Business Air Travel GHG Inventory & Minimization Modelling Wipro Ltd. cbalance Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

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1 Business Air Travel GHG Inventory & Minimization Modelling Wipro Ltd. cbalance Solutions Pvt. Ltd. May 2016

2 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2. INTRODUCTION 1 3. PROJECT OBJECTIVE 2 4. PROJECT SCOPE 2 5. RESULT AND ANALYSIS DOMESTIC AIR TRAVEL GHG INVENTORY Domestic Short-haul Air Travel GHG Inventory Domestic Long-haul Air Travel GHG Inventory INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL GHG INVENTORY International Short-haul Air Travel GHG Inventory International Medium-haul Air Travel GHG Inventory International Long-haul Air Travel GHG Inventory DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL GHG INVENTORY SCENARIO MODELLING Baseline Vs Best-In-Class Air Carrier Baseline (One/Multiple-Stop) vs Non Stop Sector CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS DOMESTIC AIR CARRIERS -BEST-IN-CLASS Domestic Short Haul Domestic Long haul INTERNATIONAL AIR CARRIERS -BEST-IN-CLASS International Short haul Emission Factor Ranking International Medium haul Emission Factor Ranking International Long-haul Emission Factor Ranking SCOPE DEFINITION CORPORATE GHG INVENTORY Organizational Boundary Definition Operational Boundary Definition RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY ACTIVITY DATA COLLECTION AND VERIFICATION ACTIVITY DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND PROCESSING Activity Data Scrutinization Raw Data Rectification FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT AND ALLOCATION Assumptions EMISSION FACTOR DEVELOPMENT Domestic and International Air Carrier Operation Phase - Emisson Factor Fugitive Emissions Oil systems GHG INVENTORY CALCULATION Emissions from Aircraft Operation and Maintenance Fugitive Emissions from Fuel Used Emission from Aircraft & Engine Manufacturing REFERENCES 98

3 List of Tables Table 1: Abbreviations... 4 Table 2 : List of Air Carrier Names and Codes... 5 Table 3: Criteria for Defining Domestic and International Aviation... 2 Table 4: Summary of Activity Data Provided by Wipro... 3 Table 7 : Domestic Air Travel GHG Emission Summary... 3 Table 8 : Domestic Short-haul Air Travel GHG Emission Summary... 6 Table 9: Domestic Long haul - Air Travel GHG Emission Summary... 8 Table 10: International Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Table 11: International Short haul- Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Table 12 : International Medium haul- Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Table 13: International Long haul- Air Travel GHG Emissions Table 14 : Scope-wise Distribution of total GHG Emissions Table 15 : Domestic and International Air Travel Summary Table 16 : Baseline vs Best-In-Class Table 17 : Multi-Stop Sector vs Non Stop Sector Table 18: Domestic Short haul- African Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 19 : Domestic Short haul- American Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 20 : Domestic Short haul- Asia Pacific Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 21 : Domestic Short haul- Oceania Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 22 : Domestic Short haul- Europe Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 23 : Domestic Short haul- Indian Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 24 : Domestic Short haul- Middle Eastern Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking 33 Table 25 : Domestic Short haul- USA Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 26 : Domestic Long haul - African Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 27 : Domestic Long haul - American Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 28 : Domestic Long haul- Asia Pacific Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 29 : Domestic Long haul- Oceania Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 30 : Domestic Long haul- European Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 31 : Domestic Long haul- Indian Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 32 : Domestic Long haul- Middle Eastern Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking. 41 Table 33 : Domestic Long haul- USA Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Table 34 : International Short haul Emission Factor Ranking Table 35 International Medium haul Emission Factor Ranking Table 36 : International Long haul Emission Factor Ranking Table 5: GHG Inventory Organisational Boundary Definition Table 6: GHG Inventory Operational Boundary Definition List of Figures Figure 2: Domestic Air Travel GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled... 4 Figure 3 : Domestic - Percentage Contribution to GHG Emission & Distance Travelled... 5 Figure 4 : Haul wise distribution of Total Distance travelled and GHG Emissions for Domestic Air Travel... 5 Figure 5: Domestic Short-haul GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled... 7 Figure 6: Domestic Short-haul Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled by Air Carriers... 7

4 Figure 7 : Domestic Short haul- Top 10 Distance & GHG contributor s EFs vs Average Domestic Short-haul- GHG Emission Factor... 8 Figure 8 : Domestic Long-haul GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled... 9 Figure 9 : Domestic Long-haul Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled by Air Carriers Figure 10 : Domestic Long haul- Top 10 Distance & GHG Emission contributor s Emission Factors vs Average Domestic Long haul- Emission Factor Figure 11 : International GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled Figure 12 : International Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled Figure 13 : Haul wise distribution of Total Distance travelled and GHG Emissions for International Air Travel Figure 14: International Short-haul GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled Figure 15: International Short-haul Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled by Air Carriers Figure 16 : International Short haul- Top 10 Distance & GHG contributor s EFs vs Average International Short haul- GHG Emission Factor Figure 17: International Medium-haul GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled Figure 18: International Medium-haul Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled by Air Carriers Figure 19 : International Medium haul- Top 10 Distance & GHG contributor s EFs vs Average International Medium haul- GHG Emission Factor Figure 20: International Long-haul GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled Figure 21: International Long-haul Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled by Air Carriers Figure 22 : International Long haul- Top 10 Distance & GHG contributor s EFs vs Average International Long haul- GHG Emission Factor Figure 23 : Domestic & International Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Figure 24 : Percentage Contribution to Domestic and International Air Travel GHG Emission Figure 1: Activity Differentiation according to Scope 1, Scope 2 & Scope 3 GHG Emissions Abbreviations Table 1: Abbreviations AT & C Losses CO2e CO2e CSR EF FY GHG HVAC kwh LCA Pax-km Aggregate Technical and Commercial Losses Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Corporate Social Responsibility Emission Factor Financial Year Greenhouse Gas Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Kilo Watt Hour Life-cycle Assessment Passenger-kilometre

5 Air Carrier Name List of Air Carriers Table 2 : List of Air Carrier Names and Codes Air Carrier Code Air Carrier Name Air Carrier Code Air Carrier Name Air Carrier Code Air Carrier Name Aerolineas Aerogal 2K Air Nostrum YW British Airways BA El Al Israel Airlines Aerolineas Argentinas AR Air Serbia JU Brussels Airlines SN Ellinair EL Aeromexico AM Air Transat TS Bukovyna Airlines BQ Emirates EK Air Arabia G9 Aircalin SB Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd CX Equatorial Congo Airlines Air Asia Berhad AK AirTran Airways FL Cebgo DG Estonian Air OV Air Asia India I5 Alaska Airlines AS CEBU Pacific Air 5J Ethiopian ET Airlines Air Asia Zest Z2 Alaska Central Express KO Chengdu Airlines EU Etihad Airways EY Air Astana KC Alitalia AZ China Airlines CI Etihad Regional F7 Air Baltic BT All Nippon NH China Eastern MU Eurolot K2 Airways Airlines Air Berlin PLC AB Allegiant Air G4 China Southern Airlines Air Canada AC American Airlines CZ European Cargo Services BV AA City Jet WX EVA Air BR Air China CA Areoflot SU Compass Airlines CP Finnair Oyj AY Air Choice One 3E Aruba Airlines AG Condor Flugdienst DE Fly Dubai FZ GmbH Air Europa UX Asiana Airlines OZ Copa Airlines CM Flybe BE Air Flamenco F4 Austrian Airlines OS Croatia Airlines OU FLYNAS XY Air France AF AVIANCA AV Czech Airlines OK Frontier Airlines F9 Air France 4F Avior Airlines 9V Delta Air Lines DL Garuda GA Indonesia Air India AI Azerbaijan Hava Yollary J2 Deutsche Lufthansa AG LH GermanWings 4U Air India Express IX Azul Linhas Aereas Brasileiras AD Druk Air KB Go Air G8 Air Lesiure AL Bangkok Airways PG Eastern Air Lines EA Gol Transportes Aéreos Air Lingus EI Blue Islands SI Eastern Airways T3 Gulf Air GF Air Malta KM Blue Panorama BV Easyjet Airline U2 Hahn Air Lines HR Airlines Air New Zealand NZ BMI Regional BM Egypt Air MS Hahn Air Systems H1 Air Carrier Code LY LC EJ G3

