14. ŽIVLJENJSKA RAVEN LEVEL OF LIVING

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1 Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije 2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia ŽIVLJENJSKA RAVEN LEVEL OF LIVING Življenjska raven Level of living 14 METODOLOŠKA POJASNILA ANKETA O PORABI V GOSPODINJSTVIH Viri in metode zbiranja podatkov Podatke za to statistično področje zbiramo z Anketo o porabi v gospodinjstvih. Ta se od uvedbe leta 1983 do leta 1997 ni spreminjala; anketiranje je ves ta čas potekalo po enotni metodologiji in na vsebinsko enakih vprašalnikih. Leta 1997 je bila ta anketa vsebinsko in po načinu izvedbe prenovljena: prilagodili smo jo priporočilom Eurostata in postala je kontinuirana, kar pomeni, da zbiranje podatkov (anketiranje) poteka neprekinjeno. Anketne podatke, zbrane v več letih, združujemo in tako dobimo natančnejše ocene. Podatke iz obdobja treh let preračunamo na srednje leto in to upoštevamo pri interpretaciji rezultatov kot referenčno leto. Od leta 1997 tudi ne uporabljamo več bilančnega pristopa, ampak koncept potrošnih izdatkov (izdatkov za življenjske potrebščine), ki so klasificirani po COICOP-HBS (Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose - Klasifikacija osebne porabe po namenu). Nekatera vprašanja so bila izločena (npr. o zmanjšanju prihrankov, vračanju potrošniških in investicijskih posojil ipd.), zato je primerjava rezultatov s prejšnjimi leti zdaj možna samo na ravni tekočega dohodka in potrošnih izdatkov in zato tudi ne prikazujemo več bilance med razpoložljivimi in porabljenimi sredstvi. Zadnji podatki, ki so na voljo po tej metodologiji, se nanašajo na leto V letu 2012 je bilo raziskovanje znova prenovljeno. Vprašalnik je bil vsebinsko razširjen z novimi vprašanji o izdatkih (vzdrževanje stanovanja, šolstvo, gospodinjska oprema itd.). Iz vprašalnika so bila izločena vprašanja o dohodkih gospodinjstva, ker so bili ti podatki pridobljeni iz administrativnih in registrskih podatkov. Hkrati je bil posodobljen tudi proces obdelave podatkov. Potrošni izdatki se razvrščajo po novejši, harmonizirani različici klasifikacije COICOP, ki zagotavlja primerljivost podatkov med različnimi uporabniki do 5- mestne šifre. Podatkov za leto 2011 ni na voljo, in tudi v prihodnje se anketa ne bo več izvajala vsako leto, ampak z večletnimi presledki. Osnova za vzorčni okvir je Centralni register prebivalstva (CRP). Vzorec je dvostopenjski stratificiran. Stratumi so bili določeni glede na 12 statističnih regij in 6 tipov naselij. Vzorčne enote na prvi stopnji so sestavljene iz enega ali več manjših prostorskih okolišev, v vsaki izbrani vzorčni enoti na drugi stopnji pa je bilo izbranih po 6 oseb. Metode substitucije (izbiranje nadomestnih gospodinjstev, ki bi zamenjala tista, ki niso sodelovala) ne uporabljamo. Podatke o razpoložljivih in porabljenih sredstvih v gospodinjstvu oziroma podatke o osnovnih elementih osebne porabe dajejo člani gospodinjstva neposredno anketarju, ki ga za to delo pooblasti Statistični urad Republike Slovenije. Pri anketiranju uporabljamo metodo osebnega intervjuja, ki temelji na vprašalniku, ter dnevnike, v katere člani gospodinjstva 14 dni sami zapisujejo dnevne izdatke in kupljene količine življenjskih potrebščin. Anketiranje gospodinjstev je enakomerno porazdeljeno skozi vse leto, vsako izbrano gospodinjstvo pa sodeluje v anketi 14 dni. Zajetje Rezultati, objavljeni za posamezno leto do leta 2010, temeljijo na združenem vzorcu treh zaporednih let, podatki pa so preračunani na srednje leto, in to leto se uporablja kot referenčno leto. V letu 2012 smo anketo izvedli na večjem vzorcu in podatke prenehali združevati. V vzorec sta bili izbrani 7002 gospodinjstvi. V anketi ne upoštevamo skupinskih gospodinjstev, kot so internati, domovi za varstvo in nego otrok in starejših občanov, bolnišnice, dijaški in študentski domovi ipd. Definicije in pojasnila Gospodinjstva kot enote opazovanja so skupnosti oseb, ki skupaj stanujejo in skupaj porabljajo svoje prejemke za osnovne življenjske potrebe (stanovanje, hrano in drugo), ali samske osebe, ki živijo same ter sredstva porabljajo in se hranijo samostojno. Razpoložljiva denarna sredstva zajemajo vsa denarna sredstva, ki METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS HOUSEHOLD BUDGET SURVEY Sources and methods of data collection Data are collected with the Household Budget Survey, which was between 1983 and 1997 conducted according to the unified methodology and with the same questionnaires as regards the contents. In 1997 there were some changes in survey contents and implementation. The survey was harmonised with Eurostat s recommendations and became a continuous one. By combining data of three consecutive years we obtain more accurate estimates. Data from three years are calculated to the middle year which is used as the reference year for interpretation of results. We no longer use the balance approach but the concept of expenditure classified by the COICOP-HBS (Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose). Comparison of results with previous years is only possible at the level of current income and consumption expenditure, since certain questions are no longer part of the survey (e.g. on decrease of savings, paying back consumer credits and investment loans, etc.). Therefore, there is no balance between available assets and allocated assets. The latest available data according to this methodology are for In 2012, the survey was again revised. The content of the questionnaire was expanded (maintenance of housing, education, household equipment, etc.). Questions on household income were excluded from the questionnaire and the data were obtained from administrative and registry data. At the same time also the data processing was revised. Consumption expenditure is classified by the newer version of the harmonized classification COICOP, which ensures comparability of data between different users up to the 5-digit code. Data for 2011 are not available and also in the future the survey will no longer be conducted every year, but with a gap of several years. The sample frame is the Central Population Register (CRP). The sample stratification was made with regard to 12 statistical regions and six types of settlements. The sampling is done in two stages. In the first stage sampling units were selected (made up of one or more spatial districts). In the second stage six people were selected in each sampling unit. We do not use the method of substitution, i.e. of selecting substitute households that would replace the ones that did not