Solid waste generation and disposal by Hotels in Coimbatore City

Transcription

1 Solid waste generation and disposal by Hotels in Coimbatore City Donald M. Ephraim Research Scholar, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, India S. Boopathi Reader, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, India Abstract: Solid waste generation and disposal are of serious concern today in India. With growing industrialization and emergence of many and tier cities, government at various levels have taken measures to deal with this crises. Policies have been enacted, implemented and control mechanisms have been developed to manage this emergency. This study attempts to study generation and disposal of solid wastes in around 7 hotels regardless of the size or category. Objectives include quantum of solid generated by the hotels, and the factors that influence the quantum of solid waste generated, In this article, an attempt has been made to analyse the solid waste generated by the hotels in Coimbatore city. For the purpose of the analysis, sample of 7 hotels were randomly selected for the present study. The analysis of the present article has been classified under the heads namely. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Solid waste generation in hotels and its disposal. Factors which influence the quantum of solid waste generated by the hotel under study. Solid waste generation in hotels and its disposal. Factors that determine the quantum of solid waste generated by the selected hotels. 1. Solid Waste Generation in Hotels and its Disposal. This section discusses about the sample hotels on the basis of number of tables, number of customers, number of employees, types of serving food and quantum of waste generated. Table 1 indicates the classification of sample hotels on the basis of tables in five zones in Coimbatore city. TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLE HOTELS ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER OF TABLES IN FIVE ZONES OF COIMBATORE CITY Sl. Number of tables 1. Below Above 1 East (1.) (1.) West (1.) Number of Hotels (1.) (1.) (1.) 1 (6.67) 6 (0.00) (1.) (1.) (1.) 1 (18.67) 1 (17.) 1 (17.) 0 IRJBM ( ) Volume No VIII, March 0, Issue Page 70

2 Source: Primary Data Note: Figure in brackets represents percentage to total. 7 It is cleanly evident from Table 1 that in total, out of 7 Hotels, the majority of 0 (6.67 per cent) hotels have above 1 tables followed by (0.00 per cent) hotels that have 6-8 tables, 1 (18.67 per cent) of them have below 6 tables and 1 (17. per cent) each of them have 8-10 and 10-1 tables respectively. In the case of East, out of hotels, maximum of (6.67 per cent) of the hotels have 10-1 and above tables followed by (0.00 per cent) of the hotels that have 6-8 tables and (1. per cent) each of the hotels that have below 6 and 8-10 tables respectively. In the case of West, out of hotels, the majority of (6.67 per cent) of the hotels have 6-8 tables followed by (0.00 per cent) each of the hotels that have below 6, 8-10 and above 1 table and (1. per cent) that have 10-1 tables. Out of hotels in North, the maximum of 6 (0.00 per cent) of the hotels have above 1 tables and the minimum of only one hotel (6.67 per cent) have 10-1 tables. Further it also shows that, out of hotels in South, the maximum of (6.67 per cent) each of the hotels have below 6 and 6-8 tables and the minimum of (1. per cent) each of the hotels have 8-10 and above 1 tables respectively. It is found that out of hotels in, the maximum of (0.00 per cent) of the hotels have above 1 tables and the minimum of (1. per cent) each of the hotels have 6-8 and 8-10 tables respectively. The classification of sample hotels on the basis of customers in five zones of Coimbatore city is shown in Table. TABLE CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLE HOTELS ON THE BASIS OF CUSTOMERS IN FIVE ZONES OF COIMBATORE CITY Sl. Number of customers Above 0 East (.) West (.) Number of Hotels (.) (6.66) (.) 1 (8.00) 18 (.00) 0 16 (1.) 7 Source: Primary data. Note: Figures in brackets represent percentage to total. IRJBM ( ) Volume No VIII, March 0, Issue Page 71

