CHECKLIST OF HUMANO-TOXIC MACROMYCETES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Transcription

1 CHECKLIST OF HUMANO-TOXIC MACROMYCETES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Mitko KARADELEV, Snezana MITEVA & Kristina STOJKOSKA Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, P.O. Box 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje ABSTRACT Karadelev M., Miteva S. & Stojkoska K. (2004). Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia. Proceedings of the 2 nd Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation, , Ohrid. Special issues of Macedonian Ecological Society, Vol. 6, Skopje. According to the recent research into fungi biodiversity of R. Macedonia, 1,250 species have been registered. A part of these fungi show proved poisonous effects. These species mainly belong to the following genera: Amanita, Boletus, Clitocybe Cortinarius, Entoloma, Inocybe, Lepiota, Psilocybe, Russula, Tricholoma, Lactarius, Scleroderma and Mycena. Fungi toxicity manifests through the following syndromes: Phalloidine syndrome, Orellanine syndrome, Gyromitrin syndrome, Muscarine syndrome, Gastrointestinal syndrome and Coprinus syndrome. In most of them, these effects are due to the presence of toxic compounds such as: phalotoxins, amatoxins, orellanin, gyromitrin, muscarin, coprinmin, and different hallucinogenic and psychotropic compounds. In this work a checklist of 114 species of humano-toxic macromycetes registered in the Republic of Macedonia is given. Key words: humano-toxic macromycetes, distribution, toxic effects, the Republic of Macedonia. IZVOD Karadelev M., Miteva S. i Stojkoska K. (2004). Lista na humano-toksi~ni makromiceti vo Republika Makedonija. Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija so me unarodno u~estvo, , Ohrid. Posebni izdanija na Makedonskoto ekolo{ko dru{tvo, Kn. 6, Skopje. Od dosega{nite ispituvawa vo Republika Makedonija se registrirani 114 vidovi na otrovni gabi. Ovie vidovi rastat vo listopadni, ~etinarski {umi, na livada, degradirani povr{ini, na izmet, na padnati granki i dr. Najgolem del od niv se terikolni. Toksi~niot efekt kaj ovie gabi se izrazuva preku toksi~nite materii koi {to se prisutni vo niv kako: falotoksini, amatoksini, orelanin, giromitrin, muskarin, koprinmin i razli~ni halucinogeni i psihotropni komponenti. Klu~ni zborovi: humano-toksi~ni makromiceti, distribucija, toksi~ni efekti, Republika Makedonija. Introduction The checklist of hallucinogenic species in the Republic of Macedonia is created according to the published data from the previous investigations (Tortich 1988, Karadelev 1993, 1994, 1995, 2000), the data- base MACFUNGI of the Mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Natural Science in Skopje, and from the field investigations of the authors. The investigations were carried out on various localities in the Republic of Macedonia, such as the mountains: Osogovo, Kožuf, Kitka, Plačkovica, Karad`ica, Serta, Golak, Belasica, Dešat, Niđe, Korab, Karaorman, Jelak, Vodno, Jakupica, Šar Planina, Ogražden, the National Parks: Pelister, Mavrovo, and Galicica, and the area of the towns and villages: Kruševo, Resen, Katlanovo, Kičevo, Kumanovo, Bitola, Delčevo, Demir Hisar, Skopje, Strumica, Gevgelija, etc. Materials and methods The material was collected in various kinds of forests, associations and on mountain pastures, on soil or on fallen branches, trunks and logs, as well as on enriched soil, dung, etc. The identification of the species was done either on the field or in the mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Science and Mathematics in Skopje, using microscopes and reagents (Melzer, KOH, Sulphovaniline, etc.). Some of the collected fungi were preserved in the National Mycological Collection (FUNGI MACEDONICI), while the data were put in the database MACFUNGI. For identification are used the following: Moser (1983), Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1981, 1986, 1991, 1995, 2000), Däncke, R. M. (2001), Krieglsteiner, G. J. (2000), Flammer (1980), Flammer & Horak (1983), etc. 472 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija

2 Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia Results Agaricus xanthoderma: Pelister Mt., in meadow; Katlanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Skopje, in park, planted forest; Serta Mt. oak forest, in meadow. April- November. Amanita citrina: Šar planina Mt., beech forest; Belasica Mt. alder and birch forest; Gali~ica Mt. oak forest; Prespa Lake, oak forest; Maleševski Mt. beech and fir forest; Pla~kovica Mt. beech forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt, beech forest; Vodno, chestnut forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech and oak forest; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Kitka Mt., oak forest; Karadjica Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt, forest of P. peuce. January- Amanita gemmata: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. July. Amanita muscaria: Mavrovo, wood of Abies and