6 Air Carrier Name Air Carrier Code Air Carrier Name Hainan Airlines HU Malaysian Airline Berhad Air Carrier Code MH Air Carrier Name Scandinavian Airlines Air Carrier Code Air Carrier Name SK TAROM RO Hawaiian Airlines HA Malindo Air OD SeaPort Airlines K5 Thai Air Asia FD Hong Kong Dragon Airlines HOP A5 Mandarin Airlines KA Malmo Aviation TF Shandong Airlines SC Thai Airways TG AE Shanghai Airlines FM Tiger Airways TR IBERIA IB Monarch Airlines ZB Shenzhen Airlines ZH Transaero Airlines Icelandair FI Myanmar Airways 8M Sichuan Airlines 3U Transavia Airlines Indigo Airlines 6E NextJet AB 2N Silk Air MI Transavia France TO InterSky 3L Nile Air NP Silver Airways 3M Transcarga International Airways T7 Japan Airlines JL Norwegian Air Shuttle DY SINGAPORE AIRLINES Air Carrier Code UN HV SQ Turkish Airlines TK Jet Airways 9W Oman Air WY Sky Airline H2 United Airlines UA Jet Lite S2 Other Other Skywork Airlines SX US Airways US Jet2.com LS Pegasus Airlines PC South African Airways SA US Bnagla Airline BS JetBlue B6 Philippine Airlines PR Southwest Airlines WN UTair Aviation UT Jetstar Airways JQ Porter Airlines PD Spice Jet SG Vietnam Airlines VN Juneyao Airlines HO Qatar Airways QR Spirit Airlines NK Virgin America VX Kenya Airways KQ Quantas Airways QF Spring Airlines 9C Virgin Atlantic Airways VS KLM Royal Dutch Airlines KL Ravn Alaska 7H Srilankan Airlines UL Virgin Australia Airlines Korean Air KE Regional Express ZL Stobart Air RE Vistara UK Kuwait Airways KU Royal Air Macroc AT Sun Country Airlines SY Vueling Airlines VY LAN Airlines LA Royal Jordanian RJ SWISS International Air Lines VA LX Wat Phnom WD LAN Express LU RwandAir WB Taca International TA West Jet WS Airlines LOT Polish Airline LO Ryanair FR TAM Linhas Aereas JJ White Airways WI S.A. Luxair LG Saudi Arabian Airlines SV TAP Portugal TP Wizz Air W6

7 1. Executive Summary In Financial Year , Wipro employees flew 498,327 flights, totalling 1, million passenger kilometres and, based on this cbalance study, emitted approximately thousand tonnes of CO2e. If Wipro were to switch to the Best-In-Class Airline, as derived in this study, the company is poised to save 41% (48.54 thousand tonnes of CO2e), 37% (7.47 thousand tonnes of CO2e), and 20% (3.92 thousand tonnes of CO2e) in International, Domestic USA, and Domestic India, respectively; International travel is defined here as any travel that occurs from country-to-country, not within a country. Further, if Wipro were to switch Multi-Stop flights to Non-Stop flights, the company is poised to save 25% and 50% in International and Domestic USA travel, respectively; Domestic India travel is not modeled here as non-stop flights to major Indian cities are very frequent. To minimize Wipro s Business Air Travel Emissions, we recommend the Wipro travel team to first search for non-stop flights, and then select airlines based on the prioritized emission-factor list provided in section Introduction This project report has been prepared by cbalance Solutions Private Limited (cbalance Solutions) for Wipro Limited (Wipro). Wipro has a global presence to serve their clients in the field of Information Technology, Consulting and Business Process services. Wipro reported annual gross revenue of $7.5 billion 1 for the financial year ended March Wipro has initiated many efforts to reduce their ecological impacts and their achievements have been recognized globally. Channel NewsAsia, Sustainalytics and CSR Asia, have ranked Wipro 1 st among the 100 most sustainable corporations in Asia in the 2015 Channel NewsAsia Sustainability Ranking. 2 Wipro has minimized their ecological footprint in by following the best practices: Use of renewable energy used 65 million kwh from renewable sources, accounts 22% of total energy use 3 Recycling and reuse of wastewater 34% water recycled and reused 4 Recycling and reuse of waste 90% of total waste from India recycled or reused 5 Wipro s clients have diversified geographical presence globally. Wipro chose air travel as fast and reliable mode of transport with no comparable alternatives for long distance travel to serve their clients. Wipro has a step-up on the path of sustainability and 1 Factsheet Wipro Ltd., Page no. 1 2 Factsheet Wipro Ltd., Page no. 1 3 Factsheet Wipro Ltd., Page no. 2 4 Factsheet Wipro Ltd., Page no. 2 5 Factsheet Wipro Ltd., Page no. 2 1

8 expressed interest to know their carbon footprint of business travel from air transport for the financial year and looking forward to formalize and implement the strategies to minimize the emissions from air travel. In the FY , Wipro had reported 103 thousand tonnes CO2e GHG emissions from Business Travel in the category of Scope 3 emissions, which was 13% of the total GHG emissions reported under Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 emissions. 6 This report seeks to quantify GHG emissions from Wipro s business air travel based on a comprehensive GHG inventory assessment of and provide a list of recommendations to minimize the business air travel GHG emissions of Wipro. This will help Wipro to understand the increment in business air travel GHG emissions in FY with respect to the growth of Wipro business and also a formalization of strategies to integrate key best practices to minimize their business air travel emissions. 3. Project Objective Wipro has provided the business air travel data of FY April March Based on the business air travel data received from Wipro, the overarching goals of the project were: Estimate Carbon Emission Factors for all domestic & international air carriers which have been used by Wipro for business air travel during FY Estimate GHG inventory of Wipro s business air travel in accordance with GHG protocol s Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standards (referred to as the Corporate standards) 7 Provide a list of the rankings of domestic and international air carriers based on their GHG emission factors Provide the Best-In-Class (GHG emission factor-wise) air carrier of the sectors for Wipro personnel flown in FY Modelling minimization options such as: I. Choosing the most carbon efficient airlines, and II. Reducing the number of stops on a specific segment 4. Project Scope The scope of the project was entire domestic and international business travel of Wipro, covered by air transport mode, during the global operation of FY Table 3: Criteria for Defining Domestic and International Aviation 8 Journey type between two airports Domestic International Departs and arrives in the same country Yes No Departs from one country and arrives in another No Yes Wipro has provided the business air travel data of FY which have been booked and managed by: I. Wipro s travel management team, and 6 Sustainability Report Wipro Ltd., Page no World Resources Institute s (WRI), IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2: Energy, Chapter 3: Mobile Combustion, Section

9 II. A contracted outsourced agency Table 4: Summary of Activity Data Provided by Wipro Air Travel Category Class of Travel No. of Flight legs 9 Distance travelled in Million Pax-km Domestic Economy 2,96, International Economy 2,02, Total Economy 4,98,327 1, Result and Analysis 5.1 Domestic Air Travel GHG Inventory Table 5 : Domestic Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Sr. No. Air Carrier Code Air Carrier Name No. of Flights (Number) Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) Percentage Contributio n of Distance Travelled (%) GHG Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) 1. 6E Indigo Airlines 52, % % 2. 9W Jet Airways 52, % % 3. UA United Airlines 28, % % 4. DL Delta Airlines 25, % % 5. AI Air India 26, % % 6. AA American Airlines 18, % % 7. US US Airways 15, % % 8. SG Spice Jet 15, % % 9. WN Southwest Airlines 10, % % 10. G8 Go Air 7, % % 11. Others 10 Others 42, % % Total 2,96, Percentage Contribution of GHG Emissions (%) 9 Flight legs are defined as individual flights taken between source destination and end destination. 10 Domestic air travel GHG Emissions Summary of Others air carriers reported in Annexure I 3

10 Air Carrier Name G8 WN SG US AA AI DL UA 9W 6E According to the result shown in Table 5, the total domestic distance covered million Pax-km and GHG emissions accounted thousand tonne CO2e. The five largest contributors are Indigo Airlines, Jet Airways, United Airlines, Delta Airline and Air India, which covered 64% of the total domestic distance travelled and 61% of total GHG emissions from domestic air travel. Among five largest contributors, three of them Indigo Airlines, Jet Airways, and Air India are Indian domestic air carriers and two of them United Airlines and Delta Airlines are USA domestic air carriers. Further, the results for domestic air travel categorised in domestic short-haul and domestic long-haul and explained later in section 5.1.1and Figure 1: Domestic Air Travel GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled Domestic Air Travel GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax- km Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) Indigo Airlines Jet Airways United Airlines Delta Air Lines Air India American Airlines US Airways Spice Jet Southwest Airlines Go Air Others GHG Emission ('000 Tonne CO2e) GHG Emissions Distance Travelled 4

11 Figure 2 : Domestic - Percentage Contribution to GHG Emission & Distance Travelled Domestic Air Travel GHG Emission = Thousand Tonne CO2e Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax- km Outer Ring - % Contribution to Distance Travelled 16% 13% Inner Ring - % Contribution to GHG Emissions 15% 16% 13% 15% 2% 4% 3% 2% 4% 4% Others G8 - Go Air WN - Southwest Airlines SG - Spice Jet 7% 6% US - US Airways 14% 12% 9% 10% 11% 9% 9% 8% AA - American Airlines AI - Air India DL - Delta Air Lines UA - United Airlines 9W - Jet Airways 6E - Indigo Airlines Figure 3 : Haul wise distribution of Total Distance travelled and GHG Emissions for Domestic Air Travel Domestic Air Travel- Haul-wise percentage contibution of Total Distance Travelled and GHG Emissions GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax- km 5% 7% Outer Ring - % Distribution of distance travelled Inner Ring - % Distribution of GHG Emissions Short Haul 93% Long Haul 95% 5

12 5.1.1 Domestic Short-haul Air Travel GHG Inventory Sr. No. Air Carrier Code Table 6 : Domestic Short-haul Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Air Carrier Name No of Flights (Number) Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) Percentage Contribution of Distance Travelled (%) GHG Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Percentage Contribution of GHG Emissions (%) Emission Factor (kg CO2e/Paxkm) 1. 9W Jet Airways 12, % % E Indigo Airlines 3, % % UA United Airlines 4, % % DL Delta Airlines 3, % % AA American Airlines 3, % % US US Airways 3, % % SG Spice Jet 2, % % WN Southwest Airlines 1, % % AI Air India 1, % % XY FLYNAS 1, % % Others 11 Others 10, % % Total 47, Domestic Short haul air travel GHG Emissions Summary of Others air carriers reported in Annexure II 6

