Also by Robert Hudson. Also by Glenn Bowman

Transcription

1 After Yugoslavia

2 Also by Robert Hudson LAND AND IDENTITY (edited with Neil Campbell and Christine Berberich, forthcoming April 2011) PEACE, CONFLICT AND IDENTITY: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Research (edited with Francisco Ferrándiz and Wolfgang Benedek, 2009) DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO PEACE AND CONFLICT RESEARCH (edited with Hans-Joachim Heintze, 2008) THE POLITICS OF IDENTITY: Migrants and Minorities in Multicultural States (edited with Fred Réno, 2000) A HISTORICAL ATLAS OF ASIA (edited with Ian Barnes, 1998) A HISTORICAL ATLAS OF EUROPE (edited with Ian Barnes, 1998) THE PENGUIN HISTORICAL ATLAS OF RUSSIA (edited with John Channon, 1995) Also by Glenn Bowman SHARING THE SACRA: The Politics and Pragmatics of Inter-Communal Relations around Holy Places (forthcoming 2011) COMMON GROUND: The Practice and Politics of Mixed Shrines in Israel/ Palestine and Macedonia (forthcoming)

3 After Yugoslavia Identities and Politics within the Successor States Edited by Robert Hudson Professor in European History and Cultural Politics, University of Derby, UK and Glenn Bowman Senior Lecturer in Anthropology, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK

4 Editorial matter, selection and introduction Robert Hudson and Glenn Bowman 2012 All remaining chapters respective authors 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data After Yugoslavia : identities and politics within the successor states / edited by Robert Hudson, Glenn Bowman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Former Yugoslav republics Politics and government. 2. Postcommunism Former Yugoslav republics. 3. Identity politics Former Yugoslav republics. 4. Ethnicity Former Yugoslav republics. 5. Nationalism Former Yugoslav republics. 6. Social conflict Former Yugoslav republics. 7. Former Yugoslav republics Social conditions. 8. Balkan Peninsula Politics and government 1989 I. Hudson, Robert, 1955 II. Bowman, Glenn. DR1318.A dc

5 As always, Elizabeth and with thanks to Maria for the two most precious gifts in this world For Robert-John, Emilie-Anne and Haris May your generation be spared from some of the terrible things experienced and witnessed by your parents generation.

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7 Contents List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors ix xi xii Introduction 1 Robert Hudson and Glenn Bowman 1 Constitutional Ethno- Nationalism after Fifteen Years 20 Vojin Dimitrijević 2 Kosovo and Two Dimensions of the Contemporary Serb Albanian Conflict 26 Nebojša Vladisavljević 3 Why the Peaceful Resistance Movement in Kosovo Failed 43 Shkëlzen Maliqi 4 The Paradox of the Solution: The Impact of the Kosovo Question on Macedonia 77 Maja Muhić 5 Pride and Perplexities: Identity Politics in Macedonia and Its Theatrical Refractions 92 Ivan Dodovski 6 A Re-examination of the Position of the Student Movement in Serbia 105 Vladimir Marković 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Citizenship versus Nationality 120 Neven Andjelić 8 Singing the Politics of the Croatian Transition 132 Ines Prica 9 The Gender Dimension of Conflict and Reconciliation: Ten Years After: Women Reconstructing Memory 144 Vesna Kesić vii

8 viii Contents 10 Unable to Heal: Debate on the National Self in Post- Socialist Slovenia 153 Irena Šumi 11 No Monuments, No History, No Past: Monuments and Memory 182 Božidar Jezernik 12 Belgrade Ljubljana Brussels 192 Slavko Gaber 13 Hypercapitalism As the Replacement of Old Nationalist Fears 207 Renata Salecl 14 Revisiting Involvement and Detachment: Yugoslavia As an Object of Scholarship 223 John B. Allcock Bibliography 243 Index 257

