1) Rescind the MOD (must meet the standard); 2) Issue a new MOD which reaffirms the intent of the previous MOD; 3) Issue a new MOD with revisions.

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1 ALBUQUERQUE INTERNATIONAL SUNPORT AIRCRAFT HOLD LINE LOCATION ANALYSIS WHITE PAPER JUNE 24, 2016 HOLD LINE LOCATION ISSUE The location of many of the taxiway hold lines at the Sunport do not meet current FAA design standards. In 2004, the FAA issued a Modification of Standards (MOD) To Leave Mandatory Hold Positions at their Current Locations at the Albuquerque International Sunport, Albuquerque, NM. The existing MOD for the hold lines at the Sunport (See Attachment 1) states that moving them from their current location of 250 feet for Runways 8 26 and 3 21, could result in insufficient ramp separation, and capacity issues. In 2015, the Sunport and the FAA initiated an Airport Master Plan update. It is typical during such a planning efforts to review existing MOD s. The following actions may result: 1) Rescind the MOD (must meet the standard); 2) Issue a new MOD which reaffirms the intent of the previous MOD; 3) Issue a new MOD with revisions. CURRENT CONDITION Runway 8 26: All hold lines are located at least 250 feet from the runway centerline. This distance does vary depending on the taxiways due to the angle of the taxiway, guidance sign placement, and other factors. Runway 3 21: All hold lines are located at least 250 feet from the runway centerline. This distance does vary depending on the taxiways due to the angle of the taxiway, guidance sign placement, and other factors. Runway 12 30: All hold lines are located at least 200 feet from the runway centerline. This distance does vary depending on the taxiways due to the angle of the taxiway, guidance sign placement, and other factors. CURRENT DESIGN STANDARDS According to FAA AC 150/ A, Airport Design, the hold line separation distance to the runway centerline must be increased based on the elevation of the airport, the Runway Design Code (RDC) of the runway, and the instrument approach visibility minimums. The rows in BOLD represent the hold line separation design standard as it applies today ( ) based on the D-1

2 current Airport Layout Plan (ALP). Table WP1 shows the current standard for hold line separation distance as well as others for comparison purposes. TABLE WP1 Hold Line Location Design Standard Albuquerque International Sunport Sunport Elevation: 5,355' MSL Airport Reference Code Visibility Minimum Standard Hold Line Separation from Runway at Sea Level Hold Line Separation with Elevation Adjustment¹ Runway 8 26 (ARC D V) C/D/E V Lower than ¾ mile 280' 334' C/D/E V ¾ mile and above 250' 304' C/D/E IV Lower than ¾ mile 250' 304' C/D/E IV ¾ mile and above 250' 304' C/D/E III Lower than ¾ mile 250' 304' C/D/E III ¾ mile and above 250' 304' Runway 3 21 (ARC D IV) C/D/E IV Lower than ¾ mile 250' 304' C/D/E IV ¾ mile and above 250' 304' Runway (ARC B III) B III Visual to ¾ mile 200' 203' B III Lower than ¾ mile 250' 253' ¹C/D/E III/IV/V/VI (and A/B IV) require increasing the separation distance 1 foot for every 100 feet above sea level. ¹A/B III require increasing the separation distance 1 foot for every 100 feet above 5,100 feet. Runway 8 26 is currently planned to an RDC of D V. It has an instrument approach with visibility minimums lower than ¾ miles. This RDC requires an elevation adjustment of 1 foot of separation for every 100 feet in elevation or an additional 54 feet in separation distance. Thus the hold line separation standard for Runway 8 26 is a distance of 334 feet from the runway centerline. Runway 3 21 is currently planned to an RDC of D IV. It has an instrument approach with visibility minimums lower than ¾ miles. This RDC requires an elevation adjustment of 1 foot for every 100 feet in elevation or an additional 54 feet in separation distance. Thus the hold line separation standard for Runway 3 21 is a distance of 304 feet from the runway centerline. The baseline hold line separation standard at sea level is different for RDC D V and D IV. The D V sea level hold line separation is 280 feet and for D IV it is 250 feet. Both are then increased by 54 feet to account for the elevation at the Sunport. D-2