co-operate. Data on available and allocated assets of households are given by the household members directly to the interviewers authorised by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. We use the method of personal interviewing on the basis of the questionnaire and diaries, which household members fill in with daily expenditure and bought quantities. Surveying of households is equally distributed throughout the year and each household co-operates in the survey for 14 days. Coverage Up to 2010 the results published for a certain year are based on the combined sample of three consecutive years and data were calculated to the middle year, which was used as the reference year. In 2012 the survey was conducted on a larger sample (7,002 households) without combing the data of three consecutive years. The survey does not cover collective households such as boarding schools, nursing homes for children, old people s homes, hospitals, homes for pupils, student hostels, etc. Definitions and explanations Households as observation units are either communities of persons who live together, eat together and spend their income together, or single persons who live and eat on their own and independently use the means. Available money assets within a household are available financial 247

2 14 Življenjska raven Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije 2013 Level of living Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia 2013 so bila gospodinjstvu na voljo v anketnem obdobju. Denarni dohodek gospodinjstva zajema denarne prejemke, ki so jih člani gospodinjstva prejeli v 12 mesecih, in sicer naslednje: - dohodek iz zaposlitve (plače, prejemke iz honorarnega dela in druge prejemke zaposlenih članov, vključno s prejemki iz avtorskih pravic in plačil za delo preko študentskega servisa); - dohodek iz samozaposlitve (plača podjetnika, dohodek iz kmetijstva in iz dejavnosti); - socialne prejemke (pokojnine z dodatki, socialne pomoči, invalidnine, štipendije, nadomestila brezposelnih); - družinske prejemke (otroški dodatek, nadomestilo za porodniški dopust, starševski dodatek, dodatek za nego otroka); - dohodek iz lastnine (prejemki od oddajanja sob, stanovanja, dohodek na podlagi patentov, licenc in drugih pravic, dividende, obresti); - denarne pomoči in darila (preživnine, vzdrževalnine, denarna darila). Razpoložljiva denarna sredstva zajemajo tudi: - prejemke od prodaje (premičnin in nepremičnin ter vrednostnih papirjev); - druge prejemke (dobitki pri igrah na srečo, nadomestila za nacionalizirano in razlaščeno imetje, dediščine in zapuščine, prejemki iz naslova življenjskega zavarovanja, od zavarovalnic). Porabljena sredstva obsegajo izdatke za življenjske potrebščine (potrošni izdatki), izdatke za stanovanje, hišo (nakup, prenove, velika dela) in druge izdatke. Med druge izdatke smo razvrstili davke in samoprispevke, varčevanje, denarne prenose in darila, življenjsko zavarovanje, prostovoljno pokojninsko in invalidsko zavarovanje, denarne kazni za prekrške in nadomestila škode. Porabljena sredstva obsegajo vrednosti kupljenega blaga in uporabljenih storitev ne glede na to, ali je bilo oboje plačano v gotovini ali na kredit. Vključeni so vsi izdatki članov gospodinjstva ne glede na to, ali so jih porabili za lastne potrebe ali darila drugim. Z anketo zbiramo tudi podatke o mobilnih telefonih in računalnikih, vendar jih v tem poglavju ne objavljamo, saj se ti podatki zbirajo tudi s posebnimi anketami, ki zagotavljajo bolj sveže in kakovostne podatke o opremljenosti s temi dobrinami, in so objavljeni v poglavju 22 Informacijska družba. Objavljanje assets that a household had at its disposal in the survey period. Money income of a household covers financial income that was received by household members in 12 months: - income from employment (wages and salaries, income from work under contract and other income of employed members, including copyright income and payment via a student employment office); - income from self-employment (income of entrepreneur, from agricultural holding and from activity); - social income (pensions with supplements, social benefits, disability allowances, scholarships, unemployment benefits); - family allowances (child allowance, maternity leave compensation, parental allowance, child care assistance); - property income (income from letting rooms or dwellings, income from patents, licences and other rights, dividends, interest); - money gifts and transfers (alimony, maintenance allowance, financial gifts). The available money assets cover also: - receipts from sale (sale of intangible and tangible goods, sale of securities); - other receipts (winnings at gambling, compensation for nationalised or dispossessed property, inheritance and legacy, income from life insurance, from insurance companies). Allocated assets cover consumption expenditure, expenditure for a dwelling or house (purchase of a dwelling, house, major works and renovations) and other expenditure. Other expenditure covers taxes and self-imposed contributions, savings, money transfers and gifts, life insurance, voluntary pension and disability insurance, fines and indemnity money. Allocated assets include value of purchased goods and services, irrespective of whether they were paid in cash or bought on credit. Covered is all expenditure of household members, irrespective of whether used for their personal needs or for gifts to other persons. The HBS is also used to collect data on mobile phones and computers; however, these data are not published in this chapter because they are also collected with special surveys that provide more up-to-date and quality data on the use of such equipment which are published in a special chapter (22. Information Society). Publishing Letno: Prva statistična objava. Življenjska raven Annually: First Release. Level of living Slovenija v številkah Slovenia in Figures Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia Podatkovni portal SI-STAT SI-STAT Data Portal DOHODEK IN REVŠČINA Viri in metode zbiranja podatkov Vir za izračun stopnje tveganja revščine in drugih kazalnikov so podatki iz Raziskovanja o dohodkih in življenjskih pogojih (SILC). SILC se izvaja na podlagi podatkov, pridobljenih z Anketo o življenjskih pogojih, in administrativnih ter registrskih podatkov za leto pred izvedbo ankete (referenčno leto za dohodek). V letu 2008 smo spremenili način objave kazalnikov, ki izhajajo iz SILC. Pred letom 2008 smo jih objavljali glede na referenčno leto za dohodek, od leta 2008 dalje pa celotno časovno vrsto objavljamo glede na referenčno leto izvedbe