9 Abbreviations and Acronyms ASNOM CWWV DEMOS DPA DS DSS DUI FRY FYROM HDZ IDP KFOR KLA/UÇK LKÇK LDK The Anti-Fascist Assembly for the People s Liberation of Macedonia (Antifašističko sobranie na Narodnoto Osloboducanje na Makedonija) an independent Macedonian State formed between 1944 and 1994 Centre for Women War Victims (in Zagreb) Democratic Opposition of Slovenia (Demokratična opozicija Slovenije), coalition founded in 1989 and led by Jože Pučnik Democratic Party of the Albanians (Demokratska partija na Albancite/ Partia Demokratik Shqiptare) in Macedonia, led by Mendu Thaçi Democratic Party (Demokratska Stranka) in the Republic of Serbia Democratic Party of Serbia (Demokratska Stranka Srbije) Democratic Union for Integration (Demokratska unija za integracija) Albanian movement in Macedonia, formed in 2001 and led by Ali Ahmati Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Savezna Republika Yugoslavija SRJ) renamed the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Državna Zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora) between 2003 and 2006 The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, i.e. Macedonia The Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica) originally led by Franjo Tuđman and now led by Jadranka Kosor, while the HDZ 1990 was a breakaway Bosnian Croat party, founded in 2006 and led by Boz Ljubić Internally Displaced Person Kosovo Force Kosovo Liberation Army (Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës) National Liberation Movement of Kosova (Levizja Kombetare per Çlirimine e Kosovës) Democratic League of Kosova (Lidhja Demokratike e Kosovës) founded in December 1989, led by Fatmir Sejdiu ix

10 x List of Abbreviations and Acronyms LPK Popular Movement for Kosova (Levizja Popullore e Kosovës), led by Emrush Xhemajli ( ) LPRK Popular Movement for the Republic of Kosovo MNT Macedonian National Theatre (Makedonski Naroden Teatar) NDH The Independent State of Croatia, (Nezavisna Država Hrvatske) founded in April 1941 and existed until May Led by Ante Pavelić ( ) and then by Nikola Mandić ( ) NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NLA (Albanian) National Liberation Army in northern Macedonia (Oslobiteljna Narodna Armija) also known in Albania as UÇK (Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës), founded in 1999 and led by KLA commander Ali Ahmeti OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OTPOR Resistance (otpor) movement in Serbia QIK Kosova Information Center (Qeendra për Informim e Kosovës) RS Republika Srpska the Bosnian Serb Republic SANU Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences (Srpska Akademia Nauka i Umjetnosti) SDP Social Democratic Party in Croatia (Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske), originally led by Ivica Račan and now by Zoran Milanović SDS Serbian Democratic Party (Srpska Demokratska Stranka), originally led by Radovan Karadžić and now by Mladen Bosić SDSM Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (Socijaldemokratski sojuz na Makedonija), founded in 1990 and currently led by Branko Crvenkovski SFRY Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija) SNSD Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (Savez Nezavisnih Socijaldemokrata) the Serbian party in Republika Srpska, led by Milorad Dodik UNMIK United Nations Mission in Kosovo VRMO-DPNE Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Party

11 Acknowledgements The authors are very appreciative of the assistance provided for this project by the British Association for Central and Eastern Europe (Elizabeth Barker Fund); the Sarajevo Office of the British Council; Humanitariannet (the Thematic Network in Humanitarian Development Studies), and its offshoot EDEN (European Doctoral Enhancement Network in Peace and Conflict Studies); Research Analysts (Foreign and Commonwealth Office); and the University of Derby (Research Inspired Curriculum Fund). We would also like to thank Alexei Fedorov for his help with some of the editing, and Adem Repeša for his help with translating and his constant support and friendship over the years. xi