13 Air Carrier Name XY AI WN SG US AA DL UA 6E 9W Figure 4: Domestic Short-haul GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled American Airlines Southwest Airlines Domestic - Short-haul - Top 10 & Other Air Carriers (Based on GHG Emissions Contribution & Distance Travelled) GHG Emissions = 3.39 Thousand Tonne CO2e, Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) Jet Airways Indigo Airlines United Airlines Delta Air Lines US Airways Spice Jet Air India FLYNAS Other GHG Emissions ('000 Tonne CO2e) GHG Emissions Distance Travelled Figure 5: Domestic Short-haul Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled by Air Carriers Domestic - Short-haul - Top 10 & Other Air Carriers (Based on GHG Emissions Contribution & Distance Travelled) GHG Emissions = 3.39 Thousand Tonne CO2e, Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km 9% 24% 7% 9% 24% 8% 7% 7% 8% 7% 7% 25% 23% 3% 4% 6% 3% 4% 5% 4% 3% 4% Outer Ring - % Contribution to Distance Travelled Inner Ring - % Contribution to GHG Emissions Others XY - FLYNAS AI - Air India WN - Southwest Airlines SG - Spice Jet US - US Airways AA - American Airlines DL - Delta Air Lines UA - United Airlines 6E - Indigo Airlines 9W - Jet Airways 7

14 Emission Factor (kgco2e/pax-km) Figure 6 : Domestic Short haul- Top 10 Distance & GHG contributor s EFs vs Average Domestic Short-haul- GHG Emission Factor GHG Emisssion Factors of Top 10 Distance and Emission Contributers for Domestic-Short Haul Overall Average Domestic Short Haul Emission Factor, Average Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers, FLYNAS Air India Southwest Airlines Spice Jet US Airways American Airlines Delta Air Lines United Airlines Indigo Airlines Jet Airways Air Carrier Name Emission Factors of Top 10 Contributers Average Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers Overall Average Domestic Short Haul Emission Factor Sr. No. Air Carrier Code Domestic Long-haul Air Travel GHG Inventory Table 7: Domestic Long haul - Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Air Carrier Name No of Flights (Number) Distance Travelled (Million Paxkm) Percentage Contribution of Distance Travelled (%) GHG Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Percentage Contribution of GHG Emissions (%) Emission Factor (kg CO2e/Paxkm) 1. 6E Indigo Airlines 48, % % W Jet Airways 40, % % UA United Airlines 24, % % DL Delta Airlines 22, % % AI Air India 25, % % AA American Airlines 15, % % US US Airways 11, % % SG Spice Jet 13, % % WN Southwest Airlines 8, % % G8 Go Air 7, % % Others 12 Others 31, % % Total 2,48, Domestic Long haul air travel GHG Emissions Summary of Others air carriers reported in Annexure III 8

15 Air Carrier Name G8 WN SG US AA AI DL UA 9W 6E Figure 7 : Domestic Long-haul GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled Domestic - Long-haul - Top 10 & Other Air Carriers (Based on GHG Emissions Contribution & Distance Travelled) GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e, Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km Indigo Airlines Jet Airways United Airlines Delta Air Lines Air India American Airlines US Airways Spice Jet Southwest Airlines Go Air Others Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) GHG Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) GHG Emissions Distance Travelled 9

16 Emission Factor (kgco2e/pax-km) Figure 8 : Domestic Long-haul Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled by Air Carriers Domestic - Long Haul - Top 10 & Other Air Carriers (Based on GHG Emissions Contribution & Distance Travelled) GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e, Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km 16% 13% Outer Ring - % Contribution to Distance Travelled Inner Ring - % Contribution to GHG Emissions 14% 15% 14% 12% 13% 9% 10% 14% 11% 2% 4% 2% 4% 4% 3% 9% 10% 7% 8% 6% Others G8 - Go Air WN - Southwest Airlines SG - Spice Jet US - US Airways AA - American Airlines AI - Air India DL - Delta Air Lines UA - United Airlines 9W - Jet Airways 6E - Indigo Airlines Figure 9 : Domestic Long haul- Top 10 Distance & GHG Emission contributor s Emission Factors vs Average Domestic Long haul- Emission Factor Emisssion Factors of Top 10 Distance and Emission Contributers for Domestic-Long Haul Go Air Southwest Airlines Average Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers, Spice Jet US Airways American Airlines Air India Overall Average Domestic Long Haul Emission Factor, Delta Air Lines United Airlines Jet Airways Indigo Airlines Air Carrier Name Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers Average Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers Overall Average Domestic Long Haul Emission Factor 10

17 5.2 International Air Travel GHG Inventory Table 8: International Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Sr. No. Air Carrier Code Air Carrier Name No of Flights (Number) Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) Percentage Contribution of Distance Travelled (%) GHG Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) 1. EK Emirates 28, % % 2. BA British Airways 22, % % 3. LH Deutsche Lufthansa AG 19, % % 4. EY Etihad Airways 16, % % 5. SQ Singapore Airlines 16, % % 6. AI Air India 9, % % 7. 9W Jet Airways 12, % % 8. QR Qatar Airways 11, % % 9. UA United Airlines 7, % % 10. CX Cathay Pacific Airways 5, % % 11. Other 13 Other 53, % % Total 2,02, According to the result shown in Table 8, the total international air travel distance covered million Pax-km and GHG emissions accounted thousand tonne CO2e. The five largest contributors are Emirates, British Airways, Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Etihad Airways, and Singapore Airlines, which covered 54% of total international air travel distance and 53% of total GHG emissions from international air travel. Majority of international air travel covered travel between India to Europe and USA region and vicee-versa. The five largest contributors air carriers dominate international air travel sectors between India to Europe and USA region. Further, the results for international air travel, categorized in the international short - haul, international medium-haul, and international long-haul and explained later in sections 5.2.1, 5.2.2, and Percentage Contribution of GHG Emissions (%) 13 International air travel GHG Emissions Summary of Others air carriers reported in Annexure IV 11

18 Air Carrier Name CX UA QR 9W AI SQ EY LH BA EK Figure 10 : International GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled International Air Travel GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km Emirates British Airways Deutsche Lufthansa AG Etihad Airways SINGAPORE AIRLINES Air India Jet Airways Qatar Airways United Airlines Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd Others Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) GHG Emissions ('000 Tonne CO2e) GHG Emissions Distance Travelled 12

19 Figure 11 : International Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled International Air Travel GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km Outer Ring - % Contribution to Distance Travelled 15% 19% Inner Ring - % Contribution to GHG Emissions Others 12% 12% 17% 19% 4% 3% 3% 4% CX - Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd UA - United Airlines QR - Qatar Airways 6% 9W - Jet Airways 10% 9% 9% 10% 8% 8% 5% 7% 7% 6% 6% AI - Air India SQ - SINGAPORE AIRLINES EY - Etihad Airways LH - Deutsche Lufthansa AG BA - British Airways Figure 12 : Haul wise distribution of Total Distance travelled and GHG Emissions for International Air Travel International Air Travel- Haul-wise Percentage Contributionof Total Distance Travelled and GHG Emissions GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km 5% Outer Ring - % Distribution of distance travelled 6% 21% Inner Ring - % Distribution of GHG 22% Emissions Short Haul 72% Medium Haul 74% Long Haul 13

20 Sr. No. Air Carrier Code International Short-haul Air Travel GHG Inventory Table 9: International Short haul- Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Air Carrier Name No. of Flights (Number) Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) Percentage Contribution of Distance Travelled (%) GHG Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Percentage Contribution of GHG Emissions (%) Emission Factor (kg CO2e/Paxkm) 1. BA British Airways 7, % % LH Deutsche Lufthansa 6, % % AG 3. TP TAP Portugal 3, % % EK Emirates 3, % % SQ Singapore Airlines 2, % % W Jet Airways 2, % % UA United Airlines 2, % % KL KLM Royal Dutch 2, % % Airlines 9. LX SWISS International 1, % % EY Etihad Airways 1, % % Others 14 Others 22, % % Total 54, International Short haul air travel GHG Emissions Summary of Others air carriers reported in Annexure V 14

21 Air Carrier Name EY LX KL UA 9W SQ EK TP LH BA Figure 13: International Short-haul GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled International - Short-haul - Top 10 & Other Air Carriers (Based on GHG Emissions Contribution & Distance Travelled) GHG Emissions = 7.94 Thousand Tonne CO2e, Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km British Airways Deutsche Lufthansa AG TAP Portugal Emirates SINGAPORE AIRLINES Jet Airways United Airlines KLM Royal Dutch Airlines SWISS International Air Lines Etihad Airways Others Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) GHG Emissions Distance Travelled GHG Emissions ('000 Tonne CO2e) Figure 14: International Short-haul Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled by Air Carriers International - Short-haul - Top 10 & Other Air Carriers (Based on GHG Emissions Contribution & Distance Travelled) GHG Emissions = 7.94 Thousand Tonne CO2e, Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km Outer Ring - % Contribution to Distance Travelled Inner Ring - % Contribution to GHG Emissions 12% Others 12% EY - Etihad Airways 13% 11% 39% 38% LX - SWISS International Air Lines KL - KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 8% 9% 8% 9% 5% 5% 4% 4% 3% 3% 4% 3% 3% 2% 4% 3% UA - United Airlines 9W - Jet Airways SQ - SINGAPORE AIRLINES EK - Emirates TP - TAP Portugal 15