SILC. S to spremembo smo poenotili način objave z Eurostatom. Podatki, ki jih objavljamo za leto 2005, so bili v publikacijah, izdanih pred letom 2008, objavljeni za leto Raziskovanje o dohodkih in življenjskih pogojih je za države članice EU enoten vir podatkov za izračun kazalnikov dohodka in revščine, ki temelji na uredbah Evropske komisije. Vir za izračun omenjenih kazalnikov pred uvedbo SILC so bili podatki iz Ankete o porabi v gospodinjstvih (APG). INCOME AND POVERTY Sources and methods of data collection The source for the calculation of indicators is data from the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC). It is implemented with the Survey on Living Conditions and the use of administrative and register data for the year prior to the survey (income reference year). In 2008 we changed the way of publishing indicators based on SILC. Up to 2008 the data were published for the income reference year (one year before the survey year), from 2008 on the whole series will be published for the survey reference year. With this change the way of publishing data is harmonized with Eurostat. So the data we are publishing for 2005 were published in our previous editions (before 2008) for The Statistics on Income and Living Conditions is a uniform source for calculating income and poverty indicators in the EU, which is based on European Commission regulations. The data source before the implementation of the SILC was the Household Budget Survey (HBS). 248

3 Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije 2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia 2013 Življenjska raven Level of living 14 Definicije in pojasnila Seznam kazalnikov socialne povezanosti, sprejet decembra 2001 na Evropskem svetu v Laekenu, obsega 18 kazalnikov. Ti zajemajo več področij: dohodek in revščino, trg dela, izobrazbo. V tem poglavju je zajeto področje dohodka in revščine. Kazalniki so izračunani po enotni metodologiji Eurostata. Objavlja jih tudi Eurostat v svoji podatkovni zbirki. Izračuni temeljijo na letnem razpoložljivem dohodku gospodinjstva. Kazalniki so izračunani za dve definiciji razpoložljivega dohodka. Po prvi gre za denarni dohodek, v katerega sta vključena kot boniteta tudi uporaba službenega avtomobila v zasebne namene in del lastne proizvodnje samozaposlenih vrednost izdelkov, prenesenih v gospodinjstvo iz lastne delavnice, podjetja ali trgovine. V drugem primeru je denarnemu dohodku prišteta še vrednost lastne proizvodnje (hrane in pijač, do leta 2006 pa tudi drv) z vrta, kmetije, sadovnjaka, porabljene v gospodinjstvu (dohodek v naravi). Denarni razpoložljivi dohodek gospodinjstva obsega neto dohodke vseh članov gospodinjstva (iz zaposlitve, vključno z nadomestilom za prehrano in prevoz na delo, iz samozaposlitve, pokojnine, nadomestila za brezposelnost, nadomestila za bolniško odsotnost, štipendije, družinske in socialne prejemke, obresti, dividende, prejete denarne transferje od drugih gospodinjstev), od katerih so odšteti transferji, plačani drugim gospodinjstvom, ter davek na premoženje. V letu 2010 (SILC 2009) je Eurostat nekoliko spremenil metodologijo izračuna razpoložljivega dohodka gospodinjstev. V dohodek so po novem vključene tudi pokojnine iz zasebnih varčevalnih shem, zato smo preračunali tudi celo serijo kazalnikov za nazaj ( ). Uporabljen je koncept objektivne, relativne revščine. Objektivne zato, ker vsebuje podatke o dejanskih dohodkih gospodinjstva, ki so merilo za uvrstitev članov gospodinjstva med revne; relativne pa zato, ker je prag tveganja revščine določen na podlagi distribucije dohodka in se z njo tudi spreminja. Prag tveganja revščine je opredeljen s 60 mediane ekvivalentnega razpoložljivega dohodka vseh gospodinjstev ob upoštevanju OECDjeve prilagojene ekvivalenčne lestvice. Izračunan je za eno odraslo osebo ter za gospodinjstvo dveh odraslih in dveh otrok, mlajših od 14 let. V evre je bil preračunan po tečaju Eurostata (za leto 2005: 1 EUR = 239,0874 SIT); ta se nekoliko razlikuje od tečaja Banke Slovenije. Podatki o dohodkih in pragu tveganja revščine od leta 2007 (SILC 2008) dalje so že v evrih. Tudi v v standarde kupne moči (SKM) je bil prag preračunan po tečaju Eurostata (ta je za leto 2011 znašal 0,8458, za leto ,8438 EUR, za leto ,8230 EUR, za leto 2005 pa 0,7581 EUR). Da bi lahko primerjali življenjsko raven gospodinjstev med seboj, moramo upoštevati njihovo velikost in sestavo. Vsi člani gospodinjstva nimajo enakih potreb, zato uporabljamo ekvivalenčne lestvice, ki upoštevajo ekonomije obsega v gospodinjstvih. Uporabili smo OECDjevo prilagojeno ekvivalenčno lestvico in izračunali dohodek na ekvivalentnega člana. Lestvica daje prvemu odraslemu članu utež 1, drugim članom, starim 14 let ali več, utež 0,5, otrokom, mlajšim od 14 let, pa utež 0,3. Stopnja tveganja revščine je izražena kot odstotek oseb, ki živijo v gospodinjstvih z razpoložljivim ekvivalentnim dohodkom pod pragom tveganja revščine. Stopnja tveganja revščine glede na najpogostejši status aktivnosti je izračunana glede na prevladujoči status aktivnosti osebe v celem letu, in sicer za osebe, stare 18 let ali več. Osebe, ki so mlajše od 18 let, se pri izračunu tega kazalnika ne upoštevajo. Prevladujoči status aktivnosti osebe je status, ki ga je oseba imela vsaj sedem mesecev v dohodkovnem referenčnem letu. Osebe, ki jim najmanj za sedem mesecev v letu ni mogoče določiti nobenega statusa aktivnosti, se pri izračunu tega kazalnika ne upoštevajo. Delovno aktivne so osebe, ki so bile zaposlene ali samozaposlene vsaj sedem mesecev v letu. Druge neaktivne osebe so gospodinje, dijaki in študenti ter za delo nezmožne osebe. Za leto 2006 smo izboljšali metodologijo določanja mesečnega statusa aktivnosti oseb v vzorcu, ker smo imeli na voljo več virov kot za leto Zaradi izboljšane metodologije stopnja tveganja revščine za delovno aktivne, brezposelne in druge neaktivne osebe od leta 2006 dalje ni povsem primerljiva z letom Definitions and explanations The Laeken list of social cohesion indicators was adopted at the Laeken European Council in December It contains 18 indicators covering different areas: income and poverty, labour market, education. In this issue, the area of income and poverty is included. The indicators are calculated according to the Eurostat s methodology. They are also published by Eurostat in its database. The calculations are based on yearly disposable household income. Indicators were calculated for two definitions of disposable income. The first involves income in cash (the use of company car for private purposes and withdrawals from a business by a