GOVERNMENT OF INDIA OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION TECHNICAL CENTRE, OPP SAFDURJUNG AIRPORT, NEW DELHI

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1 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION TECHNICAL CENTRE, OPP SAFDURJUNG AIRPORT, NEW DELHI CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENTS SECTION 7 - TRAINING AND LICENCING SERIES 'M', PART I 7 TH MAY, 1993 EFFECTIVE: FORTHWITH Subject : Cabin Crew training. 1. Background Rule 38 B of the Aircraft Rules, 1937 stipulates the requirements for carriage of cabin crew on aircraft operated for public transport of passengers. The rule also specifies the minimum requirements to be ensured by the operator for cabin crew including compliance with the training programme. This CAR is issued under the provisions of Rule 133A of the Aircraft Rules for guidance and compliance. 2. Definitions 2.1 Cabin Crew member means a crew member other than a flight crew member. 2.2 Approved Course means detailed course duly approved by the DGCA covering the entire syllabus. 3. Training Programme The training programme for cabin crew shall comprise of: 1. Initial training before undertaking type training. 2. Type training before being assigned to operate as cabin crew member on a particular type of aircraft, or assigned to operate another aircraft type; 3. Differences training before operating on a variant of an aircraft type currently operated, or with different equipment, equipment location, or safety procedures on currently operated aircraft types or variants. 4. Familiarisation flights to be undertaken by the cabin crew after undergoing type training prior to operating as cabin crew member; Rev. 2, September

2 5. Recurrent training covering the actions assigned to each crew member in evacuation and appropriate normal and emergency procedures and drills relevant to the type(s) and/or variant(s) of aircraft every 12 calendar months; and 6. Refresher training for cabin crew member who have been absent from all flying duties for more than 6 months. 4. Responsibility of the operator 4.1 An operator shall establish and maintain a training programme, approved by the DGCA, to be completed by all persons before being assigned as a cabin crew member. Cabin crew shall complete a recurrent training programme annually. These training programmes shall ensure that each person is: 1. competent to execute those safety duties and functions which the cabin crew member is assigned to perform in the event of an emergency or in a situation requiring emergency evacuation; 2. drilled and capable in the use of emergency and lifesaving equipment required to be carried, such as life jackets, life rafts, evacuation slides, emergency exits, portable fire extinguishers, oxygen equipment and first aid kits; 3. when serving on aircraft operated above 3000 m ( ft), knowledgeable as regards the effect of lack of oxygen and, in the case of pressurized aircraft, as regards physiological phenomena accompanying a loss of pressurization; 4. aware of other crew members assignments and functions in the event of an emergency so far as is necessary for the fulfilment of the cabin crew member s own duties; 5. aware of the types of dangerous goods which may, and may not, be carried in a passenger cabin and has completed the dangerous goods training programme required by Annex 18; and 6. knowledgeable about human performance as related to passenger cabin safety duties including flight crew-cabin crew coordination. 5. Initial training before undertaking type training The basic indoctrination ground training for newly appointed cabin crew shall include a minimum of 40 programmed hours of instruction in at least the following - 1. Fire and Smoke Training: Emphasis on the responsibility of cabin crew to deal promptly with emergencies involving fire and smoke and, in particular, emphasis on the importance of identifying the actual source of the fire; Rev. 2, September