22 EMission Factors (kgco2e/pax-km) Figure 15 : International Short haul- Top 10 Distance & GHG contributor s EFs vs Average International Short haul- GHG Emission Factor Emisssion Factors of Top 10 Distance and Emission Contributers for International-Short Haul Average Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers, Overall Average International Short Haul Emission Factor, Air Carrier Name Emission Factors of Top 10 Contributers Average Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers Overall Average International Short Haul Emission Factor International Medium-haul Air Travel GHG Inventory Table 10 : International Medium haul- Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Sr. No. Air Carrier Code Air Carrier Name No of Flights (Number) Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) Percentage Contribution of Distance Travelled (%) GHG Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Percentage Contribution of GHG Emissions (%) 1. EK Emirates 13, % % SQ Singapore Airlines 7, % % EY Etihad Airways 7, % % QR Qatar Airways 5, % % W Jet Airways 5, % % LH Deutsche 3, % % Lufthansa AG 7. BA British Airways 3, % % CX Cathay Pacific 2, % % Airways 9. AI Air India 2, % % MH Malaysian Airline 2, % % Berhad 11. Others 15 Others 10, % % Total 63, Emission Factor (kg CO2e/Pax-km) 15 International Medium haul air travel GHG Emissions Summary of Others air carriers reported in Annexure VI 16

23 Air Carrier Name MH AI CX BA LH 9W QR EY SQ EK Figure 16: International Medium-haul GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled Emirates SINGAPORE AIRLINES Etihad Airways Qatar Airways Jet Airways Deutsche Lufthansa AG British Airways Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd Air India Malaysian Airline Berhad Others International - Medium Haul - Top 10 & Other Air Carriers (Based on GHG Emissions Contribution & Distance Travelled) GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e, Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) GHG Emissions ('000 Tonne CO2e) GHG Emissions Distance Travelled Figure 17: International Medium-haul Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled by Air Carriers International - Medium-haul - Top 10 & Other Air Carriers (Based on GHG Emissions Contribution & Distance Travelled) GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e, Total Distance Travelled = Million Pax-km Outer Ring - % Contribution to Distance Travelled Inner Ring - % Contribution to GHG Emissions 13% 20% 22% 13% 12% 11% 8% 8% 16% 15% 4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 4% 5% 5% 5% 7% 5% 8% Others MH - Malaysian Airline Berhad AI - Air India CX - Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd BA - British Airways LH - Deutsche Lufthansa AG 9W - Jet Airways QR - Qatar Airways EY - Etihad Airways SQ - SINGAPORE AIRLINES EK - Emirates 17

24 Emission Factor (kgco2e/pax-km) Figure 18 : International Medium haul- Top 10 Distance & GHG contributor s EFs vs Average International Medium haul- GHG Emission Factor Emisssion Factors of Top 10 Distance and Emission Contributers for International-Medium Haul Overall Average International Medium Haul Emission Factor, Average Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers, Air Carrier Name Emission Factors of Top 10 Contributers Average Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers Overall Average International Medium Haul Emission Factor International Long-haul Air Travel GHG Inventory Table 11: International Long haul- Air Travel GHG Emissions Sr. No. Air Carrier Code Air Carrier Name No of Flights (Number) Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) Percentage Contribution of Distance Travelled (%) GHG Emissions (Thousan d Tonne CO2e) Percentage Contributio n of GHG Emissions (%) Emission Factor (kg CO2e/Paxkm) 1. EK Emirates 12, % % BA British Airways 12, % % LH Deutsche Lufthansa 10, % 9% AG EY Etihad Airways 7, % % AI Air India 5, % % SQ Singapore Airlines 5, % % W Jet Airways 5, % % QR Qatar Airways 4, % % UA United Airlines 3, % % CX Cathay Pacific Airways 2, % % Others 16 Others 15, % % Total 84, International Long haul air travel GHG Emissions Summary of Others air carriers reported in Annexure VII 18

25 Air Carrier Name CX UA QR 9W SQ AI EY LH BA EK Figure 19: International Long-haul GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled International - Long-haul - Top 10 & Other Air Carriers (Based on GHG Emissions Contribution & Distance Travelled) GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e, Total Distance Travelled = 6.88 Million Pax-km Emirates British Airways Deutsche Lufthansa AG Etihad Airways Air India SINGAPORE AIRLINES Jet Airways Qatar Airways United Airlines Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd Others Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) GHG Emissions (Tonne CO2e) Distance Travelled GHG Emissions Figure 20: International Long-haul Percentage Contribution to GHG Emissions & Distance Travelled by Air Carriers International - Long-haul - Top 10 & Other Air Carriers (Based on GHG Emissions Contribution & Distance Travelled) GHG Emissions = Thousand Tonne CO2e, Total Distance Travelled = 6.88 Million Pax-km Outer Ring - % Contribution to Distance Travelled Inner Ring - % Contribution to GHG Emissions 15% 16% 14% 14% 10% 12% 10% 9% 8% 8% 17% 17% 7% 4% 3% 6% 5% 7% 6% 3% 4% 6% Others CX - Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd UA - United Airlines QR - Qatar Airways 9W - Jet Airways SQ - SINGAPORE AIRLINES AI - Air India EY - Etihad Airways LH - Deutsche Lufthansa AG BA - British Airways EK - Emirates 19

26 Emission Factor (kgco2e/pax-km) Figure 21 : International Long haul- Top 10 Distance & GHG contributor s EFs vs Average International Long haul- GHG Emission Factor Emisssion Factors of Top 10 Distance and Emission Contributers for International-Long Haul Overall Average International Long Haul Emission Factor, Average Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers, Air Carrier Name Emission Factors of Top 10 Contributers Average Emission Factor of Top 10 Contributers Overall Average International Long Haul Emission Factor 5.3 Domestic and International Air Travel GHG Inventory Table 12 : Scope-wise Distribution of total GHG Emissions For Year Emission Scope for Wipro Scope 3 Emission Scope for Air Carriers Scope 1 & Scope 2 Scope 3 Operational Emission - Fuel combustion + Purchased Electricity Aircraft Manufacturing + Fuel Supply Chain International Domestic Total % of Total GHG Emissions Thousand Tonne CO2e % % Total

27 Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) GHG Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Table 13 : Domestic and International Air Travel Summary Air Travel Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) GHG Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) International Domestic Total 1, Figure 22 : Domestic & International Air Travel GHG Emission Summary Domestic and International Air Travel Total Distance Travelled (Domestic + International) = 1, Million Pax-km Total GHG Emissions (Domestic + international) = Thousand Tonne CO2e 1, International Air Travel Category Domestic 0.00 Distance Travelled GHG Emissions 21

28 Figure 23 : Percentage Contribution to Domestic and International Air Travel GHG Emission Domestic and International Air Travel Total Distance Travelled (Domestic + International) =1, Million Pax-km Total GHG Emissions (Domestic + international) = Thousand Tonne CO2e Distance Travelled, Domestic, 27% GHG Emissions, Domestic, 28% GHG Emissions, International, 72% Distance Travelled, International, 73% 22

29 5.4 Scenario Modelling Baseline Vs Best-In-Class Air Carrier Baseline vs Best-In-Class Scenario Baseline All flights treated as individual flights and their GHG emission is considered for baseline scenario - The goal of this scenario is to identify the best Airline based on their emissions for a given sector; - This is done through extracting all the unique flights for a given airline and assessing alternative airlines for that particular sector; - The Airline that achieves the lowest emission for a given sector is chosen and termed Best-In-Class ; - After that, the whole data is assessed and then if the Airline flown is different from Best-In-Class airline for that particular sector, then the Best-In-Class airline is recommended for that sector. Table 14 : Baseline vs Best-In-Class Air Travel Category Scenario Modelled (Number) Baseline Recommendation Best in Class Distance Travelled GHG Emissions GHG Emissions (Million Pax-km) (Thousand (Thousand Tonne Tonne CO2e) CO2e) Savings in Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Savings International (Best- 8, % In-Class) International 1,93, % Total 2,02, % Percent Savings (%) 23

30 Air Travel Category Scenario Modelled (Number) Baseline Recommendation Best in Class Distance Travelled GHG Emissions GHG Emissions (Million Pax-km) (Thousand (Thousand Tonne Tonne CO2e) CO2e) Savings in Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Savings Domestic (USA- 15, % Best-In-Class) Domestic (USA) 98, % Subtotal 1,13, % Percent Savings (%) Domestic (India- 20, % Best-In-Class) Domestic (India) 1,39, % Subtotal 1,59, % Total 2,72, % Baseline (One/Multiple-Stop) vs Non Stop Sector Baseline One/ Multi-Stop flights with corresponding Distance travelled and GHG Emissions (Flights whose recommendation is available and gives savings in positive are only counted) Non Stop Sector Flights with no intermediate stops. Also known as a Direct flight The goal of the Scenario is to avoid One/Multi-Stop flights and commence a non-stop flight wherever applicable via the airline which has lowest emission for that sector. - This is done by Airline wise extracting all the unique flights and assessing different airlines flying for that particular sector. - Then, Airline which delivers lowest emission for the given sector is chosen and termed Best-In-Class 24

