Los Pleneros de la 21: Christmas in El Barrio December 11-12, 2017, 10:15am & 12pm

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1 SchoolTime Study Guide Los Pleneros de la 21: Christmas in El Barrio December 11-12, 2017, 10:15am & 12pm Kumble Theater at LIU Brooklyn 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn NY For questions, contact Joyce Disner, Education Manager x3332

2 Expressing Culture & History Through Music History of Puerto Rico Within a few decades of Christopher Columbus s claiming of Puerto Rico for Spain, European colonists began to arrive on the island and establish plantations and gold mines. Since much of the indigenous populations-the Arawak people-commonly known as Taíno-had been wiped out, slaves were imported from Africa to work. Just as the Spanish brought their language and culture with them to the New World, so did the Africans. Many of them were from West Africa, and their Ashanti, Kongo and Yoruba traditions enriched their religion and music. Unlike many other slaveholding nations and territories, Puerto Rico had a relatively large population of free blacks, many of whom were from neighboring Spanish colonies, granted their freedom by Spain itself in order to maintain a hold on the colony. Some of this freedom was curtailed when, in reaction to slave uprisings elsewhere in the Caribbean, Spain issued strong restrictions in the early 1880s. At this time, the sugar industry began to grow, requiring additional slave labor. When slavery was officially abolished in 1873, the large African population would continue to exert its influence on the island s culture through the creation of distinctive musical genres.

3 About the Artist Founded in 1983 by National Heritage Fellow, Juan Gutiérrez, Los Pleneros de la 21 (LP21) is an East Harlem traditional performing music group and nonprofit organization created to foster awareness & appreciation of bomba and plena, two Puerto Rican cultural expressions. Since then, this group has established itself as the premiere proponents in the United States of Afro-Puerto Rican traditional music and dance. Their name comes from the place of origin of some of its members, the old Parada 21 (Bus Stop 21) in the predominantly black neighborhood of Santuce. A municipality of San Juan, Santuce has produced many of Puerto Rico s most accomplished interpreters of the bomba and plena styles. The unique sound combines the raw percussion elements of bomba and plena music with contemporary and urban genres like jazz, salsa, son, and even hip hop, creating infectious rhythms and the highest caliber of musical creativity. LP21, have for over 3 decades crossed numerous frontiers and have broken several performing barriers for traditional music and the Latino genres alike. About the Music What is bomba? The bomba Puertorriqueña (Puerto Rican bomba) is a percussive musical style native to Puerto Rico. The bomba is regarded as one of the oldest living musical expressions of the new Americas- dating back 500 years. It was developed by enslaved Africans on the island, across the coastal towns of Puerto Rico, found in the sugar plantations of the North, West, East and South. Bomba stems from the Kikongo word of Bula. Bula means the act of "re-remberance." It was at Bailes de Bomba, or Bombazos (Bomba Dances) that enslaved Africans celebrated baptisms and marriages, and also planned rebellions. For this reason, these celebrations were only permitted on Sundays and Feast Days. Dancers encircle the drummers, take turns challenging the drums, and create a dialogue with their movement that the solo drummer answers. To this day, bomba is presented and used as a means for community expression, union and celebration. What is plena? Plena was born in the working class barrios (neighborhoods) of Ponce about 100 years ago. It was known as el periódico cantado (the sung newspaper) because it tells stories about everyday life and events. Plena shares the same African roots as bomba. As a more modern expression it includes other instruments and cultural influences (like the harmonica, the accordion and more). Plena is heard across the island and throughout the Diaspora, year-round. It captures all sorts of community and cultural activities- from the popular Christmas Parrandas, to weddings to social movements. The plena drums, known as panderetas are hand-held drums, and typically have three pitches and patterns (seguidor, segundo, requinto).

