The Alliance System. Pre-WWI. During WWI ENTENTE ALLIANCE. Russia Serbia France. Austria-Hungary Germany. US Canada. Italy CENTRAL POWERS

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1 WWI: The Great War?

2 The Start of the War WWI started with the advance of the Germans into Belgium. The alliance system kicked into full steam. Confident that the Schlieffen Plan would lead to a quick takeover of France, the Germans hoped that they would beat the British to the French border.

3 ALLIANCE Austria-Hungary Germany Italy The Alliance System Pre-WWI During WWI ENTENTE Russia Great Britain Serbia US France Canada CENTRAL POWERS ALLIED POWERS Austria-Hungary Germany Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Bulgaria Russia Serbia France Italy Great Britain US Canada

4 The Parties at War The Allied Powers, led by France: the Russian Empire, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Kingdom of Italy, and later the United States, defeated the Central Powers, led by Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. Most of the war was fought along manned trenches and fortifications from the North Sea to Switzerland.

5 WWI TRENCHES (Trench Warfare)

6 WWI TRENCHES (Trench Warfare)

7 WWI TRENCHES (Trench Warfare)

8 WWI TRENCHES

9 WWI TRENCHES

10 Eastern Front Austria-Hungary fought against the Serbs and Russians. Serbs put up very stiff resistancetook more off A-H than anticipated. Germans would eventually support A-H. Russian effort would turn sour. The Russians were effective due to sheer numbers but they suffered heavily from a lack of supplies.

11 Western Front As the Germans advanced, one of the most significant early battles turned out to be the Battle of the Marne. Allied forces counter-attacked the Germans along the Marne River. Until that time the allies were in retreat mode. This is signifcant because it marked the biggest advance eastward during the war for the allied forces.

12 Establishing the Western Front Many battles were fought along the western front between Sept. and Oct. In April of 1915 the Germans used chlorine gas as a weapon for the first time. It left a hole in the line as French forces retreated. The battle to fill the line involved Canadians.

13 Battles on the Western Front This 2nd Battle of Ypres led to the gassing death of 5000 Canadian soldiers in. April of 1915 The 3 rd Battle of Ypres was fought in Nov where Canadians led allied forces to the control of a German Sub base in Belgium.

14 Battles on the Western Front Battle of Somme of July 1916 led to over one million casualties. Purpose of Battle was to draw German forces away from the Battle of Verdun. Took place between July and November of 1916.

15 Battles on the Western Front Battle of Verdun Feb.-Dec Longest Battle and 2 nd bloodiest. Significant battle because it is historic and symbolic. Germans planned to destroy the French Army by forcing them to an area where there was no retreat. Germans would allow for replacements to arrive where they too would find no place to retreat.

16 The Western Front When the front had been solidified there was over 6000 miles of trenches (9000 km) Most significant Battle for Canadians was Vimy Ridge. Impossible fortress in Northern France. Started with a massive shelling of German forces. Soldiers then crept just behind shelling- smoke and shelling kept enemy troops in trenches Ridge was taken in a few hours. Huge Moral Victory!!!!!

17 The Naval War Unrestricted Submarine Warfare threatened to cut allies off from war material being transported from North America. German U-Boats (Unterseeboot) even sank Lusitania in Lusitania is a British Ocean Liner; Killed 1,198 people, 761 survivors Naval battles did occur between Germany and Britain (even off of coast Argentina)as well as Battle of Jutland

18 U-Boats (Unterseeboot)

19 U-Boats (Unterseeboot)

20 Lusitania

21 Changes in the War In June 1916, many people were very unhappy with the state of the Russian war effort; 3.6 Million Dead. Spring of Revolution leads to abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. Instability in Russia leads to German advances on Ukraine.

22 Changes in the War Eventually Soviets sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. A peace treaty between Russia and the Central Powers Ended Russia s participation in WWI Renounced all claim to Finland, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and all claims to the land Russia had captured from the Ottoman Empire in the Russo- Turkish War,

23 USA Enters the War When WWI started, the U.S. had the role of supplier to the Allied lines. It was Europe s war and not a concern of the U.S. The sinking of the Lusitania further pushed the U.S. Public opinion against the Germans. The final straw was the Zimmerman Telegram where the Germans offered Mexico former territories of Texas if they took up conflict against the US.

24 US Entry More U-Boat attack occurs, despite promises that they would not happen, angered the U.S. even more declared war in April troops a day would arrive in Europe by summer of Tide of war changed with the US Arrival.

25 Hundred Days Offensive In August, 1918 a huge Allied offensive began which would result in the final collapse of the Central Powers. End of October to early November: The Ottoman Empire and Austria Hungary looked for peace and offered an Armistice. Armistice with Germany was signed on Nov 11 th, Eventually the Treaty of Versailles is signed on June 28 th, 1919.

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27 WWI: Recap Forces mobilized war deaths/ wounded Casualty rate of /day Cost of war $ Works out to $ /day Total War that brought new destructive weapons into human conflict- gas, tanks, airplanes, fire, etc War of Attrition- Had to outlast opponent. Every possible obstacle had to be overcome.

28 WWI: Recap Legacy of destruction, crazy amount used of poison gas, flamethrowers, and the introduction of Aircraft carriers. Clear display of the ugly side of nationalism - directed people to internationalism and the creation of a Supra-nationalist organization

29 Canada Prime Minister of Canada Robert Borden ( ) had to make some very tough decisions during the war. Conscription Introduced Income tax (Temporary??) to help finance the War effort. War effort propelled Canada towards independence from Britain.(Statute of Westminster 1931) Gained independent seat as minor power at Paris Peace Conference.