3 Runway is currently planned to an RDC of B III. It is a visual runway and does not have instrument approaches at this time. This RDC requires an elevation adjustment of 1 foot for every 100 feet in elevation above 5,100 feet or an additional three (3) feet in separation distance. Thus the hold line separation standard for Runway is a distance of 203 feet from the runway centerline. HOLD LINE LOCATION ANALYSIS A number of factors will come into play when determining the optimal location for hold lines. The first and foremost is the applicable design standard. When feasible, the hold lines should be located at the standard separation distance to the runway centerline. The following principals may impact implementation of standard hold lines: Limited runway to parallel taxiway separation which could result in holding aircraft blocking the parallel taxiway. Optimally, the holding aircraft will be outside the taxiway object free area () of the parallel taxiway, thus permitting another aircraft to pass on the parallel taxiway. FAA AC 150/ A, Airport Design, (para. 407.a) states that right angle intersections are the standard for all runway/taxiway intersections (exceptions are high speed exits and taxiways parallel to crossing runways) because they provide the best visual perspective to a pilot approaching an intersection with the runway to observe aircraft in both the left and right direction. Right angled intersections also provide the optimal orientation of the runway holding position signs so they are visible to pilots. Each of the taxiways providing access to Runways 8 26 and 3 21 was analyzed to determine if a holding aircraft would violate either of the above listed principals if a standard hold line were in place. Runway 8 26 D V Hold Lines Taxiway A The planned RDC for Runway 8 26, D V, matches the current ALP for the Sunport. At sea level, hold lines are to be at a separation distance of 280 feet from the runway centerline. At the Sunport, with a field elevation of 5,355 feet MSL, an additional 54 feet would be added to this distance. Therefore, to meet the design standard, all taxiways hold lines associated with Runway 8 26 should be at a minimum separation distance of 334 feet from the runway centerline. Parallel Taxiway A has three distinct segments. The western portion, adjacent the terminal apron, is 450 feet from the runway, centerline to centerline. The middle portion is 550 feet from the runway and the eastern portion is 600 feet from the runway. A standard hold line D-3

4 located 334 feet from the runway centerline would be in the Taxiway A OFA by a distance of 44 feet. The middle portion of the taxiway would have 56 feet of clearance and the eastern portion of Taxiway A would have 106 feet of clearance. Both a 138 foot long (D III) and a 232 foot long (D V) aircraft were analyzed for their potential penetration of the Taxiway A OFA while holding at a hold line located 334 feet from the runway centerline. Both aircraft would penetrate the Taxiway A OFA at all taxiway connections to the runway. A second analysis was conducted to determine if the selected aircraft could turn from parallel Taxiway A toward the runway and be fully perpendicular to the runway when holding at the 334 foot hold line. Taking into consideration allowable turning radiuses, it was determined neither the 737 nor the 747 could line up perpendicular to the runway on taxiways A1, A2, A3, or C, those closest to the terminal area. The 737 could be perpendicular to the runway on taxiways A4 and D but not the 747. Both aircraft could be perpendicular to the runway on the eastern end taxiways. Of course neither could be perpendicular on the high speed taxiways because they are at an angle already. Table WP2 presents this analysis. Runway 8 26 D V Hold Lines Taxiway E Parallel Taxiway E has three distinct segments. The western portion is 675 feet from the runway. The middle portion is 600 feet from the runway and the eastern portion is 550 feet from the runway centerline. A standard hold line located 334 feet from the runway centerline would be outside the Taxiway E OFA at all three segments. Both a 138 foot long (D III) and a 232 foot long (D V) aircraft were analyzed for their potential penetration of the Taxiway E OFA while holding at a hold line located 334 feet from the runway centerline. The 737 would penetrate the Taxiway E OFA at the middle and eastern connecting taxiways. It would not penetrate the OFA on the western end (Taxiways E1, E3, C, E4, D). The 747 would penetrate the OFA at all taxiway connections. The 737 is able to line up perpendicular to the runway at all the taxiway connections along Taxiway E. The 747 can hold perpendicular to the runway on all taxiway E connections except for the eastern ones (E10, E11, E12). Table WP3 presents this analysis. Runway 8 26 D IV Hold Lines Taxiway A While the Sunport has been planned to D V design standards in the past, the number of operations by these very large transport aircraft (e.g. 747) are less than 500 per year, the D-4