Fagus; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest, forest of Pinus mugo and conifer plantation; Kruševo, wood of Fagus and Pinus, conifer plantation; Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce; Ko`uf, beech forest, mixed fir and beech forest, Osogovo Mt. beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. August-November. Amanita pantherina: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Karadzica, oak forest, Mavrovo, fir forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Katlanovo, oak-hornbeam; Kumanovo, in meadow; Pelister Mt., mixed forest (Betula, Populus, Pinus peuce, Abies), forest of P. peuce; Pla~kovica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Kruševo, beech forest; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Osogovo Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-November. Amanita phalloides: Gali~ica Mt., oak forest; Jakupica Mt., oak and beech forest; Kruševo, beech forest; Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam; Ki~evo, oak forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-November. Amanita vaginata: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., forest of P. Peuce; Bistra Mt., beech forest; Golak Mt., beech forest; Pla~kovica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest, oak forest conifer plantation, Vodno Mt., oak forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Mavrovo, beech forest. May- Amanita verna: Karad`ica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest. July. Armillaria mellea: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Gali~ica Mt., oak and beech forest; Ko`uf Mt., oak and beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak and beech forest; Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce and beech forest; Mavrovo, beech and fir forest; Bistra Mt., oak forest, mixed fir and beech forest, beech forest; Belasica Mt., mixed alder and birch forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Bukovi}, oak forest; Debarska Banja, oak forest; Buševa Mt., beech forest; Kajmak~alan Mt., mixed beech and fir forest; Strumica, Alder forest; Karad`ica Mt., beech forest. Growing on stump of Quercus frainetto, Q. cerris, Fagus, Abies, Alnus, Pinus peuce. July- Boletus calopus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Dešat Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce with Fagus; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. June- Boletus luridus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., oak and beech forest;; Kumanovo, in meadow; Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce; Katlanovska Banja, oak-hornbeam forest; Negorski Banji, ash forest; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest. June- Boletus purpureus: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. July. Boletus radicans: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest. July. Boletus satanas: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce; Del~evo, oak forest; Gali~ica, oak forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July-November. Clitocybe candicans: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce, September Clitocybe cerussata: Pelister Mt., mixed forest (Betula, Populus, Pinus peuce, Abies); Jakupica Mt., Pinus mugo forest. July-September. Clitocybe clavipes: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus; Karad`ica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., mixed fir and beech forest, Pinus mugo forest. July- Clitocybe dealbata: Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam; Strict Nature Rezerve Ezerani, willow shrub land; Serta Mt., oak-hornbeam. April-September. Clitocybe diatreta: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce. October Clitocybe nebularis: Mavrovo, beech forest; Karadjica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest; Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce; Bistra, Mt. beech forest. Clitocybe phyllophila: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with Fagus. September. Collybia peronata: Korab Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Debarska Banja, oak forest; Karaorman Mt., beech forest; Bogdanci, oakhornbeam forest. Coprinus atramentarius: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Karad`ica Mt. beech forest; Skopje, city park; Jakupica Mt., close to road, beech forest; Karaorman Mt., beech forest; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Demir Hisar, oak forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. May-November. Coprinus micaceus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Karadjica Mt., beech forest; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Kruševo, beech forest; Skopje, in botanical garden; Bistra Mt., beech forest. On stump of deciduous trees, mainly Fagus. May- Proceedings of the 2 nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia 473

