Cambridge University Press Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest

Transcription

1 Abaj Takalik (Guatemala) 64, 67, 69, 72, 76, 78, 84, 102 aboriculture acropoli see epicenters agriculture animal husbandry 145 Classic period 90, effects of the collapse, Petexbatun 254 operations in relation to the role of elites and rulers 213 post-spanish Conquest 290 Postclassic period, Yucatan 278 in relation to kingship 206 specialization 166 and trade 150 see also farming practices; gardens; rain forests Aguateca 230, 251, 252, 259, 261 craft production 164 destruction 253 specialist craft production 168 Ajaw complex 16 ajaws, cult 103 alliances, and vassalages 209 Alméndariz, Ricardo 33 alphabet 46, 48 Alta Vista 79 Altar de Sacrificios (Petexbatun) 38, 49, 81, 256, 261 collapse 267, 275 political developments and trade, Late Classic period 229 altars 90, 91 and stelae 96, 98 Alvarado, Pedro de 287 Anales de los Kaqchikeles 284 ancestor worship 96, 117, , 178, 191, 296 Postclassic period, Yucatan 279 see also burials animals association with kings and priests 184, 185 and bird life, rain forests and rulers 229 apiculture 145 archaeology and chronology 17, 26 and cultural evolution 22 23, 26, 27 history 31 genesis of scientific archaeology multidisciplinary archaeology nineteenth century Spanish Conquest processual archaeology 23, 26 settlement pattern archaeology 50, 52 architecture 99 corbeled vault architecture 90, 94, 95 northern lowlands, Late Classic period Puuc area, Late Classic period 236 roof combs 95 talud-tablero architectural facades (Teotihuacan) 105, 108 Arroyo de Piedras (western Petén) 259 astronomy 201 and astrology Atlantis (lost continent) 33, 35 autosacrifices 158, 176, 183 family cults 189, 190 Aztecs and the chocolate trade 153 ideologies, effects on cultural evolution 29 trading practices 152 Bakabs (gods) 181, 182 Balberta 67, 76, 78 balche 144, 145, 192 bands 57 Becan

2 365 Becan (Campeche), political development 222 Belize collapse hard stone trade 156 political fortunes 111 Postclassic period 283 Pulltrouser Swamp, raised field farming methods 135 salt trade 152 Belize River Valley, terracing 133, 138 Berlin, Heinrich 45, 47, 209 Bernasconi, Antonio 33 bird and animal life, rain forests Bonampak, murals 230, 231 Bowditch, C. P. 36 Brasseur de Bourbourg 36 Buena Vista 67, 78 Bullard, William 49 burials 116, , 191 see also ancestor worship Caana (Caracol), temple 224 cacao industry 144, 166 Cahal Pech (Belize), political development, Late Classic period 235 Calakmul (Campeche) 83, 100, 103, 229 agricultural systems 147 canal systems 142, 143 collapse 264 and the collapse of Dos Pilas 249 political development 108 and interregional alliances 222, and interregional conflicts 244 population 120, 214 regional power 215, 217 state control 213 and trade 151, 173 calendars 32, 36, 44, 183 Calendar Round and almanacs 190, 192, see also time Campeche (Río Bec region) irrigation systems 235 terraced farming methods 138, 142 canal systems 141, 143 Cancuen 104, 220, 230 alliance with Dos Pilas 250 burial site 178 control of trade routes 173 farming methods 139 hard stone trade 154 political dominance by Calakmul 225 and trade routes 162 Late Classic period , 230 capitals, relocation, links with K atun endings 279, 283 Caracol (Belize) 100, 265, 268 agricultural activities 117, 147 terracing 133, 135 collapse 267 epicenter 107 evidence of Tikal s political dominance political development , 226 Late Classic period 235 population 120, 214 regional power 217 royal palaces 116 state control 213 and trade 151, 173 Carnegie Institute (Washington) 41, 42, 43 Castañeda, Jose 33, 34 Catherwood, Frederick 4, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 282 caves, sacred nature , 205 Cays, trading importance 282 ceramics 40, 42 Chicanel pottery 42 Classic period 90 as evidence of the development of Maya civilization Mamom ceramics 42, 81 northern lowlands, Late Classic period 235 Puuc area, Late Classic period 236 ruler with Tlaloc eye treatment, Teotihuacan 109 Seibal, collapse of western Petén 261, 262 slab-tripod vessels, Teotihuacan 105, 108 Tzakol ceramics 101, 103 use for dating purposes , 103 see also crafts; trade ceramics industry 166 and trade 148, 169, 170 Cerros (Belize) 83, 87, 103 agricultural activities 117 canal systems 141 cosmogram of Preclassic temple 182 Chaaks (rain deities) 179, 181, 182 Chaccob (Yucatan), fortifications 271 Chachuapa 85 Chalcatzingo (Morelos) 64