self-employed person are s also included). In the second case income in cash is supplemented by the value of goods produced for own consumption (food and beverages, by 2006 also firewood) in the garden, farm or orchard (income in kind). Disposable household income in cash includes net incomes of all household members (employee cash or near cash income, including supplement for meals and transport to work, cash benefits or loses from self-employment, pensions, unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, education-related allowances, family allowances and social benefits, interests, dividends, regular inter-household cash transfers received) less regular interhousehold cash transfers paid and regular taxes on wealth. In 2010 (SILC 2009) Eurostat slightly changed the methodology for calculating disposable household income. Income now includes also pensions from individual private plans, so we recalculated the entire series of indicators for The concept of objective, relative poverty was used. Objective because data on actual income are used, which is the measure of classifying household members as poor; and relative because the at risk of poverty threshold is determined on the basis of distribution of income and varies with it. At risk of poverty threshold is defined as 60 of median equivalised disposable income of all households using the OECD modified equivalence scale. It was calculated for one adult household and for a household consisting of two adults and two children under the age of 14. It was calculated into euros by Eurostat exchange rate (for 2005: 1 EUR = SIT), which differs slightly from the exchange rate of the Bank of Slovenia. Data on income and at risk of poverty threshold from 2007 (SILC 2008) on are already in euros. The threshold was also calculated into purchasing power standards (PPS) by Eurostat exchange rate (for 2011: 1 PPS = , for 2010: 1 PPS = , for 2009: 1 PPS = EUR, for 2005: 1 PPS = EUR). In order to be able to compare the level of living for different households, we have to take into account their size and structure. For this reason we use equivalence scales, which take into consideration the economy of scale. We have used the OECD modified scale and calculated the income per adult equivalent member. The scale gives to the first adult in the household weight 1, to every other person 14 or more years old weight 0.5 and to children under 14 weight 0.3. At risk of poverty rate is the percentage of persons living in households where the equivalised total disposable household income is below the threshold. At-risk-of-poverty rate with breakdown by most frequent activity status is calculated according to the prevailing activity status in the whole year, for persons 18 years old or more. People under the age of 18 are not taken into account in calculating this indicator. The prevailing activity status of a person is the status which a person had for at least seven months in the income reference year. Persons whose activity status was not determined for at least seven months in the year are excluded from the calculation of this indicator. Persons at work are those who were employed or self-employed for at least seven months in the year. Other inactive persons are homemakers, pupils, students and persons who are unable to work. The methodology for 2006 was improved compared to 2005 since for 2006 more sources were available to determine the monthly status of the persons in the sample than for the year before. Due to methodological improvements data for persons at work, the unemployed and other inactive persons from 2006 on are not completely comparable to data for

4 14 Življenjska raven Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije 2013 Level of living Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia 2013 Z raziskovanjem SILC v letu 2009 je Eurostat spremenil metodologijo zbiranja podatkov o mesečnem statusu aktivnosti oseb v dohodkovnem referenčnem letu. Zaradi te metodološke spremembe je v letu 2009 višji delež brezposelnih oseb in nižji delež drugih neaktivnih oseb med vsemi osebami, ki so razvrščene glede na najpogostejši status aktivnosti. Delovna intenzivnost gospodinjstva je izračunana kot razmerje med m mesecev v referenčnem letu, v katerih so bili za delo sposobni člani gospodinjstva (torej osebe v starosti od 18 do 64 let, razen vzdrževanih otrok) dejansko delovno aktivni (tj. zaposleni ali samozaposleni), in m mesecev, v katerih bi bili za delo spodobni člani lahko delovno aktivni. V delovno neintenzivnih gospodinjstvih ni bil nihče delovno aktiven niti en mesec v letu, v delovno intenzivnih gospodinjstvih pa so bili vsi za delo sposobni člani delovno aktivni celo leto. Delno delovno intenzivna so gospodinjstva, v katerih je bil vsaj en za delo sposoben član delovno aktiven le del leta. Ko gospodinjstvom določimo delovno intenzivnost, za izračun stopnje tveganja revščine upoštevamo vse člane teh gospodinjstev. Gospodinjstev, v katerih živijo samo študenti (trenutni status aktivnosti), stari od 18 do 24 let, se ne upošteva pri izračunu tega kazalnika. Določitev tipa gospodinjstva je odvisna od števila odraslih oseb in števila vzdrževanih otrok v gospodinjstvu. Vzdrževani otroci so člani gospodinjstva, stari manj kot 18 let, ali pa člani gospodinjstva, stari od 18 do 24 let, ki niso delovno aktivni (tj. zaposleni ali samozaposleni) in živijo pri vsaj enem od staršev. V postopek izračunavanja uteži gospodinjstev za leto 2010 smo vključili podatke iz registrskega popisa prebivalstva Zaradi spremenjenega vira podatkov za uteževanje se je v populaciji povečalo gospodinjstev, predvsem enočlanskih. Stopnja tveganja revščine glede na stanovanjsko razmerje je izračunana za osebe, ki živijo v lastniških stanovanjih, vključno z uporabniki stanovanj, in za osebe, ki živijo v najemniških stanovanjih. Podatki o stanovanjskem razmerju gospodinjstva v SILC 2005 so bili uteženi glede na strukturo iz Popisa Zaradi oddaljenosti leta 2002 od leta 2006 podatki o stanovanjskem razmerju gospodinjstva v SILC od leta 2006 dalje niso bili uteženi na to strukturo, zato struktura oseb in gospodinjstev glede na stanovanjsko razmerje od leta 2006 dalje ni popolnoma primerljiva z letom Delež oseb, ki živijo v lastniških in uporabniških stanovanjih, je bil v letu 2006 višji kot v letu 2005, delež oseb, ki živijo v najemniških stanovanjih, pa nižji. Zaradi te spremembe metodologije tudi podatki o stopnji tveganja revščine glede na stanovanjsko razmerje od leta 2006 dalje niso povsem primerljivi s podatki za leto Relativna vrzel tveganja revščine je razlika