31 After that, Total Flight distance and total emissions is calculated by adding flight distances and their emissions for all flight legs of that sector. Scenario is modelled which depicts flight flying from Source destination to end destination while skipping all intermediate legs. (Assumptions are made wherever necessary) Based on the scenario modelled, the flight sector combination is tabulated with the extracted list to verify whether any such combination already exists in the data extracted. If it does, the flight distance for that sector is extracted from the list and corresponding emission are calculated with respect to best efficient airlines in that sector. These emissions are subtracted from total emissions to find out total savings Table 15 : Multi-Stop Sector vs Non Stop Sector Baseline Recommendation Savings Air Travel Category International No of Sectors (Number) No of Flights (Number) Distance Travelled (Million Paxkm) Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Distance Travelled (Million Paxkm) Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Savings Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) Percent Savings Distance Travelled (%) Savings Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Percent Savings Emissions (%) Multi-Stop Flights 49,252 1,36, Scenario Not 14,523 86, % % Modelled Scenario Modelled 50,534 50, % % 25

32 Air Travel Category No of Sectors (Number) No of Flights (Number) Baseline Recommendation Savings Distance Travelled (Million Paxkm) Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Distance Travelled (Million Paxkm) Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Savings Distance Travelled (Million Pax-km) Percent Savings Distance Travelled (%) Savings Emissions (Thousand Tonne CO2e) Domestic (USA only) Multi-Stop Flights 17,566 63, Scenario Not 4,964 45, % % Modelled Scenario Modelled 17,911 17, % % Percent Savings Emissions (%) 26

33 6. Conclusion & Recommendations 6.1 Domestic Air Carriers -Best-In-Class Domestic Short Haul African Short haul Emission Factor Ranking Table 16: Domestic Short haul- African Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking From Table 17, it is evident that Wat Phnom Airlines is the best airline to fly short-haul in Africa, followed by Royal Air Macroc and so forth. Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor (kgco2e/pax-km) Ranking WD Wat Phnom Airlines AT Royal Air Macroc LC Equatorial Congo Airlines WB Rwand Air SA South African Airways ET Ethiopian Airlines KQ Kenya Airways American (excluding USA) Short haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 18, it is evident that Air Canada is the best airline to fly short-haul in the Americas (excluding the US), followed by Aruba Airlines and so forth Table 17 : Domestic Short haul- American Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) AC Air Canada AG Aruba Airlines WS West Jet H2 Sky Airline G3 Gol Transportes Aéreos JJ TAM Linhas Aereas S.A J CEBU Pacific Air

34 LA LAN Airlines PR Philippine Airlines AR Aerolineas Argentinas AD Azul Linhas Aereas Brasileiras TS Air Transat K Aerolineas Aerogal F4 Air Flamenco LU LAN Express TA Taca International Airlines CM Copa Airlines AV AVIANCA CP Compass Airlines V Avior Airlines AM Aeromexico T7 Transcarga International Airways PD Porter Airlines Asia Pacific Short haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 19, it is evident that Malindo Air is the best airline to fly short-haul in the Asia-Pacific region, followed by Spring Airlines and so forth. Table 18 : Domestic Short haul- Asia Pacific Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) OD Malindo Air C Spring Airlines Z2 Air Asia Zest HO Juneyao Airlines SC Shandong Airlines PG Bangkok Airways

35 EU Chengdu Airlines U Sichuan Airlines M Myanmar Airways ZH Shenzhen Airlines BR EVA Air FD Thai Air Asia VN Vietnam Airlines TR Tiger Airways HU Hainan Airlines AK Air Asia Berhad CZ China Southern Airlines MU China Eastern Airlines DG Cebgo MI Silk Air FM Shanghai Airlines UL Srilankan Airlines CA Air China KB Druk Air SQ Singapore Airlines CI China Airlines AE Mandarin Airlines NH All Nippon Airways JL Japan Airlines GA Garuda Indonesia MH Malaysian Airline Berhad CX Cathay Pacific Airways KA Hong Kong Dragon Airlines TG Thai Airways

36 OZ Asiana Airlines KE Korean Air BS US Bangla Airline Oceania Short haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 20, it is evident that Jetstar Airways is the best airline to fly short-haul in Oceania region, followed by Quantas Airways and so forth. Table 19 : Domestic Short haul- Oceania Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) JQ Jetstar Airways QF Quantas Airways VA Virgin Australia Airlines NZ Air New Zealand SB Aircalin ZL Regional Express European Short haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 21, it is evident that Ryanair is the best airline to fly short-haul in Europe, followed by Norwegian Air Shuttle and so forth. Table 20 : Domestic Short haul- Europe Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) FR Ryanair DY Norwegian Air Shuttle W6 Wizz Air VY Vueling Airlines TO Transavia France SI Blue Islands L InterSky KM Air Malta EI Air Lingus

37 ZB Monarch Airlines AY Finnair Oyj AB Air Berlin PLC K2 Eurolot SK Scandinavian Airlines JU Air Serbia TP TAP Portugal F7 Etihad Regional LS Jet2.com DE Condor Flugdienst GmbH U2 Easyjet Airline IB IBERIA TK Turkish Airlines RE Stobart Air UN Transaero Airlines UT UTair Aviation RO TAROM A5 HOP U GermanWings AF Air France AF Air France FI Icelandair YW Air Nostrum EL Ellinair HV Transavia Airlines BQ Bukovyna Airlines VS Virgin Atlantic Airways KL KLM Royal Dutch Airlines

38 BV Blue Panorama Airlines SU Areoflot H1 Hahn Air Systems T3 Eastern Airways WI White Airways SX Skywork Airlines AZ Alitalia BA British Airways TF Malmo Aviation OK Czech Airlines LG Luxair BE Flybe UX Air Europa LO LOT Polish Airline OV Estonian Air SN Brussels Airlines BM BMI Regional WX City Jet LH Deutsche Lufthansa AG N NextJet AB OS Austrian Airlines BT Air Baltic EJ European Cargo Services BV OU Croatia Airlines LX SWISS International Airlines HR Hahn Airlines

39 Indian Short haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 22, it is evident that Indigo Airline is the best airline to fly short-haul in India, followed by Go Air and so forth. Table 21 : Domestic Short haul- Indian Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking Code (kgco2e/pax-km) 6E Indigo Airlines G8 Go Air I5 Air Asia India S2 Jet Lite UK Vistara SG Spice Jet IX Air India Express W Jet Airways AI Air India Middle Eastern Short haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 23, it is evident that Nile Air is the best airline to fly short-haul in the Middle East, followed by Flynas and so forth. Table 22 : Domestic Short haul- Middle Eastern Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) NP Nile Air XY FLYNAS LY El Al Israel Airlines G9 Air Arabia GF Gulf Air PC Pegasus Airlines FZ Fly Dubai SV Saudi Arabian Airlines WY Oman Air KU Kuwait Airways

40 J2 Azerbaijan Hava Yollary EK Emirates QR Qatar Airways EY Etihad Airways AL Air Lesiure KC Air Astana RJ Royal Jordanian MS Egypt Air USA Short haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 24, it is evident that Spirit Airlines is the best airline to fly short-haul in the USA, followed by JetBlue (as Eastern Air Lines is a charter airline) and so forth. Table 23 : Domestic Short haul- USA Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) NK Spirit Airlines EA Eastern Airlines B6 JetBlue WN Southwest Airlines SY Sun Country Airlines VX Virgin America DL Delta Airlines AS Alaska Airlines UA United Airlines F9 Frontier Airlines M Silver Airways G4 Allegiant Air H Ravn Alaska K5 SeaPort Airlines KO Alaska Central Express

41 3E Air Choice One AA American Airlines US US Airways HA Hawaiian Airlines FL AirTran Airways Domestic Long haul African Long haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 27, it is evident that Rwand Air is the best airline to fly long-haul in Africa, followed by Wat Phnom Airlines and so forth. Table 24 : Domestic Long haul - African Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) WB Rwand Air WD Wat Phnom Airlines AT Royal Air Macroc LC Equatorial Congo Airlines ET Ethiopian Airlines SA South African Airways KQ Kenya Airways American (excluding USA) Long haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 26, it is evident that WestJet is the best airline to fly long-haul in the Americas (excluding the USA), followed by Air Canada and so forth. Table 25 : Domestic Long haul - American Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) WS West Jet AC Air Canada AG Aruba Airlines H2 Sky Airline

42 G3 Gol Transportes Aéreos J CEBU Pacific Air JJ TAM Linhas Aereas S.A LA LAN Airlines PR Philippine Airlines TS Air Transat AR Aerolineas Argentinas K Aerolineas Aerogal F4 Air Flamenco LU LAN Express CM Copa Airlines AD Azul Linhas Aereas Brasileiras TA Taca International Airlines AV AVIANCA V Avior Airlines CP Compass Airlines AM Aeromexico T7 Transcarga International Airways PD Porter Airlines Asia Pacific Long haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 27, it is evident that Malindo Air is the best airline to fly long-haul in the Asia-Pacific region, followed by Shandong Airlines and so forth. Table 26 : Domestic Long haul- Asia Pacific Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) OD Malindo Air SC Shandong Airlines C Spring Airlines Z2 Air Asia Zest