3 From Table, it has been observed that in total, out of 7 hotels, the maximum of 1 (8.00 per cent) of the hotels have 0-0 customers followed by 0 (6.67 per cent) of the hotels that have 0-0 customers. In the case of East, out of hotels, the maximum of (. per cent) of the hotels have 0-0 customers, followed by (6.67 per cent) of the hotels that have 0-0 customers and (0.00 per cent) each of the hotels that have 0-0 customers and above 0 customers respectively. In the case of West, out of 1 hotels, the majority of (.71 per cent) of the hotels have 0-0 customers followed by (6.67 per cent) of the hotels that have 0-0 customers, (0.00 per cent) each of the hotels that have 0-0 and above 0 customers respectively. Out of hotels in North, the maximum of (. per cent) of hotels have 0-0 customers followed by (6.67 per cent) of the hotels that have 0-0 customers and (0.00 per cent) each of the hotels that have 0-0 and above 0 customers respectively. Further it also shows that in the case of South, out of hotels, the maximum of (6.67 per cent) each of the hotels have 0-0, 0-0 and above 0 customers followed by (0.00 per cent) hotels 0-0 customers. Table shows the classification of sample hotels on the basis of number of staff in five s in Coimbatore city. TABLE CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLE HOTELS ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN FIVE ZONES OF COIMBATORE CITY Sl. Number of employees and above East (1.) West (1.) (1.) (.) (1.) Number of Hotels (1.) (1.) (1.) (1.) ( (1.) 1 (18.67) 1 (17.) 18 (.00) 1 (18.67) 16 (1.) 7 Source: Primary data. Note: Figures in brackets represent percentage to total. It is clearly evident from Table that in total, out of 7 hotels selected in Coimbatore Municipal Corporation, the maximum of 18 (.00 per cent) of the hotels have 1-1 employees IRJBM ( ) Volume No VIII, March 0, Issue Page 7

4 followed by 16 (1. per cent) of the hotels that have 16 and above employees, 1 (18.67 per cent) each of the hotels that have 8-10 employees and 1-16 employees and 1 (17. per cent) that have 10-1 employees respectively. In the case of East, the maximum of (6.67 per cent) of the hotels have 1-1 employees, whereas in the case of West, the maximum of (. per cent) of the hotels have 1-1 employees. Out of hotels in North, the maximum of (6.67 per cent) each of the hotels have 10-1 employees and 16 and above employees while minimum of (1. per cent) each of the hotels have 8-10 and 1-1 employees. Further it also shows that, in the case of South, the maximum of (6.67 per cent) each of the hotels have 8-10 employees and 1-16 employees while minimum of (1. per cent) each of the hotels have 10-1 and and 16 and above employees respectively. In case of, the maximum of (6.67 per cent) of the hotels have 1-1 employees and 1-16 employees while minimum of (1. per cent) of the hotels have 10-1 employees respectively. Table shows the classification of sample hotels on the basis of types of serving food in five zones of Coimbatore city. TABLE CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLE HOTELS ON THE BASIS OF TYPES OF SERVING FOOD IN FOUR ZONES OF COIMBATORE CITY Sl. Types of serving food East 1. Plate 8 (.). Leaf 7 (6.67) Source : Primary data West 9 (60.00) 6 (0.00) Number of Hotels 9 7 (60.00) (6.67) 6 8 (0.00) (.) 6 (0.00) 9 (60.00) 9 (.00) 6 (.00) 7 Note: Figures in brackets represent percentage to total. It has been inferred from Table that in total, out of 7 hotels, 9 (.00 per cent) of the hotels serve the food by plate while 6(.00 per cent) of the hotels serve the food by leaf. In the case of East, out of hotels, 8 (. per cent) of the hotels serve the food by plate while 7(6.67 per cent) of the hotels serve the food by leaf. In the case of West, Out of hotels, 9 (60.00 per cent) of the hotels serve the food by plate while 6(0.00 per cent) of the hotels serve the food by leaf. Further it also shows that, out of hotels in North, 9 (60.00 per cent) of the hotels serve the food by plate while 6(0.00 per cent) of the hotels serve the food by leaf. Whereas in the case of South, out of hotels, 8(. per cent) of the hotels serve the food by leaf and 7 (6.67 per cent) of the hotels serve the food by plate. In case of, out of hotels, 9 (60.00 per cent) of the hotels serve the food by leaf and 6 (0.00 per cent) of the hotels serve the food by plate. The quantum of wastes generated by sample hotels in five s of Coimbatore city is presented in Table. IRJBM ( ) Volume No VIII, March 0, Issue Page 7