med pragom tveganja revščine in mediano ekvivalentnega dohodka oseb pod pragom tveganja revščine, izražena kot odstotek od praga tveganja revščine. Osnovna stopnja tveganja revščine je izračunana za 60-odstotni prag tveganja revščine. Stopnje tveganja revščine za 40-, 50- in 70-odstotni prag so prikazane pri kazalniku Razpršenost okrog praga tveganja revščine. Stopnjo tveganja revščine pred socialnimi transferji izračunamo glede na isti prag tveganja revščine kot stopnjo tveganja revščine, le da od dohodka odštejemo socialne transferje (npr. denarno nadomestilo za primer brezposelnosti, nadomestilo za čas bolniške odsotnosti z dela, štipendija, otroški dodatek, porodniško nadomestilo, posvojiteljsko nadomestilo, dodatek za nego in varstvo otroka, pomoč ob rojstvu otroka, dodatek za veliko družino, nadomestilo za očetovski dopust, starševski dodatek, denarna socialna pomoč, dodatek za pomoč in postrežbo, subvencije za najemnine, invalidske pokojnine, starostne pokojnine, družinske pokojnine). Izračunamo jo na dva načina, odvisno od tega, ali pokojnine štejemo med socialne transferje ali ne. Tako od celotnega dohodka enkrat odštejemo samo»družinske prejemke, invalidske pokojnine in druge socialne prejemke«, drugič pa»socialne transferje, vključno z vsemi (starostnimi in družinskimi) pokojninami«. Neenakost porazdelitve dohodka prikazujemo z razmerjem kvintilnih razredov (80/20) in z Ginijevim količnikom. Čim višja sta, tem večja je neenakost porazdelitve dohodka v družbi. Razmerje kvintilnih razredov (80/20) je razmerje med ekvivalentnim dohodkom gospodinjstev v najvišjem in najnižjem kvintilnem razredu. Ginijev količnik je mera za koncentracijo dohodka. Njegova vrednost je med 0 in 1. With the SILC survey in 2009 Eurostat changed the methodology of collecting data on the monthly activity status of persons in the income reference year. Due to this methodological change, in 2009 the share of unemployed persons is higher and the share of other inactive persons among all persons classified regarding the most frequent activity status is lower. The work intensity of the household refers to the of months that all working age (18-64, except dependent children) household members have been working during the income reference year as a proportion of the total of months that could theoretically be worked by the same working age household members within the household. If the work intensity of the household is 0, no one worked even one month per year. If the work intensity of the household is 1, all working age household members worked all year. Partly work intensive households are those in which at least one working age member was working only part of the year. After work intensity is determined for households, for calculating the at-risk-of-poverty rate all household members are taken into account. Households with students (current activity status) aged living alone are not taken into account in calculating the indicator. Household type is defined according to the of adults and the of dependent children in the household. Dependent children are defined as household members below 18 years of age, or household members aged 18 to 24 if they are living with at least one parent and are not at work (employed or self-employed). The procedure of calculating weights for households in 2010 included the data from the 2011 register-based population census. Due to the change in the data source for weighting, the of households (especially one-member households) in the population increased. At-risk-of-poverty rate by tenure status is calculated for persons living in owned or rent-free apartments and for persons living in rented apartments. In SILC 2005 the tenure status was weighted to the structure from the 2002 Population Census. Because 2002 is far from 2006, the SILC tenure status from 2006 on was not weighted to the structure from the 2002 Population Census. Therefore there is a significant change in the structure of persons and households according to tenure status: in 2006 the share of persons living in owned or rent-free apartments was much higher than in 2005 while the share of persons living in rented apartments was much lower. Due to this methodological change the at-risk-of-poverty rate with breakdown by tenure status from 2006 on is not completely comparable to data for Relative at risk of poverty gap is the difference between the at risk of poverty threshold and median equivalised income of persons below the at risk of poverty threshold, expressed as a percentage of the at risk of poverty threshold. The basic at-risk-of-poverty rate is calculated for the 60 at-risk-ofpoverty threshold. The at-risk-of-poverty rates for 40, 50 and 70 thresholds are shown in the indicator Dispersion around the at-riskof-poverty threshold. At risk of poverty rate before social transfers is based on the same at risk of poverty threshold as the at risk of poverty rate, only social transfers (e.g. unemployment insurance, paid sick leave compensation, scholarship, child allowance, maternity leave compensation, adoptive parents' compensation, allowance for nursing a child, assistance for goods for a new-born child, large family allowance, fathers' compensation, parental allowance, financial social assistance, allowance for help and care, housing subsidies, disability benefits, old-age benefits, survivors' benefits) are subtracted from total income. It is calculated using two definitions of income, depending on whether pensions are considered as social transfers or not: only» family benefits, disability pensions and other social transfers«or»social transfers including all pensions (old-age and survivors benefits)«are subtracted from total income. Inequality of income distribution is measured by S80/S20 quintile share ratio and Gini coefficient. The higher they are the greater is the income inequality. S80/S20 quintile share ratio is the ratio between the equivalised household income of the top 20 of the income distribution to the bottom 20. Gini coefficient is the measure of income concentration. Its value is between 0 and

