The Impact of Electoral Systems on Women s Representation in Pacific Parliaments. Jon Fraenkel Australian National University

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1 The Impact of Electoral Systems on Women s Representation in Pacific Parliaments Jon Fraenkel Australian National University

2 Women in Pacific Parliaments, 2008 Inter-Parliamentary Union Estimates Size of Number of % Legislature Female Members Fiji** Samoa Kiribati Vanuatu Tonga Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea Nauru Palau FSM Solomon Islands Tuvalu TOTAL **In the interim cabinet. The legislature figure is pre-coup. * Prior to cabinet formation, which subsequently generates vacancies in the legislature.

3 Women in Pacific Parliaments, 2008 Size of Number of % Legislature Female Members French Polynesia * New Caledonia Niue Guam Cook Islands Wallis & Futuna Fiji** Samoa Kiribati Vanuatu Tonga Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea Bougainville American Samoa Comm. Northern Marianas Nauru Palau FSM Solomon Islands Tuvalu TOTAL

4 Table 2; Share of Women in Top Ranking Positions in the Civil Service, as of November Women in Total Top- Top-ranked ranked Positions Positions in Civil in civil Service Service % Kiribati Nauru Samoa Marshalls Solomon Islands Niue Fiji Tuvalu PNG Vanuatu Cook Islands Notes; data includes top civil servants in the ministries, plus those of equal or higher rank. Judges, ambassadors & high commissioners and heads of state-owned corporations are not included. 1 Fiji data is pre-coup, November Source; author s communications.

5 Numbers of Women contesting. Table 3; Representation by Gender Group in the Solomon Islands, Representation by Gender Group in PNG, Candidates MPs Women Men Women Men Source; PIAS-DG Database Table 4; Representation by Gender Group in Fiji, Candidates MPs Women Men Women Men April Sept Source; PIAS-DG Database Candidates MPs Women Men Women Men , , , , , Source; PIAS-DG Database 1 A single women member was elected after the Court of Disputed Returns ordered a recount of disputed votes Table 11; Representation by Gender Group in Vanuatu, Candidates MPs Women Men Women Men Source; PIAS-DG Database

6 Pacific Islands Electoral Systems (BV) (FPP) (FPP/BV) Acronyms AV Alternative Vote BV Block Vote MBC Modified Borda Count SNTV Single Non-Transferable Vote TRS Two Round System LPR List Proportional Representation (FPP) (FPP) (AV) (MBC) (TRS) (FPP) (BV/FPP) (SNTV) (FPP/BV) (FPP) (AV) (LPR) (AV) (BV) (FPP/BV) (LPR)

7 New Caledonia 15 Seats in Congress (Majority Kanak) 7 Seats in Congress (Overwhelmingly Kanak) 32 Seats in Congress (Minority Kanak)

8 Votes New and Caledonia s Seats in New Territorial Caledonia s Congress, Provincial 2004 Assemblies & Territorial Congress, 2004 Votes % Congress Seats % Seats Southern Province Front National Avance Rassemblement UMP FCCI Mouvement des Citoyens Calédoniens UNI FLNKS Union Calédonienne Calédonie mon pays L'Avenir Ensemble Union Océanienne MCDCC-UMP Rassemblement Océanien dans la Calédonie FLNKS pour l'indépendance Patrimoine et l'environnement avec les Verts The Law says Party lists need to alternate Men & Women 1. Man 2. Woman 3. Man 4. Women 1. Woman 2. Man 3. Woman 4. Man 5. Woman 6. Etc down to 15.

9 Northern Province UNI FLNKS Entente Française du North Union Calédonienne FCCI LKS-KAP Identité Nord Rassemblement UMP L'Avenir Ensemble Calédonie mon pays Mwâdihin MCDCC-MP Loyalty Islands UNI-Iaaï-Dréhu-Toka Nengoné LKS Kap Identité Îles Union Calédonienne Construire Ensemble l'avenir FCCI-FULK Rassemblement UMP UC Renouveau - Unir et Construire MCDDC-UMP Grand Total 54 Man? Man? Man? Man? Man?

10 The Mystery of why the number of women in parliament fell after the introduction of the law on Parity in Wallis & Futuna (20 seats) Lists Parties with More than 1 Seat * (Introduction of parity law) Number of Women elected But these at top of lists.

11 Political Parties across the Pacific A. Party systems - Fiji, New Caledonia, French Polynesia B. Quasi-Party systems - Samoa, Vanuatu, Marshall Islands? Kiribati? PNG? Solomon Islands? Cook Islands? C. Party-less Systems - Nauru, Tuvalu, FSM, Palau, Wallis & Futuna, Tonga, Niue.

12 How Bougainville s system works? Figure 1; Composition of the House of Representatives after the 2005 Elections to the Autonomous Government of Bougainville 41 Members 1 Vote President 3 Seats 33 directly 3 Seats Speaker for women elected members ex-combatants 1 Vote 1 Vote 1 Vote 1 Vote Voters (4 Votes)

13 Some Concluding Questions Why is the share of women in the top positions of the civil service often so much higher than that in the legislature? Are strategies for advancing the position of women more likely to be effective at the local government level rather than the national level? Should we focus solely on parliament or also on cabinet?

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