5 Sl. TABLE QUANTUM OF WASTES GENERATED BY SAMPLE HOTELS IN FIVE ZONES OF COIMBATORE CITY Quantum of waste per day (in kg) and above East (.) West (.) (1.) Source: Primary data. Note: Figures in brackets represent percentage to total. Numbers of Hotels (.) (.) (1.) (.) 1 (8.00) 19 (.) 0 7 It is clearly evident from Table that in total, out of 7 hotels, maximum of 1 (8.00 per cent) of the hotels have wastage between 0-0 kgs per day followed by 0 (6.67 per cent) of the hotels that have wastage between 0-0 kgs, 19 (. per cent) have wastage between 0-0 kgs and (0.00 per cent) have wastage between 0 and above kgs respectively. In the case of East, out of hotels, the maximum of (. per cent) of hotels have wastage between 0-0 kgs followed by (6.67 per cent), (0.00 per cent) and (0.00 per cent) of the hotels that have wastage between 0-0 kgs, 0-0 kgs and 0 and above kgs respectively. Out of hotels in West, the maximum of (. per cent) of the hotels have 0-0 kgs of wastages followed by (6.67 per cent) each of the hotels that have 0-0 kgs and 0-0 kgs of wastages and (1. per cent) of the hotels have 0 and above kgs of wastages. In the case of North, out of hotels, the maximum of (. per cent) of the hotels have wastage between 0-0 kgs followed by (7.67 per cent), (0.00 per cent ) and (0.00 per cent ) of the hotels that have 0-0 kgs, 0-0 kgs and 0 and above kgs of wastages respectively. Further it also shows that, in the case of South out of hotels, the maximum of (. per cent) of the hotels have 0-0 kgs of wastages followed by (6.67 per cent) that have 0-0 kgs. (0.00 per cent) each of the hotels that have 0-0 kgs and 0 and above kgs. of wastages. In the case of out of hotels, the maximum of (. per cent) of the hotels have 0-0 kgs of wastages followed by (6.67 per cent) each of the hotels have 0-0 kgs. and 0 kgs. and above and (1. per cent) of the hotels that have 0-0 kgs of wastages.. FACTORS WHICH IN INFLUENCE THE QUANTUM OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED BY THE HOTELS In this section, an attempt has been made to analyse the factor which influences the quantum of solid waste generated by the hotels in Coimbatore city. For this a multiple log linear regression model of the following form has been used Logy = β o + β 1 log X 1 + β log X + β log X + U IRJBM ( ) Volume No VIII, March 0, Issue Page 7