3 366 Chalchuapa 102 Charnay, Désiré 34 check dams, use for farming 137 chert (flint) 149, 155, 158, 166, 173 Chiapas, salt trade 152 Chichen Itza (Yucatan) 38, 39, 42 collapse 268, 270, destruction 280 epicenter 201, 202 chiefdoms 57 evolution in Maya civilization 60 Kaminaljuyu 74 Chilam Balam 42 Chitinamit (Tzutuhil capital) 285, 287 Churchward, James 34, 35 cities 51 abandonment 5 6 see also epicenters Ciudad Real, Antonio de 33, 37 civilizations decline development 4 5, 6 climate, and the collapse of Petexbatun region 256 Coapexco (central Mexico) 64 Coba (Yucatan) architecture, Late Classic period 236 collapse 268, 269, political fortunes 110 Cocom lineage 280 Coe, William 50 Colha (Belize) chert industry 166, 173 collapse 267 Colha Pech (Belize), political development, Late Classic period 235 Conquistadors Copan 42, 104 autosacrifices 189 collapse 263, 265, 269, 275 epicenter 94, 107 evidence of Tikal s political dominance Mexican influence upon through Teotihuacan 105 and the obsidian trade 158, 160 political development 218 and interregional conflicts 244 Late Classic period regional power 215 ritual function as reflected in architecture 205 stelae 98 Copan Valley demography and the collapse of Maya civilization 246 farming methods 139 Cortez, Hernán 287 cotton industry 154, 155, 166 couvade 188 Cozumel, trading importance 282 crafts production and specialization , 171 attached to elite groups community production household production see also ceramics; trade Cuca (Yucatan), fortifications 271, 272 Cuello 81, 82, 83 cultural evolution 21 23, and ideologies 25, and the Maya 24 25, 27 28, 30 deer, hunting del Rio, Antonio 33 demography, effects on infrastructure, and the collapse of Maya civilization 245 diet 8 Dos Pilas (Petén) 97, 229, 230 Murcielagos palace in relation to cave systems 204 and the obsidian trade 157, 158 political dominance by Calakmul 224, 225, 226 royal palaces 116 trading role 149 Dos Pilas (Petexbatun), collapse , 257 Dupaix, Guillermo 33 Dzibilchaltun (northern Yucatan) 49, 81, 82, 103 trading role 220 Dzonot Ake (Yucatan), fortifications 271 eccentrics 157 ecology and the collapse of Petexbatun region 256 effects on Mayan cultural evolution 28, 30 effects on population settlements 99 see also rain forests economics operations in relation to the role of elites and rulers 213 Postclassic period, Yucatan 278 see also trade

