western edge of Lake Superior. Here the Dakota and their new neighbors watched each other from a distance.
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9 7. What did these new neighbors refer to themselves as? What did others refer to them as and why was this? Answer: The new neighbors called themselves Anishinaabe, which simply meant the People. Others referred to them as the Ojibwe, a name that may have referred to the puckered moccasins they wore. Ojibwe is the most commonly known name for the them today.
10 8. In detail, tell me about the Ojibwe and fishing? (use the section box labeled fishing on the bottom of page 42). Answer: Since the Ojibwe always lived in lands of forests and lakes, it would make sense that fishing has long been an important part of their culture. During warm months, women did most of the fishing. Usually, they used weighed nets that hung straight down in the water. Sometimes they used more basic methods and tools such as spears, traps, and hooks. The cold months, men practiced what we know of today as spear fishing.
11 9. Using the map on the top of page 43, describe to me the Ojibwa s migration process from the east coast. Answer: The Ojibwe followed the St. Lawrence seaway to the great lakes, where they then followed the great lakes until they reached Minnesota, making numerous major stops along the way. Once they reached Lake Superior, they split up and eventually met at the western tip of the giant lake.
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13 10. Were oral traditions just as important to the Ojibwe the same as the Dakota? Answer: Yes 10a. Using a list, describe to at least 5 key features from the migration story that starts on the bottom of page 43 that match up with the actual journey the Ojibwe took as they migrated from the east coast. Compare the story to the migration map. 1. West down the River 2. Place where water and thunder met (Niagara Falls) 3. Northern Freshwater sea, chain of islands 4. Place where water rushed over rocks (Sault Sainte Marie) 5. Northern and southern edges of a great lake (Lake Superior)
14 11. What are some other things that can be learned through oral traditions about the Ojibwe? Answer: Just as in many Native American cultures, oral traditions tell of great wars with other native nations in the east, such as the Iroquois. Over time, the oral traditions of the Ojibwe began including stories of a new way of life that was transforming the world.
15 1. Who began arriving in the Ojibwe s territory near Chequamegon Bay in the early 1600s? Answer: The Ottawa and other Native Americans from farther east
16 2. What were they carrying with them? Answer: They had with them all sorts of things the Ojibwe had never seen before. For the first time, Ojibwe saw: blankets and clothes made of woven fabric pots and tools made of hard metal and powerful weapons that shot deadly lead balls through the air.
17 3. Who did their new trading partners say they received these items from? Where did they come from? Answer: The Ottawa said they had gotten these things from strangers who had come from across a great saltwater ocean from lands called France, England, and Holland. These new strangers had light skin, pale eyes, and hairy faces, the eastern neighbors reported.
18 4. What were the new people from across the ocean so interested in? Answer: The new people were willing to trade their goods for animal furs. These new goods, or items for trade, were going to transform the Ojibwe s life. The Ojibwe decided they wanted in on the trade.
19 5. Aside from the many great things Europeans brought to trade with the indigenous, what else did they bring with them that wasn t so good? Answer: Not having any natural immunity from many European diseases, many Native Americans died because their bodies could not fight off the unfamiliar diseases. Also, sometimes they would cheat the Natives and trade them poor quality goods.
20 6. For the items that were considered good, what did they help the indigenous such as the Ojibwe achieve? Answer: Tools such as the metal axes chopped hours and even days off the time needed to build a dwelling, make a canoe, or gather firewood. Guns made hunting easier. Women wore blouses and skirts made of soft, woven cloth. Men wrapped themselves in blankets or coats of heavy wool. Brass and tin kettles replaced clay pots. Liking these new goods, the Ojibwe wanted more of them and the Europeans wanted more furs.
21 7. Why might skills like basket weaving and pottery making have become less important among the Ojibwe after 1600? Answer: After realizing that they could get better goods to replace the ones they made themselves, Native Americans began to devote more time to hunting, cleaning, and curing the hides of animals. Traditional skills such as basket weaving and pottery making became less relevant.
22 8. What began to happen after a few decades of trade with the Europeans? What did this lead to? Answer: The fur-bearing animals they were seeking became harder to find. They started hunting and trapping farther and farther west just to keep the fur supply flowing. This often led them into the hunting grounds of their Dakota neighbors, where they were not always welcome.
23 9. The Ojibwe were not the only natives moving into their neighbors territory in search of new hunting grounds. What did this result in? Answer: By the mid-1600s, the Great Lakes region was an area of frequent skirmishes. As more Native tribes became a part of the fur trade, fighting over hunting lands increased. This led to the Natives to form stronger alliances with either the French or the British.
24 10. Briefly define the term Alliance. Why would this be so important during this time of trade? Answer: Alliance is an agreement made between two or more different groups to join forces to achieve a common goal; the participating groups are called allies. This is important because whomever held the stronger alliance would likely control the most hunting land as the European forces would be stronger.
25 11. The different alliances encouraged warfare among the natives whenever they believed it would help them get more furs. What made Europeans think differently about this? Answer: Initially encouraging warfare amongst different tribes for control of hunting land had the Europeans thinking this would allow them more furs. But, once these wars started to threaten the trade itself they decided against it and wanted the Natives to make peace with each other.
26 12. By the 1670s, the French still wanted furs badly, what did the Dakota do to ensure they could be their main suppliers? Answer: The Dakota began pushing out other Native tribes. After already pushing the Huron, who had recently intruded on Dakota lands and had been hunting and trapping for the French around Lake Pepin, on the Mississippi River, the Dakota turned their attention to Lake Superior and the Ojibwe. It wasn t long before the two groups were at war.
27 13. Tell me about the tensions between the two groups after the Dakota started pushing for hunting land against the Ojibwe. Answer: The Dakota moved into the Ojibwe territory on Madeline Island in Chequamegon Bay. They did this to prevent from any attacks on their own land. Some Ojibwe stories tell of how Dakota warriors ambushed Ojibwe hunters who left the island in search of food. The fighting continued off and on but eventually both sides got tired of war.
28 14. After years of fighting over hunting lands, what finally happened? When did this happen? Answer: With the help of the French, the two tribes began negotiating for peace. In the fall of 1679, at a gathering near present-day Duluth, they finally agreed to stop fighting and start cooperating with one another.
29 15. Why did the Ojibwe, Dakota, and French want this peace? Answer: The French wanted peace to free up the trade routes in which the wars being fought were blocking them. The Dakota were pleased because it now offered them the same access to the same European tools, cloth, and weapons that the Ojibwe already had. Finally, the Ojibwe were happy because it allowed them to collect furs farther west, in the heart of the Dakota s homeland.
30 16. The peace that was achieved was very important, what did it do for the cultures of the Ojibwe and the Dakota? Answer: They started learning from each other. The Ojibwe taught the Dakota how to build birchbark canoes, which were faster and lighter than the Dakota s hollowed-out canoes. The Dakota taught the Ojibwe how to hunt bison. This alliance held very strong. At this point, The European fur traders were only occasional visitors to the lands of the Dakota and the Ojibwe. But that was about to change.
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