3 (c) (d) (e) The importance of informing the flight crew immediately, as well as the specific actions necessary for co-ordination and assistance, when fire or smoke is discovered; The necessity for frequent checking of potential fire-risk areas including toilets, and the associated smoke detectors; The classification of fires and the appropriate type of extinguishing agents and procedures for particular fire situations, the techniques of application of extinguishing agents, the consequences of misapplication, and of use in a confined space; and The general procedures of ground-based emergency services at aerodromes. 2. Water Survival Training: Water survival training includes the actual donning and use of personal flotation equipment in water by each cabin crew member. Before first operating on an aircraft fitted with life-rafts or other similar equipment, training must be given on the use of this equipment, as well as actual practice in water. 3. Survival Training: Survival training as appropriate to the areas of operation, (e.g. mountains, desert, jungle or sea). 4. Medical aspects and First Aid: (c) Instruction on first aid and the use of first-aid kits; First aid associated with survival training and appropriate hygiene; and The physiological effects of flying and with particular emphasis on hypoxia. 5. Passenger handling: (c) (d) Advice on the recognition and management of passengers who are, or become, intoxicated with alcohol or are under the influence of drugs or are aggressive; Methods used to motivate passengers and the crowd control necessary to expedite an aircraft evacuation; Procedures covering the safe stowage of cabin baggage (including cabin service items) and the risk of it becoming a hazard to occupants of the cabin or otherwise obstructing or damaging emergency equipment or aircraft exits; The importance of correct seat allocation with reference to aircraft mass and balance. Particular emphasis shall also be given on the Rev. 2, September

4 (e) (f) (g) (h) seating of disabled passengers, and the necessity of seating ablebodied passengers adjacent to unsupervised exits; Duties to be undertaken in the event of encountering turbulence including securing the cabin; Precautions to be taken when live animals are carried in the cabin; Dangerous Goods training; and Security procedures. 6. Communication: During training emphasis shall be placed on the importance of effective communication between cabin crew and flight crew including technique, common language and terminology. 7. Discipline and responsibilities: (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) The importance of cabin crew performing their duties in accordance with the Operations Manual; Continuing competence and fitness to operate as a cabin crew member with special regard to flight and duty time limitations and rest requirements; An awareness of the aviation regulations relating to cabin crew and the role of the DGCA; General knowledge of relevant aviation terminology, theory of flight, passenger distribution, meteorology and areas of operation; Pre-flight briefing of the cabin crew and the provision of necessary safety information with regard to their specific duties; The importance of ensuring that relevant documents and manuals are kept up-to-date with amendments provided by the operator; The importance of identifying when cabin crew members have the authority and responsibility to initiate an evacuation and other emergency procedures; and The importance of safety duties and responsibilities and the need to respond promptly and effectively to emergency situations such as hijacking, bomb threat etc. 8. Crew Resource Management. 6. Type/Differences training 6.1 The Type/Differences Training for cabin crew must consist of at least the following programmed hours of instructions in the subjects specified in this CAR unless reduced with the permission of DGCA: 1. Group I aircraft - Reciprocating engine powered and Turbo propeller engine powered - 8 hours. Rev. 2, September

5 2. Group II aircraft (Jet engine powered) - 16 hours. 6.2 An operator shall determine the content of the type or differences training taking account of the cabin crew member's previous training as recorded in the cabin crew member's training records. A review shall be carried out of previous initial training given in order to confirm that no item has been omitted. This is especially important for cabin crew members first transferring to aircraft fitted with life-rafts or other similar equipment. 6.3 An operator shall ensure that: 1. Type training is conducted in a structured and realistic manner; 2. Differences training is conducted in a structured manner; and 3. Type training, and if necessary, differences training, includes the use of all emergency and survival equipment and all emergency procedures applicable to the type or variant of aircraft and involves training and practice on either a representative training device or on the actual aircraft. 6.4 An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew before being assigned to duties completes the Operator s CRM Training and aircraft type specific CRM. Cabin crew who are already operating as cabin crew members with an operator, and who have not previously completed the Operator s CRM Training, shall complete this training by the time of the next required recurrent training and checking, including aircraft Type Specific CRM, as relevant. 6.5 An operator shall ensure that: The type/ differences training shall be conducted by suitably qualified persons: and The training is given on the location, removal and use of all safety and survival equipment carried on the aircraft, as well as all normal and emergency procedures related to the aircraft type, variant and configuration to be operated. 6.6 The type/ differences training shall include: 1. Fire and smoke training. Realistic and practical training in the use of all fire fighting equipment including protective clothing representative of that carried in the aircraft. This training must include: Rev. 2, September