4 367 Edzna agricultural systems 146 canal systems 141, 142 ceramics 236 irrigation systems 236 state control 213, 221 egalitarian societies 57 Egypt, political dynamics 238 Ek Balam (Yucatan), fortifications 271 El Duende (Petexbatun) 252 El Mesak (Guatemala) 64 Olmec were-jaguar figure 65 El Mirador (Petén) 83 84, 85, 87, 103 agricultural systems 146 regional power 215 and trade 148, 151, 161, 162 use of bajos for farming 138 water supplies 141 El Peru (Petén) 2 elites accommodation 93 as affected by warfare and the payment of tribute 172 control of specialist craft production 167, 168 control of trade in high-status goods culture 175 inter-elite rivalry, effects 295 Mexican influence upon 284 and the obsidian trade polygamy, effects on decline of states 245 Postclassic period, Yucatan 278 role in the collapse 257, 259 trading benefits 150, 155 see also rulers epicenters 107 architecture in relation to use of astronomy and geography Copan 233 El Mirador 83, 85 Olmec civilization 62, 63 Palenque 230, 232 as sacred stages 205 Tikal (seventh and eighth centuries) 228 see also cities; temples epigraphy, use in the study of Maya civilization 99, 108 Eznab complex (Tikal) 264 families, ancestor worship 176, 177, 178 farming practices 130, bajos 126, 133, , 138, 141, 257 household gardening 132 raised fields slash-and-burn practices 44, 51, terracing , 134, 135, 142 see also agriculture Förstmann, Ernst 36 Fried, Morton, on political complexities in human societies 57 Galindo, Juan (governor of Petén province) 33, 37 gardens rejolladas gardens cacao cultivation 144, 153 use for farming 137 stone box gardens 138, 139 see also agriculture glyphs, emblem glyphs, role in determining Maya political dynamics , 212, 214 gods and cosmology glyphic and iconographic symbols for deities 181 see also ideologies Goodman, Joseph 36 Gordon, George 38 government, post-spanish Conquest 290 Guatemala, salt trade 152 Haab 193, 194, 195, 196 hegemonies Hewett, Edgar 40 hieroglyphics, decipherment 48 Homul (Guatemala) 40 households as basis of Maya society craft production sizes and distribution houses human societies political complexities Olmec civilization Hunahpu, and Xbalanque (hero twins) 181 hunting industry , 166 ideologies 6 7, 8, 50, 99, , 295 contribution to collapse, Postclassic period 279 effects on cultural evolution 25, influence on city developments 87 states see also gods Ilopango volcano (El Salvador) 86 eruption, effects on population levels 103

5 368 Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan (Stephens and Catherwood) 34 infrastructures, stresses upon, and the collapse of Maya civilization Inkas, ideologies, effects on cultural evolution 28 Inscriptions of the Petén (Morley) 40 irrigation systems 118, 120, Campeche (Río Bec region) 235 Kaminaljuyu 75, 76 northern lowlands, Puuc area, Late Classic period 236 Itza Maya 288 migrations, Postclassical period 280 Itzamnaaj (deity) 179 Ix-Chel (moon goddess) 181, 182 Iximche (Kaqchiquel Maya hegemony) 285, 286, 288 Ixlu 263 Ixtepeque (Guatemala), and the obsidian trade 157, 160, 163 Ixtonton (southeastern Petén), collapse 266 Izapa 67, 70, 72, 78, 85, 102 jade celts (Olmec civilization) 64 Jasaw Chan K awiil I (king of Tikal) 228, 262 Jimbal 263 Joya de Ceren (El Salvador), craft production 164 jungle canopy 122, 123 Kabah (eastern Yucatan), collapse 268 Kaminaljuyu (Guatemala) 42, 67, 72 74, 75 76, 77, 78, 85, 86, 102 El Chayal outcrop, and the obsidian trade 157 influence 108 Mexican influence upon through Teotihuacan 105 political development 220 Kan Ek (king of Itza) 288 Kaqchiquel Maya hegemony 285, 286 K atun endings 181, 183, 263 and dating of texts 279 and relocation of ceremonial capitals 279, 283 Kelley, David 46, 47 K iche hegemony 286, 287 Kingsborough, Edward King, Lord 33 kingship 87, 92 and ancestor worship 176 bloodletting rituals 205 cults 183 divine kingship, ideology 16, 30 economic roles 173 Kaminaljuyu 76, 77 matrilineal descent, Late Classic period 231 royal bloodletting 226 succession systems 243 see also autosacrifices; rulers; shamanism K inich Yax K uk Mo (ruler (Copan)) 218 Knorozov, Yuri 45, 47 Komchen (Yucatan) 81, 82, 103 political development 220 salt industry 166 K uhul Ajaw 88, 92, 174 authority and its geographical extent 214 political power 242 political weaknesses, effects on the states 262, 263 role 206, 238 see also kingship La Amelia (Petexbatun) 252 La Blanca (Guatemala) 64, 67, 71 La Pasadita, royal bloodletting 186 La Venta (Tabasco, Mexico) 62, 63, 71 Labna (eastern Yucatan) collapse 268 Puuc style arch 237 Lamanai (Belize) 83, 87, 103 collapse 266, 267 Landa, Diego de (Bishop of Yucatan) 32, 35, 36, 37, 46, 48, 196 Le Plongeon, Augustus 34 leisure activities 8 Loltun Cave 81, 82 Long Count system 39, 40, 41, 67, 183 dating by 100, 101 and time cycles 197 see also time Lord Chaak (king of Uxmal) 269 Lounsbury, Floyd 46, 47 Machaquilá 229 Maler, Teobert 37 Mam Maya hegemony 285 markets, local markets Marxism, views of the importance of ideologies on cultural evolution 25 masks 83, 84 Maudslay, Alfred 37, 38

