Session 9. Flight Recorder SEMINAR ON AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AUGUST 2014

Transcription

1 Session 9 Flight Recorder SEMINAR ON AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AUGUST

2 Topics Relevant documents Evolution of recorders How is the data recorded Frame data file What is good to know FDR Data presentation Where to readout 2

3 Relevant Documents International ICAO Annex 6 Europe: EASA: European Aviation Safety Authorities Eurocae : European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment (ED112, ED55, ED56) USA: FAA ARINC : Aeronautical Radio Inc, (ARINC 647A,Flight Recorder Electronic Documentation) Other local regulations: Local Civil Aviation Authorities (DGCA, DGAC, CAA.)

4 ICAO Relevant Documents cont d Flight recorders requirements In Annex 6, Chapter 6 In Annex 6, Appendix 8 The Flight Recorder (FLIREC) Panel is in charge of Annex 6 improvement

5 What is a flight recorder? Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of complementing accident/incident investigation.

6 ICAO Annex 6 Chapter 6 ICAO Annex 6 gives no technical specifications General requirements Orange/Yellow painted. Reflective material. Underwater locating device Reference to EUROCAE documents (ED- 112 )

7 ICAO Annex 6 Chapter Types Types I and IA FDR shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine power, configuration and operation. Types II and IIA FDRs shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine power and configuration of lift and drag devices.

8 Recorder Type Requirements Type IA FDR. This FDR shall be capable of recording, as appropriate to the aeroplane, at least the 78 parameters in Table A8-1. Type I FDR. This FDR shall be capable of recording, as appropriate to the aeroplane, at least the first 32 parameters in Table A8-1. Types II and IIA FDRs. These FDRs shall be capable of recording, as appropriate to the aeroplane, at least the first 16 parameters in Table A8-1.

9 Recorder Type Requirements Which type of recorder fitted depends on: Date of certification Weight of aircraft Type of engine

10 ICAO Annex 6 Chapter Flight data recorders and aircraft data recording systems Note 3. Parameters to be recorded are listed in Tables A8-1 and A8-3 of Appendix 8.

11 ICAO Annex 6 Chapter Flight recorder records An operator shall ensure, to the extent possible, in the event the aeroplane becomes involved in an accident or incident, the preservation of all related flight recorder records and, if necessary, the associated flight recorders, and their retention in safe custody pending their disposition as determined in accordance with Annex 13.

12 ICAO Annex 6 Chapter Flight recorder electronic documentation Recommendation. The documentation requirement concerning FDR and ADRS parameters provided by operators to accident investigation authorities should be in electronic format and take account of industry specifications. Note. Industry specification for documentation concerning flight recorder parameters may be found in the ARINC 647A,Flight Recorder Electronic Documentation, or equivalent document.

13 ICAO Annex 6 Appendix Documentation concerning parameter allocation, conversion equations, periodic calibration and other serviceability/maintenance information shall be maintained by the operator. The documentation needs to be sufficient to ensure that accident investigation authorities have the necessary information to read out the data in engineering units.

14 Flight recorder certification standards Flight data recorders and aircraft data recording systems Note 1. FDR and AIR performance requirements are as contained in the EUROCAE ED-112, Minimum Operational Performance Specification (MOPS) for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems, or equivalent documents.

15 EUROCAE (European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment) 70 member organizations (private, public) 14 nations worldwide 7 public organizations 17 working groups 600 engineers

16 EUROCAE ED112 MOPS : Minimum Operational Performance Specifications Crash Survival Tests specifications Impact Shock (3400 Gs 6.5ms) Penetration (227kg w 6 mm pin dropped from 3 m) Static crush (22,25 KN {5000 lbs} on all axis for 5 mins) High temperature fire (1100 Deg C for 1 hour) Low temperature fire (260 deg C for 10 hours) Deep sea pressure (6000 m) Sea water immersion (3 m for 30 Days) Fluid immersion (48 hours)

17 FLIREC Panel Established in 1994 Technical experts - Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Russian Federation, Spain, UK, USA Organisations IATA, IFALPA

18 FLIREC Panel Review status of technology Propose ICAO flight recorder provisions inline with technological developments Keep abreast with future technological developments Prepare amendment proposals for Annex 6 guidance material and new procedures

19 Evolution of Recorders Types of recorders Foil Photographic Magnetic Wire Magnetic Tape Solid State (Computer Chips)

20 Evolution of Recorders Foil Oscillographic recorder Used needles to scribe onto metal foil. Held 6 parameters Held data up to 400 hours Foil had to be changed Unreliable

21 Evolution of Recorders Foil The use of engraving metal foil FDRs shall be discontinued.

22 Photographic Evolution of Recorders Used light moved by mirrors to burn a data trace onto a 90 mm wide roll of light sensitive paper Paper had to be changed Data was lost if paper was exposed to light after a crash.