6 Each cabin crew member extinguishing a fire characteristic of an aircraft interior fire except that, in the case of Halon extinguishers, an alternative extinguishing agent may be used; and The donning and use of protective breathing equipment by each cabin crew member in an enclosed, simulated smoke-filled environment; or 2. Operation of doors and exits. An operator shall ensure that: Each cabin crew member operates and actually opens all normal and emergency exits for passenger evacuation in an aircraft or representative training device; and The operation of all other exits such as flight deck windows is demonstrated. 3. Evacuation slide training. An operator shall ensure that: Each cabin crew member descends an evacuation slide from a height representative of the aircraft main deck sill height; The slide is fitted to an aircraft or a representative training device. 4. Evacuation procedures and other emergency situations. An operator shall ensure that: Emergency evacuation training includes the recognition of planned or unplanned evacuations on land or water. This training must include recognition of when exits are unusable or when evacuation equipment is unserviceable; and Each cabin crew member is trained to deal with the following: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) An in-flight fire, with particular emphasis on identifying the actual source of the fire; Severe air turbulence; Sudden decompression, including the donning of portable oxygen equipment by each cabin crew member; and Other in-flight emergencies. 5. Crowd control. An operator shall ensure that training is provided on the practical aspects of crowd control in various emergency situations, as applicable to the aircraft type. 6. Pilot incapacitation. An operator shall ensure that, unless the minimum flight crew is more than two, each cabin crew member is trained to assist if a pilot becomes incapacitated. This training shall include a demonstration of: Rev. 2, September

7 (c) (d) The pilot's seat mechanism; Fastening and unfastening the pilot's seat harness; Use of the pilot's oxygen equipment; and Use of pilots' checklists. 7. Safety equipment. An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member is given realistic training on, and demonstration of, the location and use of safety equipment including the following: (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) Slides, and where non self-supporting slides are carried, the use of any associated ropes; Life-rafts and slide-rafts, including the equipment attached to, and/or carried in, the raft; Lifejackets, infant lifejackets and flotation cots; Dropout oxygen system; First-aid oxygen; Fire extinguishers; Fire axe or crow-bar; Emergency lights including torches; Communications equipment, including megaphones; Survival packs, including their contents; Pyrotechnics (Actual or representative devices); First-aid kits, their contents and emergency medical equipment; and Other cabin safety equipment or systems where applicable. 8. Passenger Briefing/Safety Demonstrations. An operator shall ensure that training is given in the preparation of passengers for normal and emergency situations. Special emphasis shall be given on the proper demonstration of: (c) (d) The use of safety belts and/or safety harnesses, including how to fasten and unfasten the safety belts and/or safety harnesses; The location and use of oxygen equipment if required; Smoking restrictions; and The location and use of life jackets if required. 9. Crew Resource Management. An operator shall ensure that: Each cabin crew member completes the Operator s CRM Training covering the training elements before undertaking subsequent aircraft Type Specific CRM and/or recurrent CRM Training. When a cabin crew member undertakes a conversion course on another aeroplane type, the training elements of CRM shall be covered. Rev. 2, September

8 7. Familiarization flights 7.1 Each cabin crew shall undergo familiarization flights after undergoing type training prior to operating as cabin crew. 7.2 The cabin crew member undergoing the familiarization flights should be additional to the minimum number of cabin crew required to be carried in accordance with the Rule. 7.3 Familiarization flights should be conducted under the supervision of the senior cabin crew member. 7.4 Familiarization flights should be structured and involve the cabin crew member in the participation of the safety related pre-flight, in-flight and post flight duties. 7.5 Familiarization flights should be operated with the cabin crew in the operator s uniform. 7.6 Familiarization flights should form part of the training record for each cabin crew member. 7.7 Aircraft visits: The purpose of the aircraft visit is to familiarize each cabin crew with the aircraft environment and its equipment. Accordingly, the aircraft visit should be conducted by suitably qualified persons. The aircraft visit should provide an overview of the aircraft exterior, interior and systems including the following: 1. Interphone and public address system; 2. Evacuation alarm system; 3. Smoke detection system; 4. Safety/emergency equipment; 5. Flight deck; 6. Cabin crew stations; 7. Toilet compartments; 8. Galley, galley security and water shut-off; 9. Cargo areas if accessible from the passenger compartment during flight; 10. Circuit breaker panels located in the passenger compartment; 11. Crew rest areas; 12. Exit location and its environment. 7.8 An aircraft familiarization visit may be combined with the conversion training. 7.9 New entrant cabin crew Rev. 2, September