6 369 Maya archaeological remains 1, 2, 4, 7, 30 chronology, Classic period 47 cities 45 cultural evolution 24 25, 27 28, 30 diet 8 geographical area Lacandon Maya, farming practices 130, 131 leisure activities 8 population sizes and distribution , 121, 129 settlement patterns state systems 52 writings and books 32, 35, 36 Maya civilization 100 ceremonial and urban developments highland centers lowland areas southern centers Classic period chronology epicenters structural problems 247 collapse 5 6, 7, 111, 240, , see also individual areas and sites Early Classic period chronology 102 Mexican influence upon 103 Late Classic period, regionalism origins population settlements post-spanish Conquest Postclassic period 112, 277 lowland areas southern highlands Yucatan traditional views traditional views questioned 47 viewed as theocratic systems 45 villages, lowland centers Maya lowlands 1, 12, 58 62, 66 67, Classic period 15 environmental features 121, 122, Late Classic sub-regions and sites 227 Mayapan (Yucatan) 280, 281, 283 Merwin, Raymond 39 Mesoamerica 8 12 chronology Archaic period 14 Classic period 15 16, 22 continuous interregional interaction 20 Early Preclassic period 14 horizons concept 18, 19 interregional contacts 18 Late Preclassic period 15 Middle Preclassic period 14 paleo-indian period 13 Postclassic period 15, 16 Terminal Classic period 16 cultural evolution 23 Early Formative sites 61 maps 3, 9, 10 nested civilizations Preclassic sites 68 village life 54, 55, Mesopotamia, political dynamics 238 Mexico cultural influence, Postclassic period 284 influence 103, 285 and the obsidian trade 158 Mirador (Chiapas) 64 Monte Albán (Oaxaca valley) 15 Monte Alto (Guatemala) 67, 71 Morley, Sylvanus G. 39, 40 Motagua Valley (Ixtepeque), and the obsidian trade 157, 163 Motejo, Francisco de 287 mountains, sacred nature 202, 205 Mu (lost continent) 33, 35 Murcielagos (Petexbatun), destruction 252 Nakbe 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 103 farming methods 138 and long-distance trade 161 Nakum, political fortunes 110 Naranjo (western Petén) 229 political fortunes 110 Negara states (Southeast Asia) 238 comparison with the Classic Maya political dynamics 216 Nohmul (Belize) 81 collapse 267, 274 Oaxaca 268 obsidian, and trade routes 148, , Olmec civilization 15, 18, influence 67, 70, 71, 72, 84 Oxkintok (Puuc area), ceramics 236