6 Where Y = Quantum of solid waste generated per day (in kgs) X 1 = Number of tables in the hotels X = Number of customers per day X = Number of employees U = Disturbance term β o, β 1, β, and β are the parameters to be estimated. The above model was estimated by the method of least squares. The computed results are given in Table 6. TABLE 6 ESTIMATED REGRESSION RESULTS FOR HOTELS Parameter Estimates Variables West East Intercept (β 0 ) Log X 1 (β 1 ) 0.07 (0.9701) (0.00) (0.078) (0.071) (0.1078) (0.107) Log X (β ) 0.817* (.071) 0.6* (.91) 0.97* (.0671) 0.0* (.6671) 0.97* (.1067) 0.01* (.1667) Log X (β ) (1.017) 0.110* (.987) 0.09 (0.0611) (0.071) 0.09* (.061) (0.071) R F - value Number of observations 7 * Indicates that the co-efficient is statistically significant at per cent level. Figures in brackets represent t-value. It is inferred from Table 6 that the independent variables included in the model for all five zones in Coimbatore city have accounted for more than 0 per cent variation in the quantum of solid waste generated by the sample hotels. In East, the co-efficient of multiple determinations R indicates 8.1 per cent variations in quantity of solid waste generated by the hotels. Among the independent variables, the variable namely the number of customers per day was statistically significant at per cent level. It means that with one per cent increase in this variable, solid waste could be generated by per cent. The other variables namely number of tables and number of employees were found to be insignificant. In the case of West, all the independent variables included in the regression model jointly accounted for 6.10 per cent variation in the quantum of solid waste generated. Among the variables, the variable namely the number of customers per day and number of employees were found to be statistically significant. It indicates that an addition of one percentage to this variable could affect 0.6 and per cent increase in quantum of solid waste generation. It is inferred from the table that the R value indicates 7.7 per cent variation in quantum of solid waste generated in the North in Coimbatore city. Out of three variables, number of customers per day was statistically significant and it indicates that one per cent increase in this variable could affect 0.97 per cent increase in solid waste generated by hotels. In the case of South, among the variables included in the regression model, the number of customers per day alone was IRJBM ( ) Volume No VIII, March 0, Issue Page 7

7 statistically significant at per cent level. All the variables included in the model jointly accounted for.17 per cent variation in solid waste generation. In the case of, among the variables included in the regression model, the number of customers per day and number of employees were statistically significant at per cent level. All the variables included in the model jointly accounted for 6.7 per cent variation in solid waste generation. The F-test tests in all the five zones indicated that the model fitted was statistically significant at per cent level. Patten of Solid Waste Disposable among the Selected Hotels The waste generated by the sample hotels under study from each zone has to be dumped and disposed of at a particular place by the corporation vehicles. All the sample hotels have collected and stored the waste generated in their premises in two separate bins / containers and dump them into the two separate dumpers in the street into the collection vehicles as per the collection schedule. The hotel wastes were yet another important source of waste generation in the study area and are shown in Table 7. TABLE 7 COMPONENTS OF HOTEL WASTES (Wastes/ grams/ day) Components of East West Hotel Wastes Waste papers Cotton wastes Shopping wastes Other types of wastes of hotel wastes Source: Computed from field survey The hotel wastes included waste papers, cotton wastes, shopping wastes and, the other types of wastes. The other types of wastes included the wastes collected from stores, hotels, repair workshops and such other places. The waste papers had contributed the largest quantity of the hotel wastes which constitute 600 gms. per day followed by other types of waste, shopping wastes and cotton wastes had accounted 70 gms. per day, 780 gms. per day and 090 gms. per day respectively. Two-Way Analysis of Variance In order to find out the significant relationship between the hotel waste generation among the type of hotel wastes and selected five zones in Coimbatore Corporation, Two-Way Analysis of Variance was adopted and the computed F values are presented in Table 8. IRJBM ( ) Volume No VIII, March 0, Issue Page 76

8 TABLE 8 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HOTEL WASTE GENERATION AMONG THE TYPE OF HOTEL WASTES AND THE SELECTED FIVE ZONES IN COIMBATORE CORPORATION Source of Variation Sum of Significance of F DF Mean Square F-Value Squares Type of Wastes * s Interaction Type of Wastes Vs. s * Residual * Significant at per cent level. It is observed from Table 8 that F-values indicate that the type of wastes alone has significant role in explaining the variation in hotel waste generation in Coimbatore Municipal Corporation because the respective F-values are statistically significant at per cent level. Moreover there is also interaction between type of hotel wastes and zones in causing variation in hotel waste generation in Coimbatore Municipal Corporation. Conclusion It is seen realistically that solid waste generated from hostel may not have reached alarming levels, though, managing it becomes imperative. Before it becomes irreversible level, an effective model that could control generation and disposal should be devised. Sustainability depends on how, not only the government, but all stakeholders resolve to make the environment a better place to live. IRJBM ( ) Volume No VIII, March 0, Issue Page 77