43 EU Chengdu Airlines HO Juneyao Airlines M Myanmar Airways U Sichuan Airlines ZH Shenzhen Airlines PG Bangkok Airways BR EVA Air HU Hainan Airlines FD Thai Air Asia VN Vietnam Airlines TR Tiger Airways CZ China Southern Airlines AK Air Asia Berhad MU China Eastern Airlines FM Shanghai Airlines MI Silk Air UL Srilankan Airlines CA Air China KB Druk Air SQ Singapore Airlines CI China Airlines GA Garuda Indonesia AE Mandarin Airlines NH All Nippon Airways JL Japan Airlines DG Cebgo MH Malaysian Airline Berhad CX Cathay Pacific Airways

44 KA Hong Kong Dragon Airlines TG Thai Airways OZ Asiana Airlines BS US Bnagla Airline KE Korean Air Oceania Long haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 28, it is evident that Quantas Airways is the best airline to fly long-haul in the Oceania region, followed by Jetstar and so forth. Table 27 : Domestic Long haul- Oceania Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) QF Quantas Airways JQ Jetstar Airways VA Virgin Australia Airlines NZ Air New Zealand SB Aircalin ZL Regional Express European Long haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 29, it is evident that Ryanair is the best airline to fly long-haul in Europe, followed by Norwegian Air Shuttle and so forth. Table 28 : Domestic Long haul- European Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) FR Ryanair DY Norwegian Air Shuttle TO Transavia France W6 Wizz Air VY Vueling Airlines EI Air Lingus KM Air Malta

45 AB Air Berlin PLC SK Scandinavian Airlines AY Finnair Oyj ZB Monarch Airlines TP TAP Portugal JU Air Serbia U2 Easyjet Airline DE Condor Flugdienst GmbH LS Jet2.com TK Turkish Airlines L InterSky IB IBERIA YW Air Nostrum UN Transaero Airlines OV Estonian Air K2 Eurolot FI Icelandair U GermanWings SN Brussels Airlines UT UTair Aviation A5 HOP AF Air France AF Air France HV Transavia Airlines KL KLM Royal Dutch Airlines EL Ellinair VS Virgin Atlantic Airways RO TAROM

46 SI Blue Islands SU Areoflot H1 Hahn Air Systems BV Blue Panorama Airlines BQ Bukovyna Airlines F7 Etihad Regional LO LOT Polish Airline WI White Airways AZ Alitalia BA British Airways SX Skywork Airlines BE Flybe LG Luxair UX Air Europa TF Malmo Aviation T3 Eastern Airways OK Czech Airlines RE Stobart Air OU Croatia Airlines LH Deutsche Lufthansa AG WX City Jet OS Austrian Airlines BM BMI Regional N NextJet AB BT Air Baltic LX SWISS International Airlines EJ European Cargo Services BV HR Hahn Airlines

47 Indian Long haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 30, it is evident that Spice Jet is the best airline to fly long-haul in India, followed by Indigo and so forth. Table 29 : Domestic Long haul- Indian Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) SG Spice Jet E Indigo Airlines G8 Go Air I5 Air Asia India S2 Jet Lite IX Air India Express UK Vistara W Jet Airways AI Air India Middle Eastern Long haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 31, it is evident that Nile Air is the best airline to fly long-haul in India, followed by Flynas and so forth. Table 30 : Domestic Long haul- Middle Eastern Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) NP Nile Air XY FLYNAS LY El Al Israel Airlines G9 Air Arabia GF Gulf Air PC Pegasus Airlines WY Oman Air FZ Fly Dubai

48 SV Saudi Arabian Airlines KU Kuwait Airways J2 Azerbaijan Hava Yollary EK Emirates QR Qatar Airways EY Etihad Airways AL Air Lesiure KC Air Astana RJ Royal Jordanian MS Egypt Air USA Long haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 32, it is evident that Spirit Airlines is the best airline to fly long-haul in the USA, followed by Alaska Airlines and so forth. Table 31 : Domestic Long haul- USA Air Carriers Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) NK Spirit Airlines AS Alaska Airlines UA United Airlines EA Eastern Airlines SY Sun Country Airlines VX Virgin America WN Southwest Airlines B6 JetBlue DL Delta Airlines F9 Frontier Airlines H Ravn Alaska K5 SeaPort Airlines KO Alaska Central Express

49 G4 Allegiant Air AA American Airlines US US Airways HA Hawaiian Airlines M Silver Airways FL AirTran Airways E Air Choice One International Air Carriers -Best-In-Class International Short haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 33, it is evident that Ryanair is the best airline to fly short-haul Internationally, followed by Norwegian Air Shuttle and so forth. Table 32 : International Short haul Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) FR Ryanair DY Norwegian Air Shuttle NK Spirit Airlines WB Rwand Air E Indigo Airlines WS West Jet AS Alaska Airlines UA United Airlines AC Air Canada I5 Air Asia India OD Malindo Air AB Air Berlin PLC LY El Al Israel Airlines W6 Wizz Air SK Scandinavian Airlines

50 VY Vueling Airlines EI Air Lingus AY Finnair Oyj EU Chengdu Airlines C Spring Airlines AG Aruba Airlines Z2 Air Asia Zest TO Transavia France SC Shandong Airlines NP Nile Air S2 Jet Lite HO Juneyao Airlines SG Spice Jet WN Southwest Airlines KM Air Malta B6 JetBlue BR EVA Air TP TAP Portugal G3 Gol Transportes Aéreos M Myanmar Airways XY FLYNAS SY Sun Country Airlines QF Quantas Airways DL Delta Airlines ZB Monarch Airlines VA Virgin Australia Airlines H2 Sky Airline ZH Shenzhen Airlines

51 VX Virgin America PG Bangkok Airways JJ TAM Linhas Aereas S.A LA LAN Airlines VN Vietnam Airlines JQ Jetstar Airways J CEBU Pacific Air WD Wat Phnom Airlines NZ Air New Zealand HU Hainan Airlines GF Gulf Air AT Royal Air Macroc W Jet Airways BV Blue Panorama Airlines DE Condor Flugdienst GmbH UN Transaero Airlines JU Air Serbia CZ China Southern Airlines TK Turkish Airlines IX Air India Express IB IBERIA FD Thai Air Asia TR Tiger Airways PC Pegasus Airlines G9 Air Arabia U2 Easyjet Airline LS Jet2.com L InterSky

52 FI Icelandair AK Air Asia Berhad MU China Eastern Airlines FM Shanghai Airlines PR Philippine Airlines YW Air Nostrum U GermanWings MI Silk Air SV Saudi Arabian Airlines WY Oman Air F9 Frontier Airlines OV Estonian Air TS Air Transat K2 Eurolot KL KLM Royal Dutch Airlines AF Air France HV Transavia Airlines A5 HOP AR Aerolineas Argentinas VS Virgin Atlantic Airways SN Brussels Airlines FZ Fly Dubai KB Druk Air KU Kuwait Airways SU Areoflot K Aerolineas Aerogal UT UTair Aviation UL Srilankan Airlines

53 AZ Alitalia EL Ellinair SQ Singapore Airlines SB Aircalin RO TAROM CA Air China AV AVIANCA TA Taca International Airlines SI Blue Islands Other Other F Air France KO Alaska Central Express F4 Air Flamenco H1 Hahn Air Systems M Silver Airways U Sichuan Airlines H Ravn Alaska DG Cebgo EA Eastern Airlines G8 Go Air J2 Azerbaijan Hava Yollary K5 SeaPort Airlines LC Equatorial Congo Airlines LU LAN Express UK Vistara WI White Airways CM Copa Airlines BQ Bukovyna Airlines

54 F7 Etihad Regional LO LOT Polish Airline AD Azul Linhas Aereas Brasileiras BA British Airways BE Flybe SX Skywork Airlines GA Garuda Indonesia UX Air Europa ET Ethiopian Airlines CI China Airlines G4 Allegiant Air AI Air India V Avior Airlines NH All Nippon Airways LG Luxair JL Japan Airlines QR Qatar Airways EY Etihad Airways SA South African Airways AA American Airlines US US Airways MH Malaysian Airline Berhad HA Hawaiian Airlines AE Mandarin Airlines CP Compass Airlines TF Malmo Aviation EK Emirates T3 Eastern Airways

55 CX Cathay Pacific Airways KA Hong Kong Dragon Airlines AL Air Lesiure OK Czech Airlines RE Stobart Air LH Deutsche Lufthansa AG OU Croatia Airlines AM Aeromexico KQ Kenya Airways RJ Royal Jordanian KC Air Astana OS Austrian Airlines WX City Jet MS Egypt Air TG Thai Airways OZ Asiana Airlines BM BMI Regional FL AirTran Airways T7 Transcarga International Airways N NextJet AB KE Korean Air BS US Bnagla Airline BT Air Baltic E Air Choice One LX SWISS International Airlines PD Porter Airlines ZL Regional Express EJ European Cargo Services BV

56 HR Hahn Airlines International Medium haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 34, it is evident that Ryanair is the best airline to fly medium-haul Internationally, followed by Rwand Air (fleet size of 8), Alaska Air and so forth. Table 33 International Medium haul Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) FR Ryanair WB Rwand Air AS Alaska Airlines DY Norwegian Air Shuttle UA United Airlines SK Scandinavian Airlines WS West Jet NK Spirit Airlines LY El Al Israel Airlines AC Air Canada BR EVA Air BV Blue Panorama Airlines SG Spice Jet E Indigo Airlines AB Air Berlin PLC S2 Jet Lite WN Southwest Airlines DL Delta Airlines VA Virgin Australia Airlines W6 Wizz Air AY Finnair Oyj I5 Air Asia India