5 Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije 2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia 2013 Življenjska raven Level of living 14 Objavljanje Publishing Letno: Prva statistična objava. Življenjska raven Annually: First Release. Level of living Slovenija v številkah Slovenia in Figures Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia Podatkovni portal SI-STAT SI-STAT Data Portal NASELJENA IN NENASELJENA STANOVANJA, 1. januar 2011 Viri in metode zbiranja podatkov Glavna vira za registrski popis stanovanj v letu 2011 sta bila Register nepremičnin (REN), ki ga vodi Geodetska uprava RS ter Centralni register prebivalstva (CRP) in Evidenca gospodinjstev, ki ju vodi Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve. Zajetje Zajeta so bila vsa stanovanja na ozemlju Republike Slovenije (naseljena, nenaseljena, za občasno uporabo) ter drugi naseljeni prostori, ki so se v času popisa uporabljali za prebivanje (naseljeni poslovni prostori, zasilno naseljeni prostori). Stanovanja, ki so namenjena izključno za oddajanje turistom ali za drugo poslovno dejavnost, niso bila vključena. Pravna podlaga Registrski popis oseb, gospodinjstev in stanovanj je eno od statističnih raziskovanj iz rednega dela programa statističnih raziskovanj, ki jih izvaja Statistični urad RS. Vsebinsko podlago ima tudi v Uredbi (ES) št. 763/2008 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 9. julija 2008 o popisih prebivalstva in stanovanj (Uradni list Evropske unije L 218/14, 13. avgust 2008). OCCUPIED AND UNOCCUPIED DWELLING, 1 January 2011 Data Sources and methods of data collection The main sources for the 2011 register-based census were the Real Estate Register kept by the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia and the Central Population Register kept by the Ministry of the Interior. Coverage The 2011 Census covered all dwellings in the territory of Slovenia (occupied, unoccupied, for occasional use) and other occupied premises that were used as dwellings at the time of the Census. Dwellings, used only for tourism or other business purposes were not included. Legal basis The register-based census is one of the regular statistical surveys conducted by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia and has the content basis in the Regulation (EC) No. 763/2008 of the European Parliament and the Council of 9 July 2008 on Population and Housing Censuses, Official Journal of the European Union L 218/14, 13 August, Definicije in pojasnila Oblika nastanitve zajema celotno prebivalstvo in se nanaša na tip nastanitve, v kateri oseba običajno prebiva med popisom. Prebivalstvo vključuje vse osebe, ki imajo običajno prebivališče v različnih tipih bivalnih prostorov, osebe, ki nimajo običajnega prebivališča in v določenem tipu bivalnih prostorov bivajo začasno vendar vsaj 12 mesecev, in osebe, ki so med popisom brez strehe nad glavo in spijo na prostem ali v zasilnih zatočiščih, imajo pa prijavljeno stalno prebivališče na Centrih za socialno delo. Stanovalci so osebe z običajnim prebivališčem v krajih, ki so navedeni v ustreznih kategorijah v skladu z definicijo prebivalstva (prebivalec je oseba s prijavljenim stalnim in/ali začasnim prebivališčem v Sloveniji, ki v Sloveniji prebiva ali ima namen prebivati eno leto ali več in ni začasno odsoten iz Slovenije eno leto ali več). Vrsta stavbe je lahko opredeljena tudi glede na stanovanj in namen stavbe, pri ločevanju med stanovanjsko in nestanovanjsko stavbo pa je upoštevano še merilo vrste zgraditve stavbe. V stanovanj niso všteti zasilno naseljeni ali naseljeni poslovni prostori, stanovanja, namenjena samo za opravljanje dejavnosti, ter skupinska stanovanja. Tako so stavbe razvrščene v štiri skupine: Definitions and explanations Housing arrangements covers the whole population and refers to the type of housing in which a person usually resides at the time of the census. This covers all persons who are usual residents in different types of living quarters, or who do not have a usual residence and stay temporarily at least 12 months in some type of living quarters, or who are roofless, sleeping rough or in emergency shelters, when the census is taken, but with registered permanent and/or temporary residence in Centre for social work. Occupants are persons with their usual residence in the places listed in the respective category in accordance with the definition of the population (population are persons with registered permanent and/or temporary residence in Slovenia who live or intend to live in Slovenia for one year or more and are not temporarily absent from Slovenia for a year or more). Type of building can also be derived from the of dwellings and the use of building, by distinguishing between the residential and non-residential buildings the criterion of the type of construction is also considered. The of dwellings does not include occupied provisional premises, occupied business premises, dwellings used only for business purposes and collective living quarters. Thus, the buildings are divided into four categories: - enostanovanjska stavba je stavba z enim stanovanjem, - one-dwelling building is a building with one dwelling - dvostanovanjska stavba je stavba z dvema stanovanjema, - two-dwelling building is a building with two dwellings - tri- ali večstanovanjska stavba je stavba s tremi ali več stanovanji, - three or more dwelling building is a building with three or more dwellings - nestanovanjske stavbe so stavbe, ki se pretežno uporabljajo za nestanovanjske namene, ali stavbe, v katerih so večinoma prostori, ki niso stanovanja (poslovne stavbe, šole, razni domovi ipd.). Pretežna raba stavbe je opredeljena glede na to, ali gre samo za - non-residential and other buildings are buildings mostly used for non-residential purposes or buildings which mostly contain premises other than dwellings (business buildings, schools, various homes, etc.) Type of building with regard to use is defined according to the way 251

6 14 Življenjska raven Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije 2013 Level of living Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia 2013 stanovanjsko uporabo ali pa se stavba uporablja tudi za druge namene. Če se stavba ne uporablja samo za stanovanjske namene, je njena raba določena po pretežnem deležu površine, ki se uporablja za določene namene. Tip bivalnih prostorov: bivalni prostor je nastanitev, ki je običajno prebivališče ene ali več oseb. Pojmi stanovanja, druge stanovanjske enote in skupni bivalni prostori so opredeljeni enako kot v vsebini oblika nastanitve. Stavba s stanovanji je stavba, ki vsebuje vsaj eno stanovanje, namenjeno za prebivanje ljudi ali za sezonsko oziroma sekundarno rabo. Stavbe, ki vsebujejo skupne in druge stanovanjske enote, niso vštete. Seštevek naseljenih stanovanj in drugih stanovanjskih enot predstavlja stanovanjske enote. Stanovanja so strukturno ločeni in neodvisni prostori na fiksnih lokacijah, namenjeni za trajno prebivanje ljudi in se na referenčni dan: (a) uporabljajo kot prebivališče, (b) so prazni ali (c) rezervirani za sezonsko