9 Each new entrant cabin crew member having no previous comparable operating experience should: Participate in a visit to the aircraft to be operated; and Participate in familiarization flights as described above Cabin crew operating on a subsequent aircraft type: 8. Recurrent training A cabin crew assigned to operate on a subsequent aircraft type with the same operator should either: Participate in a familiarization flights as described above; or Participate in a visit to the aircraft to be operated. 8.1 Recurrent training must consist of at least the following programmed hours unless reduced by DGCA - 1. Group I aircraft - Reciprocating engine powered, 4 hours; and Turbo propeller engine powered, 5 hours. 2. Group II aircraft (Jet Engine Powered), 12 hours. 8.2 An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member undergoes recurrent training, covering the actions assigned to each crew member in evacuation and other appropriate normal and emergency procedures and drills relevant to the type(s) and/or variant(s) of aircraft on which they operate. 8.3 An operator shall ensure that the recurrent training and checking programme includes theoretical and practical instruction, together with individual practice. 8.4 An operator shall ensure that every 12 calendar months year the programme of practical training includes the following: 1. Emergency procedures including pilot incapacitation; 2. Evacuation procedures including crowd control techniques; 3. Touch-drills by each cabin crew member for opening normal and emergency exits for passenger evacuation; 4. The location and handling of emergency equipment, including oxygen systems, and the donning by each cabin crew member of lifejackets, portable oxygen and protective breathing equipment (PBE); 5. First aid and the contents of the first-aid kit(s); Rev. 2, September

10 6. Stowage of articles in the cabin; 7. Dangerous goods procedures; 8. Security procedures; 9. Incident and accident review; and 10. Crew Resource Management. 8.5 An operator shall ensure that, every 3 years, recurrent training also includes: 1. The operation and actual opening of all normal and emergency exits for passenger evacuation in an aircraft or representative training device; 2. Demonstration of the operation of all other exits including flight deck windows; 3. Each cabin crew member being given realistic and practical training in the use of all fire-fighting equipment, including protective clothing, representative of that carried in the aircraft. This training must include: Each cabin crew member extinguishing a fire characteristic of an aircraft interior fire except that, in the case of Halon extinguishers, an alternative extinguishing agent may be used; and The donning and use of protective breathing equipment by each cabin crew member in an enclosed, simulated smoke-filled environment. 4. Use of pyrotechnics (Actual or representative devices); and 5. Demonstration of the use of the life-raft, or slide-raft, where fitted. 6. An operator shall ensure that, unless the minimum flight crew is more than two, each cabin crew member is trained in the procedure for flight crew member incapacitation and shall operate the flight crew members seat and harness mechanisms. Training in the use of the flight crew members oxygen system and use of flight crew member s check lists, where required by the operator s SOP s, shall be conducted by a practical demonstration. 8.6 The period of validity of recurrent training and the associated checking shall be 12 calendar months in addition to the remainder of the month of issue. If issued within the final 3 calendar months of validity of a previous check, the period of validity shall extend from the date of issue until 12 calendar months from the expiry date of that previous check. 8.7 The Operator shall ensure that a formalized course of recurrent training is provided for cabin crew in order to ensure continued proficiency with all equipment relevant to the aircraft types that they operate. Rev. 2, September