5 TABLE WP2 D V Hold Line Analysis Taxiway A Distance from Standard Hold Line (334') to Taxiway Centerline Distance from Hold Line to Parallel Taxiway (D V: 320' centered) Depth of penetration of a (138 feet long) at standard hold position. Able to line up aircraft perpindicular to runway at hold line (Yes/No) Depth of penetration of a (232 feet long) at standard hold position. Able to line up aircraft perpindicular to runway at hold line (Yes/No) Runway Centerline to Taxiway Twy A Centerline A No 276 No A No 276 No A No 276 No C No 276 No A Yes 176 No D Yes 176 No A NA 176 NA A NA 176 NA A NA 126 NA A NA 126 NA A Yes 126 Yes A Yes 126 Yes A Yes 126 Yes A Yes 126 Yes TABLE WP3 D V Hold Line Analysis Taxiway E Distance from Standard Hold Line (334') to Taxiway Centerline Distance from Hold Line to Parallel Taxiway (D V: 320' centered) Depth of penetration of a (138 feet long) at standard hold position. Able to line up aircraft perpindicular to runway at hold line (Yes/No) Depth of penetration of a (232 feet long) at standard hold position. Able to line up aircraft perpindicular to runway at hold line (Yes/No) Runway Centerline to Taxiway Twy E Centerline E Yes 51 Yes E Yes 51 Yes C Yes 51 Yes E Yes 51 Yes D Yes 51 Yes E NA 126 NA E NA 126 NA E NA 126 NA E Yes 126 Yes E Yes 176 No E Yes 176 No E Yes 176 No D-5

6 threshold of significance for the FAA. Therefore, changing the airport reference code to D IV (e.g. 757) was considered. Making this change has an impact on several design standards for an airport, the most applicable of which is that the baseline hold line separation standard is 250 feet and not 280 feet as is applicable to D V. With the increase for elevation remains 1 foot for every 100 feet in elevation or 54 feet, thus the standard hold line separation distance to the runway centerline is 304 feet for Runway On the north side of Runway 8 26, the 304 foot hold line would be outside the Taxiway A OFA. A holding 737 would not penetrate the Taxiway A OFA on the eastern connecting taxiways (A7 A12), but it would penetrate the when on the western connecting taxiways (A1 A6). A D IV aircraft (Boeing 757) was used for additional analysis. A holding 757 would penetrate the Taxiway A OFA at all taxiway connectors on the north side of Runway Both the 737 and 757 would be unable to line up perpendicular to the runway at the 304 foot hold line on Taxiways A1, A2, A3, and C. Both would be able to line up perpendicular to the runway on the remaining Taxiway A connectors. Table WP4 presents this analysis. Runway 8 26 D IV Hold Lines Taxiway E On the south side of Runway 8 26, both the 737 and757 would be clear of the Taxiway E OFA on all connecting taxiways except Taxiway E10, E11, and E12. The 737 can line up perpendicular to Runway 8 26 on all Taxiway E connecting taxiways. The 757 can line up perpendicular to the runway on all connecting taxiways except A10, A11, and A12. Table WP5 presents this analysis. Runway 3 21 D IV Hold Lines Taxiway F The planned RDC for Runway 3 21 is D IV which is the same as the current ALP for the Sunport. At sea level, hold lines are to be at a separation distance of 250 feet from the runway centerline. At the Sunport, with a field elevation of 5,355 feet MSL, an additional 54 feet would be added to this distance. Therefore, to meet the design standard, all taxiways hold lines associated with Runway 3 21 should be at a separation distance of 304 feet from the runway centerline. Parallel Taxiway F is 450 feet from Runway 3 21, centerline to centerline. A hold line situated 304 feet from the runway centerline would be outside of the Taxiway F OFA but both the 737 D-6

7 TABLE WP4 D IV Hold Line Analysis Taxiway A Distance from Standard Hold Line (304') to Taxiway Centerline Distance from Hold Line to Parallel Taxiway (D IV: 259' centered) Depth of penetration of a (138 feet long) at standard hold position. Able to line up aircraft perpindicular to runway at hold line (Yes/No) Depth of penetration of a (182 feet long) at standard hold position. Able to line up aircraft perpindicular to runway at hold line (Yes/No) Runway Centerline to Taxiway Twy A Centerline A No No A No No A No No C No No A Yes 65.5 Yes D Yes 65.5 Yes A NA 65.5 NA A NA 65.5 NA A NA 15.5 NA A NA 15.5 NA A Yes 15.5 Yes A Yes 15.5 Yes A Yes 15.5 Yes A Yes 15.5 Yes TABLE WP5 D IV Hold Line Analysis Taxiway E Distance from Standard Hold Line (304') to Taxiway Centerline Distance from Hold Line to Parallel Taxiway (D IV: 259' centered) Depth of penetration of a (138 feet long) at standard hold position. Able to line up aircraft perpindicular to runway at hold line (Yes/No) Depth of penetration of a (182 feet long) at standard hold position. Able to line up aircraft perpindicular to runway at hold line (Yes/No) Runway Centerline to Taxiway Twy E Centerline E Yes 59.5 Yes E Yes 59.5 Yes C Yes 59.5 Yes E Yes 59.5 Yes D Yes 59.5 Yes E NA 15.5 NA E NA 15.5 NA E NA 15.5 NA E Yes 15.5 Yes E Yes 65.5 No E Yes 65.5 No E Yes 65.5 No D-7