ali sekundarno rabo. Ločeni pomeni obdani s stenami in pokriti s streho ali stropom, tako da se ena ali več oseb lahko osami. Neodvisni pomeni, da imajo neposreden dostop z ulice ali s stopnišča, s prehoda, s hodnika ali iz kleti. Stanovanje za sezonsko ali sekundarno rabo je po definiciji stanovanje, ki se občasno ali več mesecev v letu uporablja za počitek in rekreacijo ali se uporablja samo občasno. Stanovanja po vrsti stavbe se nanaša na stanovanj v stavbi, v kateri se nahaja stanovanje. Stanovanja po letu zgraditve se nanaša na leto, ko je bila stavba, v kateri se nahaja stanovanje, dokončana. Druge stanovanjske enote so koče, barake, kolibe, bivalne prikolice, plovila za bivanje, skednji, mlini, jame ali druga zatočišča, v katerih med popisom prebivajo ljudje, ne glede na to, ali so namenjena za prebivanje ljudi ali ne. Skupni bivalni prostori so prostori, ki so predvideni za nastanitev večjih skupin posameznikov ali več gospodinjstev in jih med popisom uporablja kot običajno prebivališče najmanj ena oseba. Naseljena stanovanja, druge stanovanjske enote in skupni bivalni prostori skupaj predstavljajo bivalne prostore. Vsak bivalni prostor mora biti običajno prebivališče najmanj ene osebe. Naseljena stanovanja so stanovanja, ki so med popisom običajno prebivališče ene ali več oseb. Nenaseljena stanovanja so stanovanja, ki med popisom niso običajno prebivališče nobene osebe. Sem sodijo tudi stanovanja za sezonska in sekundarna stanovanja. Stanovanja, v katerih so navzoče osebe, ki niso zajete v popis, se uvrstijo v kategorijo stanovanja za sezonsko ali sekundarno rabo in se štejejo kot nenaseljena stanovanja. Stanovanje za poslovno dejavnost je stanovanje, v katerem ne živi nihče in je v celoti namenjeno opravljanju poslovne dejavnosti. V arhitekturnem smislu ni spremenjeno v poslovni prostor. Stanovanje za poslovno dejavnost se ne šteje med stanovanja. Uporabna površina se opredeli kot: - površina, izmerjena znotraj zunanjih sten, brez nebivalnih kleti in podstrešij ter brez skupnih prostorov v večstanovanjskih stavbah, ali the building is used; whether it is used only for residential purposes or it is used also for other purposes. If the building is not used for residential purposes only, its use is defined regarding the major part of floor space used for a certain purpose. A living quarter is housing which is the usual residence of one or more persons. The terms Conventional dwellings, Other housing units and Collective living quarters are defined as under the topic Housing arrangements. Building with dwellings is a structure containing at least one dwelling. Buildings containing only premises other than dwellings by definition (occupied provisional premises, business premises, collective living quarters) are not counted. The sum of occupied conventional dwellings and other housing units represents housing units. Conventional dwellings are structurally separate and independent premises at fixed locations which are designed for permanent human habitation and are, at the reference date, (a) used as a residence, or (b) vacant, or (c) reserved for seasonal or secondary use. Separate means surrounded by walls and covered by a roof or ceiling so that one or more persons can isolate themselves. Independent means having direct access from a street or a staircase, passage, gallery or grounds. Dwellings for seasonal or secondary use are dwellings for leisure and recreation and dwellings for the time of seasonal work. Dwellings by type of building refers to the of dwellings in the building in which the dwelling is placed. Dwellings by period of construction refers to the year when the building in which the dwelling is placed was completed. Other housing units are huts, cabins, shacks, shanties, caravans, houseboats, barns, mills, caves or any other shelter used for human habitation at the time of the census, irrespective if it was designed for human habitation. Collective living quarters are premises which are designed for habitation by large groups of individuals or several households and which are used as the usual residence of at least one person at the time of the census. Occupied conventional dwellings, other housing units and collective living quarters together represent living quarters. Any living quarter must be the usual residence of at least one person. Occupied conventional dwellings are conventional dwellings which are the usual residence of one or more persons at the time of the census. Unoccupied conventional dwellings are conventional dwellings which are not the usual residence of any person at the time of the census. This category includes dwellings for seasonal or secondary use. Conventional dwellings with persons temporarily present but not included in the census are classified under the category "Dwellings for seasonal or secondary use", therefore are treated as unoccupied conventional dwellings. A dwelling for business activity is a dwelling in which nobody lives and is entirely used for performing business activity. In architectural sense, the dwelling is not converted into business premises. This dwelling is not included in the of dwellings. Useful floor space is defined as: - the floor space measured inside the outer walls excluding nonhabitable cellars and attics and, in multi-dwelling buildings, all common spaces; or - skupna površina sob, ki ustrezajo opredelitvi soba. - the total floor space of rooms falling under the concept of room. Uporabna površina stanovanja je seštevek površin vseh sob, kuhinje in drugih pomožnih prostorov (kopalnice, stranišča, predsobe). V površino je všteta tudi površina sobe in kuhinje, ki sta gradbeno ločeni od stanovanja, vendar se celo leto uporabljata kot sestavni del stanovanja. V uporabno površino stanovanja ni všteta površina teras, balkonov in lož, površina gradbeno ločenih pomožnih prostorov, površina garaž, nebivalnih kleti in podstrešij. V mansardi se upošteva samo površina, pri kateri je višina stropa najmanj 1,6 m. Useful floor space of a dwelling is the sum of useful floor space of all rooms, kitchen and other utility spaces (bathroom, toilet, and hallway). The area of the room and kitchen, which are architecturally separated from the dwelling but are used as a part of the dwelling all the year round, is also taken into account. The area of terraces and balconies, architecturally separated utility spaces, garages, cellars and attics unsuitable for living is not taken into account. As regards attics, only floor space where the height of the ceiling is at least 1.6m is taken into account. 252