11 9. Refresher training 9.1 An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member who has been absent from all flying duties for more than 6 months (which may be due to leave, sickness etc.) and still remains within the period of validity of the previous checks completes refresher training specified in the Operations Manual covering the following: 1. Emergency procedures including pilot incapacitation; 2. Evacuation procedures including crowd control techniques; 3. The operation and actual opening of all normal and emergency exits for passenger evacuation in an aircraft or representative training device; 4. Demonstration of the operation of all other exits; and 5. The location and handling of emergency equipment, including oxygen systems, and the donning of lifejackets, portable oxygen and protective breathing equipment. 9.2 An operator shall ensure that when a cabin crew member has not been absent from all flying duties, but has not, during the preceding 6 months, undertaken duties on a type of aircraft as a cabin crew member before undertaking such duties on that type, the cabin crew member either: 1. Completes refresher training on the type; or 2. Operates two re-familiarisation sectors during commercial operations on the type in accordance with para 7 of this CAR. 10. Competency Check 10.1 An operator shall ensure that during or following completion of the training required by this CAR, each cabin crew member undergoes a check covering the training received in order to verify his/her proficiency in carrying out safety and emergency duties. These checks shall be performed by instructors approved to DGCA who are qualified cabin crew having 5 years of operational and 2 years of management experience with an operator, in addition to knowledge and skills in their specialty area An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member undergoes checks as follows in order to verify his proficiency in carrying out safety and emergency duties: 1. Initial training. The items as listed in relevant para of this CAR. 2. Type and Differences training. The items listed in relevant paras of this CAR. 3. Recurrent training. The items listed in relevant para of this CAR. 4. Refresher training. The items listed in relevant para of this CAR. Rev. 2, September

12 10.3 Elements of training which require individual practical participation shall be combined with practical checks The checks shall be accomplished by the method appropriate to the type of training and may consist of: a. Written tests, and b. Oral cum Practical demonstration. The written test may include computer based assessment while the practical demonstration may include in-flight checks. 11. Senior cabin crew members 11.1 An operator shall nominate a senior cabin crew member whenever more than one cabin crew member is assigned. For operations when more than one cabin crew member is assigned, but only one cabin crew member is required, the operator shall nominate one cabin crew member to be responsible to the commander The senior cabin crew member shall have responsibility to the commander for the conduct and co-ordination of normal and emergency procedure(s) specified in the Operations Manual. During turbulence, in the absence of any instructions from the flight crew, the senior cabin crew member shall be entitled to discontinue nonsafety related duties and advise the flight crew of the level of turbulence being experienced and the need for the fasten seat belt signs to be switched on. This should be followed by the cabin crew securing the passenger cabin and other applicable areas Where required by rule to carry more than one cabin crew member, an operator shall not appoint a person to the post of senior cabin crew member unless that person has at least one year s experience as an operating cabin crew member and has completed an appropriate course The training shall include: 1. Pre-flight Briefing: Operating as a crew; Allocation of cabin crew stations and responsibilities; and (c) Consideration of the particular flight including: (i) Aircraft type; (ii) Equipment; (iii) Area and type of operation including ETOPS; and (iv) Categories of passengers, including the disabled, infants and stretcher cases; Rev. 2, September

13 2. Co-operation within the crew: (c) Discipline, responsibilities and chain of command; Importance of co-ordination and communication; and Pilot incapacitation; 3. Review of operators' requirements and legal requirements: Passengers safety briefing, safety cards; Securing of galleys; (c) Stowage of cabin baggage; (d) Electronic equipment; (e) Procedures when fuelling with passengers on board; (f) Turbulence; and (g) Documentation; 4. Human Factors and Crew Resource Management (To include, where practicable, the participation of Senior Cabin Crew Members in flight simulator Line-Oriented Flying Training (LOFT) exercises); 5. Accident and incident reporting; 6. Cabin log book entry; and 7. Flight and duty time limitations and rest requirements An operator shall establish procedures to select the next most suitably qualified cabin crew member to operate as senior cabin crew member in the event of the nominated senior cabin crew member becoming unable to operate. Such procedures must be acceptable to the DGCA and take account of a cabin crew member s operational experience CRM Training: An operator shall ensure that all relevant elements are integrated into the training and covered. 12. Operation on more than one type or variant No cabin crew shall perform duties on more than three types of aircraft. Variants of an aircraft type are considered to be different types if they are not similar in all the following aspects: 1. Emergency exit operation; 2. Location and type of safety equipment; and 3. Emergency procedures. Rev. 2, September