4 Traditional Instruments of Puerto Rico In their effort to preserve the traditions of Puerto Rican music, the members of Los Pleneros de la 21 make many of the instruments they use on stage. Reflecting the remarkable blend of cultures that make up Puerto Rico, these instruments are often adaptations of older indigenous, African, and European types. leading rhythm. Panderetas are handheld drums that resemble tambourines but without the cymbals on the sides. Made of stretched animal skins over a round wooden frames (made of wood, PVC plastic, aluminum and other recycled/repurposed materials), they are believed to be of African origin. Typically, plena groups use three panderetas, each with a different size, pitch, and role. The seguidor plays the basic rhythm. The segundo is in the middle range, and the third, known as the requinto, or solo pandereta, takes up the Barriles de Bomba are large, barrel-shaped drums that originated in Africa. Slaves on Puerto Rican plantations created their own adaptation, using local materials such as empty rum barrels and goat skin. Usually played by groups of two or three drummers, bombas, like panderetas, play different roles/patterns (buleador, and the primo or subidor) in the music as they interact with accompanying dancers. The Bomba also use 2 sticks, known as Cua, which are played on the side of a barril or on its own smaller barril. Believed to have originated with Puerto Rico s indigenous Taíno people, the güícharo consists of gourd/calabash and it is played with a scratcher/pick. Maracas, a quintessential part of Latin music, are another contribution of the Taino people, who called them amaraca. Traditional maracas are made out of hollowed shell of the fruit of the crescentia cujete evergreen tree. A piece of wood pierces through the shell as a handle and dried seeds or pebbles inside rattle when the musicians shake the instruments. Considered the signature instrument of Puerto Rico, the cuatro is a small 10-stringed instrument resembling a guitar, with cutouts on the sides like a violin. Traditionally, it is carved from solid blocks of laurel wood, its sound described as something between a mandolin and a 12-string guitar. Most experts believe the cuatro has existed on the island in one form or another for about 400 years. Learn the Language! Aguinaldo: what Puerto Ricans call their Christmas songs. Some of the songs are very religious and these are called villancicos. Some have a criollo flavor and they are called décimas navideñas. The rest are either traditional aguinaldos or popular Christmas songs. Barrio: neighborhood Bomba: traditional music style Boricuas: a synonym for Puerto Ricans Borinquen/Borikén: Indigenous name for Puerto Rico Parranda: gathering of friends to surprise another friend Asalto or trulla: other words for parranda Plena: traditional musical expression Taino/Arawak: indigenous people of Puerto Rico

5 Puerto Rican Christmas Traditions Holiday Foods The main dish is usually roast pork served along with arroz con gandules (rice with pigeon peas, olives, and capers), plátanos (plantains), and pasteles (made of grated tubers including green bananas, casave, pumpkin and more). Holiday desserts include arroz con dulce (rice cooked with spices, sugar, milk, and coconut milk) and tembleque (a custard made with cornstarch, sugar, and coconut milk). They are eaten cold, when its consistency becomes solid. The nougat is another popular sweet dish during the Holidays. A roast pig on a spit, called lechón asado, is a traditional daylong event that can be done anytime during the Christmas holidays. Misa de Aguinaldo, December 15th-23rd. A Catholic Mass that is almost completely a song service where Aguinaldos (Christmas carols) are sung and musical instruments such as cuatro, güiros, and maracas are used. Misas de Aguinaldo is held for 9 consecutive days ending on the day before Christmas Eve. Noche buena is Christmas Eve, December 24th. In Puerto Rico, the big holiday celebration is held on this night. Family and friends gather for festivities and traditional foods of lechón asado and pasteles. Misa de Gallo is a Misa de Aguinaldo held on midnight on Christmas Eve. It is a very solemn but festive, traditional mass often including carolers, children dressed as angels and nativity characters, and lots of candles. Navidad is Christmas Day, December 25th. Most modern Puerto Rican families celebrate with Santa on this day. Homes are decorated much like in the United States but include a lot of palm trees and their branches. Families set up nacimientos or pesebres (nativity set) with The Three Wise Men (Los Reyes) prominently displayed. Día de los Inocentes, December 28th. This feast used to be celebrated much like a carnival, where men dressed as the "evil soldiers of Herod" went house to house, "kidnapping" the first-born boy from every family. To recover their children, the families offered the soldiers gifts and candy. This tradition continues today in a small town called Hatillo with a parade and a public party at the town square. The celebration in the rest of the island is more like April Fool's Day in the USA. Despedida de Año or Año Viejo, December 31st. It is celebrated in Borinquen with firecrackers and parties that last until morning. When the clock begins to chime for midnight everyone hugs, and people go outside, honk the car horns, and watch fireworks; some people eat one grape at every chime - for good luck. Afterwards, Boricuas have been known to listen to El Brindis del Bohemio, a traditional poem for that occasion usually heard on the radio. Víspera de Reyes, January 5th. Traditional Catholics meet to pray the rosary and to honor the three Wise Men. The children get ready to receive gifts from the three Wise Men by collecting freshly cut grass to put in a shoe box for the Wise Men's camels to eat. Día de Reyes, January 6th. This is much like Christmas on the mainland. Children wake up early to check out what Baltazar, Melchor, and Gaspar left them. Family and friends gather to celebrate. Christmas caroling Puerto Rican style Friends gather late in the evening to go from one house to the next singing traditional songs. The parranderos must surprise the unsuspecting friends and wake them with their music. The home owner has already given plenty of "hints" so that he is prepared to receive a parranda. At each house they stop for a while and party, then they go to the next house. At each stop the owners of the house join the parranda and it grows in numbers during the evening.

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