57 EI Air Lingus VY Vueling Airlines OD Malindo Air EU Chengdu Airlines HO Juneyao Airlines C Spring Airlines AG Aruba Airlines Z2 Air Asia Zest SC Shandong Airlines NP Nile Air TO Transavia France KM Air Malta TP TAP Portugal UN Transaero Airlines GF Gulf Air M Myanmar Airways B6 JetBlue XY FLYNAS VN Vietnam Airlines H2 Sky Airline QF Quantas Airways ZB Monarch Airlines SY Sun Country Airlines CZ China Southern Airlines J CEBU Pacific Air JQ Jetstar Airways TK Turkish Airlines G3 Gol Transportes Aéreos

58 ZH Shenzhen Airlines OV Estonian Air DE Condor Flugdienst GmbH LA LAN Airlines IB IBERIA VX Virgin America AT Royal Air Macroc PG Bangkok Airways W Jet Airways JJ TAM Linhas Aereas S.A HU Hainan Airlines LH Deutsche Lufthansa AG NZ Air New Zealand SN Brussels Airlines PC Pegasus Airlines JU Air Serbia WD Wat Phnom Airlines SV Saudi Arabian Airlines FD Thai Air Asia IX Air India Express U2 Easyjet Airline FI Icelandair LS Jet2.com YW Air Nostrum TR Tiger Airways G9 Air Arabia LX SWISS International Airlines F9 Frontier Airlines

59 OS Austrian Airlines WY Oman Air PR Philippine Airlines KB Druk Air AZ Alitalia AK Air Asia Berhad MU China Eastern Airlines L InterSky AF Air France KL KLM Royal Dutch Airlines A5 HOP TS Air Transat U GermanWings FM Shanghai Airlines SU Areoflot MI Silk Air AV AVIANCA AR Aerolineas Argentinas UL Srilankan Airlines VS Virgin Atlantic Airways KU Kuwait Airways HV Transavia Airlines FZ Fly Dubai K Aerolineas Aerogal UX Air Europa LO LOT Polish Airline K2 Eurolot SB Aircalin

60 EL Ellinair Other Other F4 Air Flamenco F Air France M Silver Airways U Sichuan Airlines H Ravn Alaska DG Cebgo EA Eastern Airlines G8 Go Air H1 Hahn Air Systems J2 Azerbaijan Hava Yollary K5 SeaPort Airlines KO Alaska Central Express LC Equatorial Congo Airlines LU LAN Express UK Vistara WI White Airways QR Qatar Airways UT UTair Aviation CA Air China SQ Singapore Airlines HA Hawaiian Airlines RO TAROM OU Croatia Airlines BA British Airways V Avior Airlines AA American Airlines

61 US US Airways TA Taca International Airlines GA Garuda Indonesia NH All Nippon Airways BE Flybe AI Air India CM Copa Airlines ET Ethiopian Airlines BQ Bukovyna Airlines AD Azul Linhas Aereas Brasileiras MH Malaysian Airline Berhad CI China Airlines SX Skywork Airlines LG Luxair KQ Kenya Airways SI Blue Islands G4 Allegiant Air F7 Etihad Regional EK Emirates SA South African Airways JL Japan Airlines EY Etihad Airways KA Hong Kong Dragon Airlines AL Air Lesiure CP Compass Airlines AE Mandarin Airlines CX Cathay Pacific Airways TF Malmo Aviation

62 OK Czech Airlines T3 Eastern Airways RJ Royal Jordanian AM Aeromexico MS Egypt Air KC Air Astana WX City Jet TG Thai Airways RE Stobart Air OZ Asiana Airlines BM BMI Regional BS US Bnagla Airline FL AirTran Airways N NextJet AB KE Korean Air T7 Transcarga International Airways BT Air Baltic E Air Choice One PD Porter Airlines ZL Regional Express EJ European Cargo Services BV HR Hahn Airlines International Long-haul Emission Factor Ranking From Table 35, it is evident that Rwand Air (fleet size of 8) or Ryanair are the best airlines to fly long-haul internationally, followed by Alaska Air and so forth. Table 34 : International Long haul Emission Factor Ranking Carrier Code Carrier Name Emission Factor Ranking (kgco2e/pax-km) WB Rwand Air

63 FR Ryanair AS Alaska Airlines SK Scandinavian Airlines UA United Airlines LY El Al Israel Airlines BV Blue Panorama Airlines DY Norwegian Air Shuttle WS West Jet OS Austrian Airlines AC Air Canada BR EVA Air NK Spirit Airlines LX SWISS International Airlines SG Spice Jet DL Delta Airlines WN Southwest Airlines AB Air Berlin PLC S2 Jet Lite VA Virgin Australia Airlines E Indigo Airlines AY Finnair Oyj W6 Wizz Air EI Air Lingus I5 Air Asia India VY Vueling Airlines OD Malindo Air EU Chengdu Airlines UN Transaero Airlines

64 GF Gulf Air OV Estonian Air HO Juneyao Airlines C Spring Airlines NP Nile Air AG Aruba Airlines Z2 Air Asia Zest SC Shandong Airlines TP TAP Portugal TO Transavia France KM Air Malta VN Vietnam Airlines CZ China Southern Airlines M Myanmar Airways B6 JetBlue TK Turkish Airlines XY FLYNAS SN Brussels Airlines J CEBU Pacific Air JQ Jetstar Airways DE Condor Flugdienst GmbH H2 Sky Airline QF Quantas Airways IB IBERIA ZB Monarch Airlines LA LAN Airlines SY Sun Country Airlines LH Deutsche Lufthansa AG

65 ZH Shenzhen Airlines AT Royal Air Macroc G3 Gol Transportes Aéreos W Jet Airways VX Virgin America PG Bangkok Airways JJ TAM Linhas Aereas S.A NZ Air New Zealand HU Hainan Airlines PC Pegasus Airlines SV Saudi Arabian Airlines JU Air Serbia FI Icelandair YW Air Nostrum WD Wat Phnom Airlines KB Druk Air U2 Easyjet Airline FD Thai Air Asia LS Jet2.com IX Air India Express AZ Alitalia F9 Frontier Airlines TR Tiger Airways G9 Air Arabia WY Oman Air PR Philippine Airlines AV AVIANCA AF Air France

66 KL KLM Royal Dutch Airlines A5 HOP MU China Eastern Airlines TS Air Transat SU Areoflot AK Air Asia Berhad OU Croatia Airlines U GermanWings FM Shanghai Airlines L InterSky UX Air Europa QR Qatar Airways MI Silk Air UL Srilankan Airlines LO LOT Polish Airline HA Hawaiian Airlines AR Aerolineas Argentinas VS Virgin Atlantic Airways KU Kuwait Airways AA American Airlines US US Airways K Aerolineas Aerogal SB Aircalin Other Other F Air France F4 Air Flamenco M Silver Airways U Sichuan Airlines

67 7H Ravn Alaska DG Cebgo EA Eastern Airlines G8 Go Air H1 Hahn Air Systems J2 Azerbaijan Hava Yollary K5 SeaPort Airlines KO Alaska Central Express LC Equatorial Congo Airlines LU LAN Express UK Vistara WI White Airways HV Transavia Airlines FZ Fly Dubai EL Ellinair V Avior Airlines UT UTair Aviation NH All Nippon Airways CA Air China K2 Eurolot BA British Airways SQ Singapore Airlines GA Garuda Indonesia AI Air India KQ Kenya Airways BE Flybe RO TAROM TA Taca International Airlines

68 CM Copa Airlines MH Malaysian Airline Berhad ET Ethiopian Airlines BQ Bukovyna Airlines LG Luxair CI China Airlines SX Skywork Airlines AD Azul Linhas Aereas Brasileiras EK Emirates KA Hong Kong Dragon Airlines G4 Allegiant Air AL Air Lesiure SA South African Airways JL Japan Airlines EY Etihad Airways SI Blue Islands F7 Etihad Regional CP Compass Airlines CX Cathay Pacific Airways AE Mandarin Airlines TF Malmo Aviation RJ Royal Jordanian OK Czech Airlines T3 Eastern Airways MS Egypt Air AM Aeromexico TG Thai Airways KC Air Astana

69 WX City Jet OZ Asiana Airlines RE Stobart Air BM BMI Regional BS US Bnagla Airline FL AirTran Airways N NextJet AB BT Air Baltic KE Korean Air T7 Transcarga International Airways E Air Choice One PD Porter Airlines ZL Regional Express EJ European Cargo Services BV HR Hahn Airlines