8 and the 757 would penetrate the OFA when holding. Neither of the aircraft would line up at a 304 foot hold line and be perpendicular to the runway. Table WP6 presents this analysis. Runway B III Hold Lines Taxiway G The design standard for B III runways, such as Runway 12 30, is for hold lines to be at a separation distance of 200 feet at sea level. At elevation, the hold line separation distance is increased one foot for every 100 feet in elevation above 5,100 feet. Therefore, the adjusted standard hold line separation distance for Runway is 203 feet. The design aircraft for this runway is the Q 400, a twin engine turboprop with a passenger seating capacity of 78 seats. The Q 400 is 107 feet long. Parallel Taxiway G is 300 feet from the runway, centerline to centerline. The OFA for Taxiway G is 186 feet as centered. Any holding Q400 will penetrate the taxiway OFA. Further consideration should be given to relocating the hold lines associated with Runway to a separation distance of 203 feet to meet the current design standard. There may be costs beyond paint removal and application such as guidance sign relocation and/or electrical line relocation. HOLD LINE EXAMPLES Attachment 2 shows examples of both a 737 and a 747 positioned at hold lines adjacent to Runway The intent of these exhibits is to show both the penetration (or lack penetration) to the parallel taxiway OFA and the pilot line of sight when holding at a distance of 250 feet or 304 feet. The operational manuals for the example aircraft were utilized to determine the turning radius in order to present an accurate depiction of where the example aircraft would hold and to what degree it would be perpendicular to the runway. Image A of Attachment 2 shows a holding on Taxiway A2 at a distance of 250 feet. Its tail penetrates the Taxiway A OFA but it is perpendicular to the runway. Additionally, Image A shows the 737 holding at a distance of 304 feet at Taxiway A3. It penetrates the and it is not fully perpendicular to the runway. Image B shows a Boeing holding at a distance of 250 feet at Taxiway A2 and 304 feet at taxiway A3. The is penetrated in both scenarios. At Taxiway A2 the 747 can line up perpendicular to the runway but at A3 it is at an angle, thereby limiting pilot peripheral views of the runway. D-8

9 TABLE WP6 D IV Hold Line Analysis Taxiway F Taxiway Distance from Standard Hold Line (304') to Taxiway Centerline Distance from Hold Line to Parallel Taxiway (D IV: 259' centered) Depth of penetration of a (138 feet long) at standard hold position. Able to line up aircraft perpindicular to runway at hold line (Yes/No) Depth of penetration of a (182 feet long) at standard hold position. Able to line up aircraft perpindicular to runway at hold line (Yes/No) Runway Centerline to Twy F Centerline C NA NA F No No F No No F No No D-9

10 Image C shows that the will not penetrate the Taxiway A OFA when holding at a distance of 250 feet on Taxiway A4. It will penetrate the OFA when holding at a distance of 304 feet. It can line up perpendicular to the runway at both 250 feet and 304 feet. Image D shows the at Taxiways A4 and D at distances of 250 feet and 304 feet. The 747 will penetrate the but it can line up perpendicular to the runway at both holding distances. Image E shows that the is clear of the and can line up perpendicular to the runway at Taxiways A9 and A10. Image F shows that the 747 will penetrate the Taxiway A when holding at 250 feet and 304 feet at Taxiways A9 and A10. The 747 would be perpendicular to the runway at both locations. Image G shows that the will penetrate the Taxiway E OFA when holding at a distance of 304 feet but not at a distance of 250 feet at Taxiway A9 and A10. In both cases the 737 can be perpendicular to the runway. Image H shows the at Taxiway E9 and E10 at separation distances of 250 feet and 304 feet. At both hold line distances the will penetrate the Taxiway E OFA. At 250 feet the 747 can line up perpendicular to the runway. At 304 feet the would be at an angle. Images J and K are presented simply to address OFA penetration questions for the high speed exits. Only the at 304 feet would penetrate the Taxiway E OFA. Images L and M shows both the and holding at Taxiways E3 and E4. Both are clear of the Taxiway E and are perpendicular to the runway. OBSTACLE FREE ZONE CONSIDERATION An additional consideration is the location of the runway obstacle free zone. The OFZ is an object clearing surface surrounding a runway that precludes aircraft or other penetrations. The runway OFZ and, when applicable, the precision obstacle free zone, the inner approach OFZ, and the inner transitional OFZ, compose the OFZ. All OFZ elements apply to Runways 8 26 and 3 21 as the visibility minimums are lower than ¾ mile. The OFZ was examined to determine if the current hold line locations (250 feet from the runway centerline) would cause a penetration by the aircraft. The inner transitional OFZ dimensions are a function of the nature of a precision instrument approach. Different dimensions apply to CAT I versus CAT II/III, with the latter being more restrictive. At the Sunport, there is a CAT I instrument approach to Runway 8 and 3. D-10