12 Contributors John B. Allcock was head of the Research Unit in South East European Studies at the University of Bradford ( ), where since 1996 he taught sociology, specialising in Yugoslavia and its successor states. He has published over 30 contributions in academic journals and books, most notably: Black Lambs and Grey Falcons: Women Travellers in the Balkans with Antonia T. Young (1991); Yugoslavia in Transition with Marko Miivojević and John Horton (1992); and, Conflict in Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedia with Marko Miivojević and John Horton (1998). Neven Andjelić teaches Human Rights and International Relations at Birkbeck College, University of London, and the Bader International Studies Centre of the Queen s University (Canada) in the United Kingdom. He also works for CNN and contributes to the media in former Yugoslavia. Previously he has worked on research projects at the Universities of Sussex, Kent and Oxford and was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of California, Berkeley. Glenn Bowman studied comparative literature, folklore and folk life, and critical theory in the United States before coming to Oxford in the late 1970s to work under Edwin Ardener and Michael Gilsenan at the Institute of Social Anthropology in Oxford. His doctoral field research was carried out on the topic of Christian pilgrimage in Jerusalem between 1983 and 1985 and gave rise to further regionally based interests in shrines, monumentalisation, tourism and with reference to the Palestinian people nationalism and conflict, diasporic and local identities, and secularist versus sectarian strategies of mobilisation. He has subsequently carried out a longitudinal study of the mixed Christian Muslim town of Beit Sahour, near Bethlehem, which had played a substantial role in the Palestinian intifada (uprising). At present he is continuing his work in Beit Sahour, developing work on comparative walling, building on his study of the genealogy and impact of the Isreali separation barrier, and investigating historical and contemporary uses of shared shrines in Western Macedonia and Israel/Palestine. Bowman is Honorary Editor of the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute and is on the editorial boards of Critique of Anthropology, Anthropological Theory and Focaal. xii

13 Notes on Contributors xiii Vojin Dimitrijević is Professor of Law at the Union University of Belgrade. He holds a Doctorate of Law from the University of Belgrade and also Dr iur. honoris causa from McGill University and the University of Kent at Canterbury. Dimitrijević is Director, Belgrade Centre for Human Rights; a member of the Institut de Droit International; and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, Venice Commission for Democracy through Law. He has served as former vice-chairman of the UN Human Rights Committee. His latest book is Transnational Terrorism, Organized Crime and Peace Building Human Security in the Western Balkans with Wolfgang Benedek, Charles Daase and Petrus van Duyne (eds,) (2010). Ivan Dodovski is Dean of the School of Foreign Languages at the University American College Skopje. He holds a PhD in contemporary Balkan drama from the University of Nottingham, UK. He studied general and comparative literature with American Studies, and received his MA from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, specialising in Macedonian literature and narratology. His publications include the study Narrative Strategies in the Psychological Novel (2004) and the edited volume Multiculturalism in Macedonia: An Emerging Model (2005), as well as three poetry books and a collection of short stories. Slavko Gaber is Associate Professor in Sociology at the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education. His main teaching areas are the sociology of Education, Educational Policy Studies, and Power Relations in Education. His field of research, broadly speaking, concerns education in democratic societies. His recent publications cover a broad spectrum, from educational policy, comparative education, and equality in education, through to the reproduction on inequality in education. Robert Hudson is Professor in European History and Cultural Politics at the University of Derby, and Director of the Identity, Conflict, and Representation Research Centre. A graduate of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, he held a Yugoslav government scholarship as a Postgraduate Fellow at the University of Sarajevo. In the 1980s, he lectured at Exeter College of Art and Design and the University of Rennes (France). Hudson is a faculty member of the European Doctoral Enhancement Programme (EDEN) in Peace and Conflict Studies. He has revisited Yugoslavia and its successor states frequently since 1995 and during the 1990s participated on six missions with the OSCE (Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe) as an election supervisor. He co-edited Politics of Identity: Migrants and Minorities in Multicultural States ( 2000), Different Approaches to Peace and