3 Cortinarius croceus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with Fagus. Cortinarius cinnamomeus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. September. Cortinarius limonius: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. September. Cortinarius vitellinus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Entoloma aprile: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest; Vodno Mt., oak forest April. Entoloma clypeatum: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest; Demir Hisar, oak forest. May-November. Entoloma nidorosum: Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest. Entoloma politum: Pla~kovica Mt., beech forest. Entoloma rhodopolium: Šar Planina Mt., subalpine beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Karadjica Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. July- Entoloma sericellum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Strumica, oak-hornbeam.august- Entoloma serrulatum: Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch. Entoloma sinuatum: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. Entoloma vernum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Galerina marginata: Šar Planina Mt., spruce forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. Gymnopilus spectabilis: Mavrovo Mt., beech forest. September. Gyromitra infula: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. Hebeloma crustuliniforme: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. September- Hebeloma mesophaeum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest, oak and beech forest. September. Hebeloma sinapizans: Kumanovo, pine plantation; Katlanovo, greek juniper forest, oak-hornbeam forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Vita~evo; Bistra Mt., beech forest. Helvella crispa: Karadzica Mt., mixed fir and beech wood; Vodno Mt., oak and chestnut forest; Debarska Banja, oak-hornbeam forest; Jakupica Mt., mixed fir and beech forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest. July. Helvella lacunosa: Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest; Karad`ica Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., beech forest; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Vodno Mt., pine plantation; Belasica Mt., beech forest; Demir Hisar, oak forest. May- Hydnum repandum: Mavrovo Mt., mixed beech and fir forest, beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest, oak forest; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Maleševski Planini Mt., beech and fir forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July- Hydnum rufescens: Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam. Hygrocybe conica: Šar Planina Mt., on pasture, subalpine and alpine meadow; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Vodno Mt., on meadow, oak-hornbeam; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, on meadow; Strumica, Alder forest, on meadow Bistra Mt., beech forest. June- Hygrocybe psitacina: Karadjica Mt., mixed fir and beech forest; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. June- Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca: Mavrovo, beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut; Ki~evo, oak forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September-November. Hypholoma fasciculare: Šar Planina Mt., mixed fir and spruce forest; Bogdanci, willow shrub land; Jakupica, Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus; Skopje; Bistra Mt., beech forest. On stump of Abies, Fagus, Salix, Pinus peuce, Populus. April-September. Inocybe fastigiata: Jakupica Mt., mixed fir and beech forest. September. Inocybe fuscidula: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus; Kitka Mt., pine plantation. Inocybe geophylla: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Inocybe godeyi: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. September. Inocybe patouillardii: Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. Lactarius chrysorrheus: Jakupica Mt., oak, beech and chestnut forest; Demir Hisar, oak forest. Lactarius pubescens: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. Lactarius scrobiculatus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. September. Lactarius torminosus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with Fagus; Ko`uf Mt. beech forest; Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Jakupica Mt., beech forest. In forest under birch. September- Laetiporus sulphureus: Valandovo, in town; Bistra Mt., beech forest; Matka, near the lake. On stumps and fallen trunks of Morus, Fagus, Salix. March-December. Leccinum aurantiacum: Mavrovo, beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. Under Populus tremula. Octo- 474 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija

4 Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia ber. Lepiota castanea: Pelister Mt. beech forest; Skopje, in park. September- Lepiota clypeolaria: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Jakupica Mt., oak and beech forest; Katlanovo, greek juniper forest. September- Lepiota cristata: Jakupica Mt., oak forest; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest; Pelister Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt. beech forest; Skopje, in meadow. September- Lepista nuda: Pelister Mt., beech forest; Skopje, city park; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest, oak-hornbeam forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Kruševo, pine forest. May- Leptopodia elastica: Pelister Mt., beech forest, P. peuce forest; Vodno Mt. oak-hornbeam forest. July- Leucoagaricus badhamii: Katlanovo, oak-hornbeam forest. Macrolepiota rhacodes: Pelister Mt., P. peuce; Karad`ica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak-hornbeam, beech forest; Skopje, planted deciduous forest; Bistra Mt., pasture; around vill. Dolno Kolicani, oak forest. July- Mycena pelianthina: Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest; Mavrovo, beech forest. September-November. Mycena pura: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Mavrovo, beech forest; Gali~ica Mt., macedonian oak forest; Jakupica Mt., beech and oak forest, subalpine beech forest, conifer plantation; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest; Karad`ica Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut and planted spruce forest; Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July- Mycena rosea: Pelister Mt., beech, oak, P. peuce forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Mavrovo, beech forest. September-Novermber. Omphalotus olearius: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest, on stump of Carpinus; Jakupica Mt., on stump of Quercus; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest; Serta Mt., oak forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest. October-November. Otidea onotica: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Panaeolus granulatus: Jakupica Mt., ^eples, beech forest. July. Panaeolus papilionaceus: Vodno Mt., on enriched soil; Pelister Mt., around Kopanki, P. peuce forest. May-September. Panaeolus semiovatus: Pelister Mt., around Kopanki, in meadow, on dung. September. Panellus stypticus: Šar Planina Mt., Fagus; Valandovo, on stump of Quercus pubescens and fallen trunk of Morus alba, Salix sp.; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest, on stump of Fagus, fir forest, on stump of Abies borisii regis, Fagus; Gali~ica Mt., on stump of Amygdalus webbii, Salix sp., on fallen stump of Carpinus betulus, Carpinus orientalis, Fagus sylvatica, Ostrya carpinifolia, Quercus cerris, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. trojana; Bogdanci, on stump of Gleditsia triacanthos, Platanus orientalis, Salix alba; Mariovo, on stump of Q. pubescens; Pelister Mt., on stump of Fagus; Belasica Mt., on log of Corylus avellana, Quercus petrea, Alnus; Golak Mt., on branch of Fagus; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., on Fagus; Mavrovo, on Fagus, Quercus, Abies; Jakupica Mt., on Fagus, Quercus; Bukovi~, on Fagus; Debarska Banja, on Quercus pubescens; Karaorman Mt., on Fagus; Kruševo, on Fagus; Skopje, on Quercus, Carpinus; Bistra Mt., on Fagus. January-December. Paxillus involutus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Kruševo, conifer plantation; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September-Octomber. Peziza badia: Bistra Mt., beech forest; Ko`uf Mt., oak-hornbeam. April Pholiota squarosa: Pelster Mt., P. peuce forest, beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September. Pluteus salicinus: Ogra`den Mt., mixed forest of Fagus, P. sylvestris and P. nigra, on rotten branches of Fagus; Gali~ica Mt., Pljuska, oak forest, on soil; Jakupica Mt., ^eples, beech forest, on stump of Fagus; Ko`uf Mt., on stump of Fagus and P. nigra. July- Polyporus squamosus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest, on stump of Fagus and Acer; Ko`uf Mt. beech forest, on dry trunk of Fagus; Skopje, unknown substrate; Karadjica Mt., beech forest, parasite on Fagus; Belasica Mt., on stump of Platanus orientalis; Gali~ica Mt., beech forest, parasite on Fagus, Carpinus betulus; Mariovo, beech forest, parasite on Fagus; Pelister Mt., beech forest, parasite and saprotroph on Fagus; Valandovo, parasite and saprotroph on Juglans regia and Ulmus minor; Bogdanci, on Morus sp., Robinia pseudacacia; Skopje, city park, on Salix, Fraxinus, Acer negundo; Korab Mt., Fagus; Jakupica Mt., Quercus, Fagus; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., Fagus; Karaorman Mt., Fagus; Ko`uf Mt., Fagus; Povardarie, Alnus, Platanus, Salix, Populus. April- Psathyrella candoleana: Šar Planina, beech forest on Fagus; Karadjica Mt., beech forest. July. Psathyrella velutina: Jakupica Mt., beech forest. Psilocybe bullacea: Pelister Mt., plantation of P.peuce, on fallen branch of P.peuce, beech forest, on leaves remnants of Populus tremula; Prespa, Strict Nature Reserve Ezerani, willow shrub land, in meadow. April-September. Proceedings of the 2 nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia 475