23 Photographic Evolution of Recorders The use of photographic film FDRs shall be discontinued.

24 Evolution of Recorders Magnetic Wire Used metal wire to record the data digitally Media was in an endless loop and did not require to be changed regularly

25 Evolution of Recorders Magnetic Wire

26 Evolution of Recorders Magnetic Tape Uses Mylar tape a plastic tape coated with magnetic material Media was in an endless loop Data was recorded in digital format It was recorded onto 8 tracks Tape would wear out over time Downloading could take 2 8 hours

27 Recommendation. The use of magnetic tape FDRs Evolution should be of discontinued Recorders by 1 January Magnetic Tape The use of magnetic tape FDRs shall be discontinued by 1 January 2016.

28 Evolution of Recorders Solid State No moving parts Reliable Low maintenance

29 Evolution of Recorders Solid State

30 Evolution of Recorders

31 Damaged Recorders

32 How is the data recorded?

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34 How is the data recorded? The parameters are recorded as raw binary data (1s and 0s) The format used is ARINC standard Parameters to be recorded are determined by the DFDAU NOT the recorder

35 Example of Raw Data Sub 1 Sub 2 Sub 3 Sub 4

36 Data Frame The data frame file converts the raw data into engineering values There could be several different data frame files for aircraft in the same aircraft family (B737,B777) The data frame may be dependant on engine configuration, EFIS equipped, etc

37 What is good to know Aircraft type and Data Frame version (Take note if the DFDAU has been upgraded for older aircraft) What is the quality of the data? Possible bad recorder (refer to previous annual readout to verify) Possible faulty connection Tape may shift due to impact When was the Data Frame file validated? Obtain a copy of the raw data for records

38 FDR Data presentation

39 3 ways FDR data can be viewed Spreadsheets Graphical charts Animation

40 Spreadsheet

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42 Graphical Chart

43 Colours Choose colours that are not similar Keep key parameter (e.g. Magnetic Heading, Pressure Altitude, etc) colours consistent if the same parameter is on several pages Avoid light colours Use text boxes to annotate key events. (use the same colour as the parameter if necessary)

44 Format of Plot

45 Format of Plot

46 X Axis Scale

47 X Axis Scale cont d

48 Sample Rate Examples of parameter sampling at 8/sec, 4/sec, and 1/sec

49 Data presentation in a graph Which way is the aircraft turning? What is positive?

50 Data presentation in a graph Same data with a different Y-Axis scale

51 Heading Wrap

52 Altitude data

53 Remember The data is to help understand the event and should be easily read Communicate what parameters, and how you would like these parameters to be presented In order to write the report you have to understand the data. Do not be afraid to ask for clarifications

54 Animations

55 Uses of animations An animation should only be made after the data has been verified Animations are good for briefings and crew training More than 100 parameters can be shown to give a clearer picture of what is happening

56 Take Note Animations are a recreation of the recorded parameters that are recorded at different sample rates. There is interpolation of the data between data points.

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58 Where to readout Plan before a crisis occurs Places in Asia with Readout facilities: China India Australia Indonesia Japan Taiwan Republic of Korea Singapore

59 AAIB download equipment

60 AAIB Analysis and Animation Software

61 AAIB s capabilities CVR download AlliedSignal/Honeywell SSCVR Fairchild/Loral/L3 A100S Fairchild/Loral/L3 A200S Fairchild/Loral/L3 FA2100 FDR download Lockheed LAS209/PV1584 Sundstrand/AlliedSignal DFDR Sundstrand/AlliedSignal UFDR Fairchild/Loral/L3 F800 AlliedSignal/Honeywell SSUFDR, SSFDR Loral/L3 F1000 Loral/L3 FA2100

62 AAIB Singapore offers the use of its facility for no charge. Please feel free to contact us for assistance

63 Contact Information Michael Alan Toft (65)

64 Thank you Questions?

65 -End - Session 9 Flight Recorder SEMINAR ON AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AUGUST