70 ANNEXURE 64

71 7. Scope Definition 7.1 Corporate GHG Inventory This GHG Protocol s Corporate Standard provides standards and guidance for companies and other types of organizations preparing a GHG emissions inventory. It covers the accounting and reporting of the six greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocolcarbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). While this standard has been followed almost entirely for this project, the aspect of materiality threshold as defined by the concept of key categories has been incorporated from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. This is discussed as part of the Completeness attributes of the GHG Inventory and described later in the report. The standard requires adherence to the key principles of Relevance, Completeness, Consistency, Transparency, and Accuracy. These principles and measures taken to adhere to them in the execution of this project are discussed below. RELEVANCE: It must be ensured that the GHG inventory appropriately reflects the GHG emissions of the company and serves the decision-making needs of users both internal and external to the company. Relevance can be ensured by appropriate and thoughtful selection of Operational and Organizational (described later). The selection of an appropriate inventory boundary that reflects the substance and economic reality of the company s business activities, processes and relationships, not merely its legal form, is pivotal to this process and has been addressed in compiling the GHG inventory of business air travel for the Wipro Project. COMPLETENESS: The GHG inventory must account for and report on all GHG emission sources (i.e. Scopes) and activities (i.e. within each Scope) within the chosen inventory boundary and any specific exclusions must by disclosed and justified. Exclusions of activities from the Inventorying process may be the outcome of limiting constraints such as a lack of primary data, high uncertainty level of available secondary data, or the cost of gathering data. Theoretically a materiality threshold (a minimum emissions accounting threshold), stating that a source not exceeding a certain size can be omitted from the inventory, can be implemented to address unquantifiable emission sources. However, the practical implementation of such a threshold is not compatible with the completeness principle of the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard. Instead, companies must transparently document and justify cases where emissions have not been estimated, or estimated at an insufficient level of quality. For the Wipro Business Air Travel Corporate GHG Inventory project, the concept of key categories has been adopted from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for implementability reasons. Key categories are identified using a predetermined cumulative emissions threshold. Key categories are those that, when summed together in descending order of magnitude, add up to 95 percent of the total level. The pre-determined threshold has been determined based on an evaluation of several inventories, and is aimed at establishing a general level where 90% of inventory uncertainty will be covered by key categories. The Operational Boundary for the Business Air Travel Project s Corporate Inventory component is defined later with relevant rationale related to the inclusion of activities presented alongside. Moreover, any exclusions stemming from data constraints or other systemic reasons are listed and discussed in the Appendix. 65

72 CONSISTENCY: The process of inventorying must use consistent methodologies across time boundaries to allow for meaningful comparisons of emissions over time. To enable this, a GHG inventory report must transparently document any changes to the data, inventory boundary, methods, or any other relevant factors in the time series. Thus, the inventorying process might require the base year emissions to be recalculated as companies undergo significant structural changes such as acquisitions, divestments, and mergers. Since the Corporate Footprint produced as an outcome of this exercise will serve as the Baseline Year GHG Inventory for the Wipro s business air travel, the need to recalculate any previous year emissions is moot. However, future inventories will need to address any recalculation efforts explicitly. TRANSPARENCY: All relevant issues must have addressed by the Inventory process in a factual and coherent manner, based on a clear audit trail. The reporting activity must disclose any relevant assumptions and make appropriate references to the accounting and calculation methodologies and data sources used. The standard requires information to be recorded, compiled, and analyzed in a way that enables internal reviewers and external verifiers to attest to its credibility and enable a third party to derive the same results if provided with the same source data. The project report addresses transparency related requirements by providing a comprehensive listing of all assumptions, simplifications, emission factor sources, and technical references in Appendix. along with relevant equations and mathematical and scientific relationships used data processing and analysis required for calculating GHG emissions. ACCURACY: The Corporate Standard requires that the quantification of GHG emissions is systematically neither over nor under actual emissions, and that uncertainties are reduced as far as possible. The process must be designed to achieve sufficient accuracy to ensure integrity of the reported information and enable users to determine its reliability with reasonable assurance. This project effort incorporated extensive efforts to ensure accuracy of the activity data obtained, collated and transmitted by the reporting entity through: I. administering rigorously data collection from reporting entity, II. providing guidance to the reporting entity with respect to best-practices to be followed for ensuring high data quality III. establishing the preferred units for data collection and suggesting acceptable surrogate units for activity data collection if data was not available in the ideally preferred form IV. establishing a priority list of emission source activities for which primary data were imperative and activities for which secondary data would be acceptable The GHG Inventory process s accuracy is also augmented by use of well documented Tier 2 and Tier 3 GHG Emission Factors wherever possible and use of Tier 1 default emission factors as the least preferred option5. The emission factors used and their sources are presented in Appendix. The Corporate GHG Inventory accounts for three major Greenhouse Gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O). Emissions of these gases have been accounted for activities classified as part of Scope 1, Scope 2, and relevant significant Scope 3 emission sources. In this project all the emissions related to business air travel activities and relevant upstream activities have been considered as Scope 3 emission as per GHG protocol. Emission sources leading to generation of the other 3 Kyoto Protocol Gasses, namely HFCs, PFCs, and SF6, were not considered as key categories (or below 66

73 the materiality threshold as defined earlier as part of the Completeness attributes of the project) by the project s technical advisory team. Implementation of the Corporate Standard for GHG Inventorying requires the definition of an Organizational and Operational Boundary Organizational Boundary Definition For corporate reporting, two distinct approaches can be used to consolidate GHG emissions: the equity share and the control approaches. Equity share approach: Under the equity share approach, a company accounts for GHG emissions from operations according to its share of equity in the operation. The equity share reflects economic interest, which is the extent of rights a company has to the risks and rewards flowing from an operation. Control approach: Under the control approach, a company accounts for 100 percent of the GHG emissions from operations over which it has control. It does not account for GHG emissions from operations in which it owns an interest but has no control. Control can be defined in either financial or operational terms. When using the control approach to consolidate GHG emissions, companies shall choose between either the operational control or financial control criteria. Source: The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard The criteria for setting the Organizational Boundary for this Inventory is the Operational Control. The Standard clarifies that a company has operational control over an operation if the former or one of its subsidiaries has the full authority to introduce and implement its operating policies at the operation. According to this interpretation of operational control and based on discussions with the Reporting Entity s Management personnel, activities at the aircraft manufacturing site and at the airport handled by aircraft manufacturers, airport authorities and air carriers are not within the operational control of the Reporting Entity and hence 100% of the emissions from all these activities are reported in this Inventory considered as Scope 3 emissions which significant in nature. As an outcome of this approach selection, the operation and emissionsgenerating activities of the following Stakeholders / Operational Entities were considered as part of the GHG Inventory Boundary. Table 35: GHG Inventory Organisational Boundary Definition Stakeholder Activity Upstream Processes Manufacturing, Production Capital Goods Producer, Aircraft & Engine Manufacturer Raw Material Extraction, Transportation of Raw Material, Capital Goods Production, Transportation of Finished and Semi-finished Capital Goods, Aircraft & Engine Manufacturing, Testing Emissions Accounted & Reported Air Carrier - Operational Control 0 % for Operational Control Wipro Ltd. Operational Control 0 % for Operational Control 67

74 of Aircraft Fuel Supplier Construction Material Manufacturer, Airport & Runway Construction Company Production, Refining, Distribution & Transportation of Fuel to the Airport Raw Material Extraction, Transportation of Raw Material, Construction Material Production, Transportation of Construction Material, Deforestation, Construction of Airport & Runway 0 % for Operational Control 0 % for Operational Control Downstream Process Operation, Maintenance, and Insurance Air carrier Airport Authority Insurance Company Operation and Maintenance of Aircraft, Ground Duty Operation, Captive Power Generation, Heat or Steam Generation, Administration of Operations Operation and Maintenance of Airport, Runway and Parking, Captive Power Generation, Heat or Steam Generation, Administration of Operations Incidents and Health Insurance Operations & Administration 100 % for Operational Control 0 % for Operational Control 0 % for Operational Control 0 % for Operational Control 0 % for Operational Control 0 % for Operational Control 0 % for Operational Control 0 % for Operational Control Operational Boundary Definition Subsequent to organizational boundary definition in terms of the operations that it owns or controls, The Corporate Standard requires specifying of operational boundaries which entails identifying emissions associated with its operations, categorizing them as direct and indirect emissions, and choosing the scope of accounting and reporting for indirect emissions. Direct GHG emissions are emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company. Indirect GHG emissions are emissions that are a consequence of the activities of the company but occur at sources owned or controlled by another company. Furthermore, to improve transparency, and provide utility for different types of organizations three scopes (scope 1, scope 2, & scope 3) are defined for GHG accounting & reporting Scope 1: These are direct GHG emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company. For example, emissions from combustion in owned or controlled facilities and vehicles. Scope 2: These are indirect GHG emissions occurring as a consequence of GHG emissions from the generation of purchased electricity by the company. Scope 3: These comprise other indirect emissions except those accounted for as Scope 2 emissions. They are a consequence of the activities of the company, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company and are an optional reporting category. Examples include embodied carbon emissions from manufacturing of materials used by a company, third party deliveries, business travel activities and use of sold products and services. Source: The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard 68

75 The general framework for Operational Boundary setting is depicted below in Table 36. Figure 24: Activity Differentiation according to Scope 1, Scope 2 & Scope 3 GHG Emissions Source: Greenhouse Gas Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard World Resource Institute The Operational Boundary for the Corporate GHG Inventory compiled as part of this Project is defined in the Table below. Table 36: GHG Inventory Operational Boundary Definition Sr. no. 1 Emissions Category Direct GHG Emissions - Emissions from Fuel Combustion & Energy Related Activities Emissions Sub- Category Aircraft Operation & Maintenance, Ground Duty Operation Generation of Electricity, Heat or Steam Transportation of Particulars Fossil Fuels, Biomass Fuels, Incineration Included Scope for Air Carrier Scope for Wipro Scope 1 Scope 3 69

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