5 Psilocybe coprophylla: Jakupica Mt., v. Gorno Vranovce, beech forest, on dung. October- November. Psilocybe montana: Pelister Mt., on soil, P. peuce forest. Psilocybe muscorum: Pelister Mt., forest of Q.frainetto, in moss Rhacomitrum. April. Psylocybe physaloides: Prespa, Strict Nature Reserve Ezerani, in meadow, on soil. April. Psylocybe subcoprophylla: Katlanovo, greek juniper forest, on dung. Ptichoverpa bochemica: Skopje, plantation of Populus nigra, lendmark of arable lend; Pelister Mt., Alnus forest. March-April. Ramaria formosa: Korab Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech, oak forest. Russula badia: Pelister Mt., fir and P. peuce forest. Russula emetica: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. Russula foetens: Karadjica Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Kruševo, beech forest; Ogra`den Mt., beech forest; Dešat Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July- September. Russula luteotacta: Katlanovska Banja, oak-hornbeam forest. Russula olivacea: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest. Russula quelettii: Bogdanci, pine plantation. November. Russula sanguinea: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Skopje, planted pine forest. September- Sarcodon imbricatus: Šar Planina Mt., mixed fir and spruce forest. July. Sarcosphaera crassa: Jakupica Mt., mixed fir and beech forest. July. Scleroderma citrinum: Pelister Mt., mixed forest (Fagus, Quercus, Pinus peuce); Mavrovo, beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest, in meadow. September. Scleroderma verrucosum: Pelister Mt., planted Pinus forest, mixed fir and beech forest; Korab Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest. Stropharia aeruginosa: Pelister Mt., in meadow, pine plantation; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September. Stropharia coronilla: Pelister Mt., on pasture; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. April. Stropharia semiglobata: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest, in meadow; Karadjica Mt., oak and beech forest, in meadow; Jakupica Mt., in meadow on dung; Pelister Mt., in meadow on dung; Gali~ica Mt., forest of Q. trojana; Gevgelija, in meadow. July-December. Suilus luteus: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Ko`uf Mt., pine plantation; Kitka Mt., pine plantation; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest, P.nigra; Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Kruševo, conifer plantation under P. nigra, P. peuce; Jakupica Mt., under P. mugo, under P. nigra in conifer plantation; Bistra Mt., pine plantation. September- Tricholoma bufonium: Pelister Mt., Abies, Pinus, Fagus, P. peuce forest; Karadjica Mt., beech forest. May- Tricholoma saponaceum: Jakupica Mt., oak and beech forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oakhornbeam forest. September-November. Tricholoma sciodes: Jakupica Mt., beech forest. Tricholoma sulphureum: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September. Tricholomopsis rutilans: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest. July. Xerocomus badius: Jelak Mt., Picea plantation; Bigla Mt., beech forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak-hornbeam forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July- Disscucion In the Republic of Macedonia, so far, 114 species of poisonous fungi have been registered. The most frequent of these species are Amanita citrina, Amanita pantherina, Amanita vaginata, Armillaria mellea, Coprinus micaceus, Hydnum repandum, Hygrocybe conica, Mycena pura, Panellus stypticus, Polyporus squamosus, etc. Some of he species such as: Leucoagaricus badhamii, Peziza badia and Sarcosphaera crassa are known as a rare species, while others, such as: Amanita gemmata, A.verna, Boletus purpureus, B.radicans, Clitocybe candicans, C.diatreta, C.phyllophila, Cortinarius croceus, C.cinnamomeus, C.limonius, C.vitelinus, Entoloma aprile, E.politum, E.serrulatum, E.sinuatum, E.vernum, Gymnopilus spectabilis, Gyromitra infula, Hebeloma crustuliniforme, H.mesophaeum, Hydnum rufescens, Inocybe fastigiata, I.fuscidula, I.godeyi, Lactarius pubescens, L.scrobiculatus, Lepiota castanea, Otidea onotica, Panaeolus granulatus, P.semiovatus, Psathyrella velutina, Psilocybe physaloides, P.subcoprophylla, Ramaria badia, Russula emetica, R.luteotacta, R.olivacea, R.queletii, Sarciodon imbricatus, Tricholoma sciodes, and Tricholomopsis rutilans are not rare, but their distribution is not yet enough investigated in the Republic of Macedonia. The reason that some edible species such as: Armillaria mellea, Hydnum repandum, Macrolepiota rhacode and Polyporus squamosus are putted in the list is that in the literature exist some cases of poisoning caused by this species. All these fungi were found growing on various substrates. The main part of them are terricolous and were found growing on soil (Amanita, Boletus, Cortinarius, Entoloma, Mycena, Lepiota, Russula, Lactarius, Tricholoma, Stropharia, etc.), while the others such 476 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija

6 Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia as: Coprinus micaceus, Hypholoma fasciculare, Laetiporus sulphureus, Omphalotus olearius, Panellus stypticus, Polyporus squamosus and Pluteus salicinus are lignicolous, and were registered growing on rotten branches and stumps of different kind of trees. Some of the species such as: Psilocybe subcoprophyla, Psilocybe coprophylla and Panaeolus semiovatus were collected on dung. All this species caused the following syndromes: Phalloidine syndrome is caused by: Amanita phalloides, A.verna, Galerina marginata and Lepiota cristata. One of the most deadly syndromes is phalloidine. Latency period is hours. It is manifesting with liver damage, tubular necrosis, renal damage, rising ammonia levels, hepatic coma followed by respiratory failure, hemorrhage, and death by 4-7 days. Deadly quantity is 0,1-0,3 mg/kg. Pantherinien sindrome is caused by Amanita pantherina. Latency period is 30 min to 3 hours. It is manifesting with following symptoms: the first signs are reminding of alcohol intoxication (language, co-ordination, visual disturbances, disturbances of movements, the feeling for personality, the space, and the time is disturbed. The patients fall into a kind deep sleep, from which they awake after 10 to 15 hours again. They do not have memory of the happening. Deadly quantity is 100 g fresh mushrooms for adults. Orellanine syndrome is caused by species of the complex gender Cortinarius. The syndrome is manifesting symptoms such as: digestive disorders (vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, headaches, sweats nights (without fever), renal insufficiency, damage of kidney (oligurie up to anuria). Latency period is 36 hours until 14 days. (2-20 days). Deadly quantity is 2-3 mushrooms (100 g). Gyromitrin syndrome is caused by Gyromitra infula. The main poison is giromitrin. Latency period is 6 to 24 hours. It is manifesting with this symptoms (headaches, nausea, vomiting, cramps, abdominal pains, damage of liver. The patients show a ikterus, have a haemoglobinure up to anuria). Deadly quantity is mg/kg for children, and mg/kg for adults. Muscarinien syndrome is caused by fungi of a number of genders: Inocybe, Clitocybe and Amanita muscaria. The main poison is muscarin. Latency period is 15 min. to 2 hours. Symptoms are a strong production of sweat, saliva, and tear liquid; hypotonie is additional to recognize a bradicardia. Deadly quantity is g fresh mushrooms. Gastrointestinal irritants are the most of the species from the list. They belong to the following genera: Agaricus, Boletus, Entoloma, Hebeloma, Hydnum, Hygrocybe, Hypholoma, Lactarius, Lepiota, Lepista, Macrolepiota, Mycena, Pholiota, Pluteus, Polyporus, Ramaria, Russula, Suillus, Scleroderma, Tricholoma and Xerocomus. Latency period is 15 min-4 hours. It is manifesting with this symptoms: it comes to abdominally pain with colic attacks, nausea, vomiting and failure. With more serious poisonings cramping the skeletal musculature and cycle disturbances are to be recognized. After to two days the symptomatology fades away. There is well know to today no deaths. Coprinus syndrome is caused by: Coprinus atramentarius, Coprinus micaceus and Clitocybe clavipes. Latency period is 30 min. till 72 hours. It is manifesting with this symptoms: minutes after the benefit of alcohol (or up to 72 hours) it comes to a heat feeling, and a strong turning red in the range of the face, the neck and the chest. The patients feels metallic taste, tachycardia, dyspnea, sweats, it comes rarely to nausea, vomiting. There is well know to today no deaths. Conclusions The so far registered poisonous fungi in R. Macedonia are 114 species. These fungi were found growing in various deciduous, coniferous forests, in meadows, on enriched soil, on dung, on wood, on stump, on fallen branches, etc. The main part of them are terricolous, 7 species are lignicolous, and 3 species were collected on dung. The poisonous species of fungi registered in Republic of Macedonia belong to the following genera: Amanita, Boletus, Clitocybe, Collybia, Coprinus, Cortinarius, Entoloma, Galerina, Gymnopilus, Gyromitra, Hebeloma, Helvella, Hydnum, Hygrocybe, Hygrophoropsis, Hypholoma, Inocybe, Lactarius, Laetiporus, Leccinum, Lepiota, Lepista, Leptopodia, Leucoagaricus, Macrolepiota, Mycena, Omphalotus, Otidea, Panaeolus, Panellus, Paxillus, Peziza, Pholiota,Pluteus, Polyporus, Psathyrella, Psilocybe, Ptichoverpa, Ramaria, Russula, Sarcodon, Scleroderma, Stropharia, Suillus, Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis and Xerocomus. Fungi toxicity manifests through the following syndromes: Phalloidine syndrome, Orellanine syndrome, Gyromitrin syndrome, Muscarinien syndrome, Gastrointestinal syndrome and Coprinus syndrome. In most of them, these effects are due to the presence of toxic compounds such as: phalotoxins, amatoxins, orellanin, gyromitrin, muscarin, coprinmin, and different hallucinogenic and psychotropic compounds. Proceedings of the 2 nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia 477

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