7 370 Palacio, Diego Garcia de 33 Palenque (Chiapas) 4, 33, 34, 38, 259 epicenter 107 political development 110 Late Classic period 230, 231, 232 ritual function as reflected in architecture 205 Pasión Valley agriculture 146 collapse Paso de la Amada (Chiapas) 60 Peabody Museum (Harvard) 38, 39 Petén central Petén, collapse demography and the collapse of Maya civilization 245 eastern Petén, collapse Postclassic period 283 rain forest 6 southeastern Petén, collapse 266 western Petén collapse political development Petexbatun (Dos Pilas) 271 ceramics industry 167 collapse 275 regional power 215 Petexbatun region (western Petén) agriculture 146 collapse , 258 epicenter locations 204 Piedras Negras (western Petén) 259 political developments and trade, Late Classic period 229, 230 Popol Vuh (creation tales) 42, 181, 284 population levels 51, 294 during period of collapse Belize 266 central Petén 263, 265 eastern Petén 265 Petexbatun 255 western Petén 257 Early Classic period 103 Maya civilization, Early Classic period and trade 149 populations, migration, roles in the collapse 260 Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 45, 47, 94 Punta de Chimino (Petexbatun) 254, 255, 261 collapse 267 stone box gardens 139 Puuc area (Yucatan) collapse , 271, 273 Late Classic period Q eqchi Maya 294 queens see kingship Quintana Roo, collapse 271 Quintana Roo (Yucatan), raised field farming methods 135 Quirigua 233 collapse 265 evidence of Tikal s political dominance political development 218 political dynamics, and interregional conflicts 244 stela showing Long Count system 197 stelae 234 Q umarkah (Utatlan; K iche hegemony) 285, 286 rain forests 1, 120, civilizations 4 5, 6 and the Maya 24, 25, 30 difficulties created for archaeological sites 56 Maya adaptations to 113, , see also agriculture; ecology rainfall 121 ranked societies 58 Relación de las Cosas de Yucatan (Landa) 32, 36 Río Azul (Guatemala) evidence of Tikal s political dominance political development 218 Río Bec (central Petén) collapse 264 state control 213 Río Bec zone (Campeche), terracing 133 Roman Empire, fall 240, 242, 248, 275 rulers and animals 229 contribution to collapse 259, 277 lineage government, Postclassic period 277, 283, 284 responses to infrastructure stresses roles 51 see also elites; kingship sacred cycles 182 Sacul (southeastern Petén), collapse 266 salt industry 166

8 371 San Isidro (Chiapas) 64 San José Mogote (Oaxaca) 64 San Lorenzo (Veracruz) 62, 63 San Martín Jilotepeque, and the obsidian trade 158 Santa Leticia (El Salvador) 71, 78 Santa Rita Corozal, trading importance 282 Sayil (eastern Yucatan) collapse 268, 270 household gardening 132 Sayil (Puuc area), ceramics 236 Schele, Linda 46, 48 Seibal 38, 49, 81, 103, 252, 256, 261, 268, 274 ceramics industry 167 collapse 267, 275 and political developments and trade, Late Classic period 229 and trade routes 162 Service, Elman 57 shamanism bloodletting divination 184, 187, roles sacrificial systems see also kingship Sheets, Payson 164 Shook, Edwin 50 Short Count system 198 dating by 101 see also time Siyaj Chan K awiil (ruler (Tikal)) 218 Siyaj K ak (war leader (Teotihuacan)) 218 Somalia, parallels with collapse of Maya civilization 260 Spanish Conquest 16, 289 effects on farming practices 130 influence on Mayan archaeology spearheads 54 spinning 155 states 57, 58 ideologies political dynamics elites and rulers, roles historical development 217: Early Classic period, lowlands : interregional alliances : Late Classic period; Belize 235; northern lowlands ; southeast lowland ; western Petén : regionalism and status rivalry Late Classic period regional politics sizes and populations structural problems and trade stelae 69, 70, 83, 90, 91 and altars 96, 98 Quirigua (Guatemala) 234 Stephens, John Lloyd 4, 31, 33, 34, 37, 282 stratified societies 58 Stuart, David 46, 48 subsistence methods, as evidence of Maya origins Tabasco 256 Tamarindito (Petexbatun) 251, 252, 257 agricultural activities 117 household gardening 132 and the obsidian trade 158 water supplies 118 Tambiah 216 Tancah, trading importance 282 Tayasal (Petén) 288 Postclassic period 283 temples relationship to family shrines 176 and tombs 96, 97 see also epicenters Teopantecuantitlan (Guerrero) 64 Teotihuacan (Mexico) 15, 18, 74, 75, 238 ceramics ruler with Tlaloc eye treatment 109 slab-tripod vessels 105, 108 influence 86, 104,, 108, 216, , 222 and the obsidian trade 158 Pyramid of the Sun road grid system 107 talud-tablero architectural facades 105, 108 trading role 148 Tepeu ceramics 101, 102 texts, dating 279 Thompson, E. H. 38, 39 Thompson, Sir J. Eric S. 43, 44, 45 Tikal (central Petén) 38, 50, 74, 80, 81, 87, 103, 229 ceramics industry 167 collapse development 100 drawing of animal associations with kings and priests 185 epicenter 92, 107 farming methods, use of bajos 137