7 Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije 2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia 2013 Življenjska raven Level of living 14 Povprečna uporabna površina stanovanja je razmerje med skupno uporabno površino stanovanj in m vseh stanovanj v določeni upravni prostorski enoti. Povprečna uporabna površina stanovanja na osebo se izračuna za vsako posamezno stanovanje, v katerem prebivajo osebe, in sicer kot razmerje med uporabno površino stanovanja in m oseb v stanovanju. Površine, ki so namenjene za opravljanje poslovne dejavnosti v stanovanju, se odštejejo. Neto tlorisna površina je površina vseh prostorov, ki sestavljajo stanovanje (npr. kuhinja, kopalnica, spalnica, otroška soba, balkon, garaža, klet). Če je stanovanje v več etažah, se upošteva seštevek površin vseh etaž. Soba je prostor, namenjen za prebivanje, ki je od drugih stanovanjskih prostorov ločen z zidovi, ima neposredno dnevno svetlobo in najmanj 6 m 2 površine. Kuhinja se ne šteje za sobo. Če pa se kuhinja nahaja v večjem prostoru, ki se uporablja tudi za druge namene (npr. kot dnevna soba), se ta prostor šteje za sobo. Upoštevajo se tudi gradbeno ločene sobe, ki se uporabljajo kot del stanovanja, in sobe za opravljanje dejavnosti. Število stanovalcev določene stanovanjske enote je oseb, za katere stanovanjska enota pomeni običajno prebivališče. Upošteva se zadnja definicija prebivalstva, po kateri je prebivalec oseba s prijavljenim stalnim in/ali začasnim prebivališčem v Sloveniji, ki v Sloveniji prebiva ali ima namen prebivati eno leto ali več in ni začasno odsoten iz Slovenije eno leto ali več. Standard gostote se nanaša na uporabno površino v kvadratnih metrih ali na sob na stanovalcev, kakor je opredeljeno v vsebini stanovalcev. Države članice EU poročajo o standardu gostote, ki se izmeri na podlagi uporabne površine ali, če to ni mogoče, na podlagi števila sob. Površine, ki so namenjene za opravljanje poslovne dejavnosti v stanovanju, se odštejejo. Lastnosti stanovanj Vodovod je opredeljen na osnovi tega, ali je oskrba z vodo v stanovanjski enoti ali ne. Stranišče je opredeljeno na osnovi tega, ali je stranišče v stanovanjski enoti ali ne. Kopalnica je opredeljena na osnovi tega, ali sta v stanovanjski enoti nameščeni kad ali prha. Način ogrevanja: stanovanjska enota se šteje za centralno ogrevano, če je ogrevanje zagotovljeno iz skupne centralne kurjave ali iz naprave v stavbi ali stanovanjski enoti, postavljeni za namene ogrevanja ne glede na vir energije. Kanalizacija: priključek na javno kanalizacijsko omrežje. Pojasnilo o glavnih razlikah med Registrskim popisom 2011 in popisom 2002 Pri interpretaciji podatkov iz registrskega Popisa 2011 in pri morebitnih primerjavah s predhodnim Popisom 2002 je treba upoštevati, da razlike lahko nastanejo zaradi drugačnega načina zbiranja podatkov ali zaradi drugačne pridobitve podatkov: podatki v Popisu 2002 so bili zbrani na terenu, osnova je bila izjava stanovalca. Tako je bilo tudi v zvezi z lastništvom stanovanja. V Popisu 2011 pa je bila osnova administrativno stanje evidenc. Razlike so pri nekaterih spremenljivkah opaznejše, zato ta sprememba v resnici pomeni prelom v časovni vrsti. Primerjave so mogoče le pogojno, z upoštevanjem teh vplivov. Objavljanje Average useful floor space of the dwelling is the ratio between the total useful floor space of dwellings and the of all dwellings in certain administrative spatial unit. Average useful floor space per person is calculated per each individual dwelling occupied by persons. It is the ratio between the useful floor space of dwelling and the of persons in this dwelling. Useful floor space for business activities is not included. Net floor space is the surface area of all spaces that make up a dwelling (e.g. kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, nursery, balcony, garage, basement). If a dwelling has several floors, the sum of the surface area of all floors is considered. A room is a space intended for living and separated from other residential area with walls. It has direct daylight and at least 6 m 2 of floor space. A kitchen is not counted as a room. If a kitchen is in a larger space that it is being used also for other purposes (e.g. as a living room), this space is considered as a room too. Constructively separated rooms that are used as a part of the dwelling and rooms for performing business activity are also taken into account. The of occupants of a housing unit is the of people for whom the housing unit is the usual residence. Population are persons with registered permanent and/or temporary residence in Slovenia who live or intend to live in Slovenia for one year or more and are not temporarily absent from Slovenia for a year or more. Density standard relates the useful floor space in square metres or the of rooms to the of occupants, as specified under the topic of occupants. Member States report on the density standard measured by the useful floor space, or, if not possible, by the of rooms. Useful floor space for business activities is not included. Dwelling characteristics Water supply system refers to the piped water in the housing unit. Toilet facilities refer to the flush toilet in the housing unit. A bathing facility is any facility designed to wash the whole body and includes shower facilities (fixed bath or shower). Type of heating: a housing unit is considered as centrally heated if heating is provided either from a community heating centre or from an installation built in the building or in the housing unit, established for heating purposes, without regard to the source of energy. Sewage system: connection to the public sewage system. Explanation of the main differences between the 2011 Register-based Census and the 2002 Census Comparisons between the register-based Census 2011 and the previous Census 2002 should take into account some differences that arise from different method of collecting data: data in the 2002 Census were collected in the field, so answers are based on the residents statements (also about ownership of the dwelling). In the 2011 Census the basis was administrative registers. Differences in some variables are more noticeable, so this change really means a break in time series. Comparisons are possible only conditionally, considering these influences. Publishing Večletno: Prva statistična objava. Življenjska raven Multiannually: First Release. Level of living Slovenija v številkah Slovenia in Figures Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia Podatkovni portal SI-STAT SI-STAT Data Portal 253

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