11 Attachment 3 shows examples of a Boeing 747 at a hold line and the location of the innertransitional OFZ. Image A shows the Boeing 747 at a 250 foot hold line for a CAT I instrument approach. Inage B shows the same Boeing 747 at a separation distance of 304 feet. Under both scenarios, the inner transition surface is clear. If a CAT II/III instrument approach were implemented, then bubble of the Boeing 747 would penetrate the inner transitional OFZ at 250 feet but it would be clear at 304 feet. CONCLUSION The following conclusions are drawn from this analysis: 1. The Sunport should consider changing its design aircraft from the D V (747) to the D IV (757) which will have the immediate impact of reducing the minimum hold line separation standard from 334 feet to 304 feet. 2. On the north side of Runway 8 26 with hold lines at 304 feet, a holding 757 will penetrate the Taxiway A OFA. 3. On the north side of Runway 8 26 with hold lines at 304 feet, a holding 757 will not be able to line up perpendicular to the runway on the connecting taxiways except on A9, A10, A11, and A On the south side of Runway 8 26 with hold lines at 304 feet, a holding 757 will penetrate the Taxiway E OFA at Taxiways E6 E On the south side of Runway 8 26 with hold lines at 304 feet, a holding 757 will not be able to line up perpendicular to the runway on the connecting taxiways except on E10, E11, and E For the connecting taxiways to Runway 3 21, a holding 757 will penetrate the Taxiway F OFA and it will not be able to line up in a perpendicular manner. Recommendation Three choices for action to be taken regarding the current MOD for hold lines at the Sunport are considered. The following applies the results of the analysis to each of the options: 1) Rescind the MOD (must meet the standard): This action would significantly and negatively impact the efficiency of ground movements, potentially causing capacity issues at the Sunport. This would be especially felt in the terminal area where Taxiway A and the terminal apron meet. 2) Issue a new MOD which reaffirms the intent of the previous MOD: This option should be considered in order to make a single recommendation (maintain hold lines at 250 feet) that is easy to understand and implement. The safety intent of the hold line separation standard is preserved because the design aircraft (either D V or D IV) would not penetrate the inner transitional OFZ. D-11

12 3) Issue a new MOD with revisions: This option may also be considered. The revisions may include issuing a MOD for specific hold lines. For example, Taxiway A1, A2, A3, and C might be allowed to have hold lines at 250 feet, while the remaining taxiway might have hold lines at 304 feet. The exact nature (which hold lines are affected) of a MOD with revisions would have to be determined in association with the FAA, as well as consideration of the costs of relocating the markings and signage. D-12

13 D-13

14 D-14

15 ATTACHMENT A A-2 A-3 Pilot Line of Sight B A-2 A Pilot Line of Sight D-15 Taxiway A2 & A3 AIRPORT HOLD LINES 250 AND 304

16 C D A D D A D-16 Taxiway A4 & D AIRPORT HOLD LINES 250 AND 304

17 E A9 A F A9 A D-17 Taxiway A9 & A10 AIRPORT HOLD LINES 250 AND 304

18 G E9 304 E H Pilot Line of Sight E9 304 E D-18 Taxiway E9 & E10 AIRPORT HOLD LINES 250 AND 304

19 J E6 E K E6 E7 D-19 Taxiway E6 & E7 AIRPORT HOLD LINES 250 AND 304

20 L E3 E M E3 E4 D-20 Taxiway E3 & E4 AIRPORT HOLD LINES 250 AND 304

21 ATTACHMENT HOLD LINE A 304 HOLD LINE B D-21 CAT I INNER TRANSITIONAL OBSTACLE FREE ZONE WITH A

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