9 372 Tikal (central Petén) (cont.) Mexican influence upon through Teotihuacan 105 and the obsidian trade 158 political dynamics 103, 104, 108, 110, 210 and interregional relations 223, , 244 seventh and eighth centuries 226, 227 population 214 regional power 215, 216, 217, 218 royal palaces 116 stelae and altars 91 and trade 148, 149, 151, 162 water supplies 141 time time cycles see also calendars; Long Count system; Short Count system Tlatilco (central Mexico) 64 Tohil (solar deity) 285 tombs, and temples 96, 97 tool industries 127 Topoxte (Petén), Postclassic period 283 trace-element analyses, and identification of trade routes 164 trade 51, Early Classic period 107 and economics 51 local markets local products and raw materials long-distance trade, in high-status goods Postclassic period, Yucatan in relation to kingship 206 and states trading commodities 152 chocolate 153 hard stone 153, obsidian 148, , salt textiles 154 see also ceramics; crafts; economics trade routes 159, and the ceramics industry 169, 170 political importance, Late Classic period Upper Pasión river system 228 Tres Islas (Cancuen), stelae 221 Tres Zapotes 62 tribes 57 tribute, and warfare 172 Tsutuhil hegemony 287 Tula (Hidalgo (Mexico)) 272 Tulane University 42 Tulum (Quintana Roo, Mexico)(Catherwood s drawing) 32 Tulum (Yucatan) 282 Tzutuhil Maya hegemony 285 Uaxactun 42, 43, 74, 81, 103, 104, 263 evidence of Tikal s political dominance excavation 100 farming methods, use of bajos 137 political development 110, 218 Ucanal (southeastern Petén), collapse 266 Ujuxte 67, 78, 79 University of Pennsylvania 42 Upper Pasión river system, trade routes 228 Usumacinta region (western Petén), collapse 259 Uxmal architectural styles 237 ceramics 236 collapse 268, 269, 270, 273 range structure 93 vassalages, and alliances 209 villages lowland centers Mesoamerica 54, 55, Waldeck, Jean-Fréderick 33 warfare role in the collapse of Petexbatun region 255 and tribute 172 water supplies see irrigation systems Waxaklajuun Ub aah K awil (king of Copan) 233 were-jaguars 63, 64, 65 Willey, Gordon R. 48, 49 world systems theories 19 Xbalanque, and Hunahpu (hero twins) 181 Xcalumkin (eastern Yucatan), collapse 269 Xibalba (underworld) 182, 202 Xultun 263 Xunantunich (Belize), collapse 267 Yax Nuun Ayiin (ruler (Tikal)) 218 Yax Pasaj (king of Copan) 263

10 373 Yaxchilan (Chiapas) autosacrifices 190 Maya queen experiencing a vision 187 political developments 218 and trade, Late Classic period 229, 230 and trade routes 162 Yaxchilan (western Petén) 259 Yaxha, political fortunes 110 Yaxuna (Yucatan) collapse 271 political fortunes 110 Yucatan 32 collapse political fortunes 110, 111 Postclassic period salt trade 152 water supplies 141 Yum Cimil (death god) 183 Yum Kaax (maize god) 183 Zaculeu (Mam Maya hegemony) 285