CNG Present Status and Future Challenges. Michael Nikolaou Michael J. Economides Xiuli Wang

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1 Present Status and Future Challenges Michael Michael J. Economides Xiuli Wang

2 Vessels Natural Gas Transportation Current 70% via pipeline 30% as LNG Economics Transport: 2

3 Globalization of Gas Trade Vessels Transport: Source: International Energy Agency 3

4 Potential Markets Vessels Transport: 4

5 vs. LNG Marine Transport Vessels Transport: LNG 5

6 Loading and Offloading Terminals for LNG and LNG Vessels At Source Transport: At Destination Source: 6

7 Vessels vs. LNG Processing Compressed gas <1:300 (Possibly chilled) LNG gas liquid gas (1:600) Transport: Loading Dehydrate, compress Treat, liquefy, store Terminals Jetty or buoy Jetty or regas offshore Ships Simple like bulkcarrier Sophisticated, efficient Receiving Decompress (& heat) utilize energy released Store, regasify 7

8 Marine History Vessels Transport: Source: companies web sites 8

9 ABS, DNV Approval Vessels Transport: EnerSea (steel, vertical pipes, 130 bar, 29 C) SeaNG (Coselle 275 bar) Knutsen (steel, vertical pipes, 250 bar) CETech: (steel, horizontal pipes, bar) TransCanada (wrapped steel liner) Trans Ocean Gas (composite) 9

10 Vessels Trivia Articulated Tug Barge Ship Vessels Transport: Volume Loading unloading rates MMcm (25-75 MMscf) MMcm/day (10-75 MMscf/day) 8-29 MMcm ( MMscf) 2-14 MMcm/day ( MMscf/day) Distance Speed km ( nautical miles) <25 km/hr (<14 knots) km ( nautical miles) <33 km/hr (<18 knots) Estimated cost $15-35 million $ million 10

11 Technologies: Coselles (Compression only) Vessels Transport: Source: SeaNG 11

12 Technologies: Compression and Chilling Vessels Transport: Source: EnerSea 12

13 Why Compression and Chilling? Vessels z V ~ zt P Transport: 13

14 Loading and Offloading Vessels Transport: 14

15 Natural Gas Transport: Fixed Cost Vessels Transport: 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% Distribution Distribution Permanent Assets Flexible Assets Permanent Assets Flexible Assets LNG Pipeline LNG Pipeline 15

16 Distribution Patterns: Logistics Matter! Vessels Hub and Spoke Milk Run Transport: 16

17 Distribution Vessels Transport: 17

18 Fleet Size Bounds Vessels Transport: 18

19 Distribution in the Caribbean Vessels Transport: Puerto Rico Dominican Republic Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Bahamas Guadeloupe Netherlands Antilles United States Virgin Islands Barbados Martinique Aruba Bermuda Haiti Cayman Islands Saint Lucia Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Anguilla British Virgin Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Montserrat Bcmyear Individual barsand cumulative dots requirement

20 Distribution in the Caribbean: The Big 4 Vessels Transport: 20

21 to the Big 4: Fleet Capacity Vessels Transport: 21

22 to the Big 4: Travel Time Vessels Transport: days Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Time Time Offloading time 8 Offloading time 8 Travel and loading time Travel and loading time of ships, n of ships, n days Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Time Time 15 Offloading time 15 Offloading time Travel and loading time Travel and loading time of ships, n of ships, n days Time Time Jamaica Jamaica Offloading time Offloading time Travel and loading time Travel and loading time days Time Time Bahamas Bahamas Offloading time Offloading time Travel and loading time Travel and loading time of ships, n of ships, n of ships, n of ships, n 22

23 Distribution in the Caribbean: The Small Ones Vessels Transport: 23

24 to the Small Ones: Itinerary Vessels Transport: 24

25 to the Small Ones: Fleet Capacity Vessels Transport: G total MMcm n 4 n 5 n 6 n 7 n 8 n 9 n q load MMcmday 25

26 to the Small Ones: Reduced Itinerary Vessels Transport: 26

27 to the Small Ones: Fleet Capacity for Reduced Itinerary Vessels Transport: G total MMcm n 4 n 5 n 6 n 7 n 8 n 9 n q load MMcmday 27

28 Vessels Transport: ready for prime time Room for further improvement complements LNG Several potential markets worldwide Logistics and fleet important 28

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