14 xiv Notes on Contributors Conflict Research (2008) and Peace, Conflict and Identity: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Research (2009). He is currently co-editing Land and Identity (to be published in April 2011). Božidar Jezernik is Professor of Cultural Anthropology and a member of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Ljubljana. His research interests lie in the fields of the history and culture of the Balkans, the Perception and construction of Other, sex and gender studies, the history and politics of cultural heritage, globalisation, civilisations and terrorism, and extreme life conditions (concentration camps). Key books include Urban Symbolism and Rituals (1997); The Words of Terror: The Media Image of Terror and Violence (2002); and, Wild Europe: The Balkans and the Gaze of Western Travellers (2003). Vesna Kesić is a journalist and a prominent Croatian feminist and antiwar activist. She has published many articles and has participated in many public debates in and outside Croatia, on issues of women and war. During the war in Croatia, she worked on the deconstruction of daily political rhetoric and popular culture. Today she is a freelance journalist and social researcher. Shkëlzen Maliqi is an Albanian philosopher, art critic, political analyst, and leading intellectual in Kosovo. During the 1990s, Maliqi was also directly involved in politics as one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Kosovo, serving as its first president between 1991 and He also held leading positions in civil society organisations such as the Kosovo Civil Society Foundation ( ) and the Kosovo Helsinki Committee ( ). Maliqi has published several books on art and politics in Albanian, English, Italian, Spanish, and Serbian. Since the beginning of the 1980s, he has been a regular contributor to the most important media outlets in Kosovo and former Yugoslavia. He currently heads the Gani Bobi Institute for Social Studies. Vladimir Marković has a degree in Sociology from the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade in He was active in the student protest of 2006 and as a Marxist commentator and critic of his own society, he has written widely on social and political issues in Serbia over the last decade. His articles include Druga Srbija u diskrepanciji (2001), Krox traziciju prilez teoriji privititacije (2011) and Obrasci libralnog eksteremizima u Srbiji (2011). The chapter which has been translated and published in this book was originally published in an earlier slightly different Internet version in September 2007 under

15 Notes on Contributors xv in support of the student protest movement, with reflections on the earlier protest of Maja Muhić is Senior Assistant Lecturer at the SEE University in Tetovo, Macedonia. Her research is in the field of socio-anthropology where she has studied gender relations and behaviour within ethnic communities of the Balkan region. The bulk of her research is primarily focused on the construction of images, stereotypes, and the virtualisation of different regions, particularly in the Balkans. She has conducted fieldwork among the Turkish community in Macedonia and has also conducted research into the literature used as a guide to the Balkans. Ines Prica is Senior Researcher at the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research in Zagreb and Visiting Professor at the Zagreb Faculty of Humanities, teaching courses on the theory of cultural anthropology, the history of Croatian ethnology and the anthropology of transition. Her seminal work on Croatian ethnology (Small European Ethnology, 2001) is a basic textbook for ethnological university courses. Her current research is dedicated to theoretical issues of the anthropology of transition based on the epistemological tradition of Regional Studies and contributing to global cross-cultural comparativeness. Renata Salecl is a Slovenian philosopher, sociologist, and legal theorist. She is Senior Researcher in Criminology at the Faculty of Law at the University of Ljubljana, and a leading scholar on the subject of Psychoanalysis and the Law. She was Centennial Professor at the Department of Law at the London School of Economics, UK and is now Visiting Professor at the LSE s BIOS Centre for the Study of Bioscience, Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Society, as well as Visiting Professor at the School of Law at Birkbeck College, London. In 2010, Renata Salecl was awarded the title of Slovenian woman scientist of the year. Irena Šumi is an anthropologist and Senior Scientific Associate. She is currently employed as Head of the Institute of Multicultural and Jewish Studies at the European Centre, Maribor, Slovenia. Her research interests and publishing include the anthropology of ethnicity, nationalism, and boundaries; post-socialism and post-colonialism (Native American Political History of the 20th century); and Holocaust and post-holocaust studies. She has conducted fieldwork on the borders between Italy, Austria, and Slovenia, among asylum seekers in Slovenia and Holocaust survivors in Slovenia and Israel.

16 xvi Notes on Contributors Nebojša Vladisavljević is LSE Fellow in Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science, UK. He teaches comparative politics and the regulation of ethno-national conflict in the Graduate School. He has also taught at the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Belgrade. His research interests are in the areas of authoritarianism and democratisation; social movements and policy opposition; nationalism and the regulation of national and ethnic conflict; constitutional design in new democracies and divided societies; and communism and post-communism. He is also the author of Serbia s Antibureaucratic Revolution (2008).