14 13. When scheduling cabin crew for a flight, an operator should establish procedures which take account of the experience of each cabin crew member such that the required cabin crew includes some cabin crew members who have at least 3 months operating experience as a cabin crew member. 14. Training infrastructure The airline/ operator shall obtain approval from the DGCA (concerned regional office) for training of their cabin crew. The application for approval of the Cabin crew training shall be submitted to DGCA and shall consist of: 1. An outline of the proposed programme including the programme hours, the training aids, devices, methods and procedures to be followed for the proposed training meeting the requirements of this CAR. 2. Additional information which may be required by DGCA. 3. Details of the Instructors who shall be conducting the training/checks. 4. Training manual in accordance with this CAR. 15. Training records 15.1 An operator shall maintain records of all training and checking as required by this CAR The operator shall make available to DGCA and the concerned cabin crew, on demand, the records of all initial, type, differences, familiarization, recurrent and refresher training as required by this CAR. 16. DGCA may monitor the training programme of the cabin crew from time to time. 17. Notwithstanding the above, DGCA may specify any additional requirements if felt necessary for operation of aircraft. (K Gohain) Director General of Civil Aviation Rev. 2, September

15 Appendix 'A' Medical Examination or assessment requirements for cabin crew members 1 The initial medical examination or assessment and any re-assessment of cabin crew members shall be conducted by, or under the supervision of, a medical practitioner acceptable to the DGCA. 2 The operator shall maintain a medical record for each cabin crew member. 3 The following medical requirements are applicable for each cabin crew member: a. Good health; b. Free from any physical or mental illness which might lead to incapacitation or inability to perform cabin crew duties; c. Normal cardio respiratory function; d. Normal central nervous system; e. Adequate visual acuity 6/9 with or without glasses; f. Adequate hearing; and g. Normal function of ear, nose and throat. Rev. 2, September

16 Representative Training Devices Appendix 'B' 1 A representative training device may be used for the training of cabin crew as an alternative to the use of the actual aircraft or required equipment. 2 Only those items relevant to the training and testing intended to be given, should accurately represent the aircraft in the following particulars: a. Layout of the cabin in relation to exits, galley areas and safety equipment stowage; b. Type and location of passenger and cabin crew seats; c. Where practicable, exits in all modes of operation (particularly in relation to method of operation, their mass and balance and operating forces); and d. Safety equipment of the type provided in the aircraft (such equipment may be 'training use only' items and, for oxygen and protective breathing equipment, units charged with or without oxygen may be used. Rev. 2, September

17 Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training Appendix 'C' 1 An operator shall provide initial and recurrent CRM training for each cabin crew member. The cabin crew member should not be assessed. 2 CRM training should utilise all available resources (e.g. crew members, aircraft systems and supporting facilities) to achieve safe and efficient operations. 3 Emphasis should be placed on the importance of effective co-ordination and two-way communication between flight crew and cabin crew in various abnormal and emergency situations. 4 Emphasis should be placed on co-ordination and communication within the crew in normal operational situations including the use of correct terminology, common language, and effective use of communications equipment. 5 Initial and recurrent CRM training should, wherever practicable, include combined flight crew and cabin crew in practice in aircraft evacuations. 6 Combined flight crew and cabin crew training should, wherever practicable, include joint discussion of emergency scenarios. 7 Cabin crew should be trained to identify unusual situations that might occur inside the passenger compartment, as well as an activity outside the aircraft that could affect the safety of the aircraft or passengers. 8 There should be an effective liaison between flight crew and cabin crew training departments. Provision should be made for flight and cabin crew instructors to observe and comment on each other's training. 9 Recurrent CRM training can be part of, and included in, other recurrent training. 10 The nature of operations as well as the associated crew operating procedures and areas of operations which produce particular difficulties. Adverse climatological conditions and unusual hazards should also be addressed; 11 Awareness of flight crew management of various emergency situations and consequential effects on the operation of the aircraft; and 12 Where practicable, the participation of the senior cabin crew member in flight simulator Line Orientated Flying Training exercises. Rev. 2, September

18 First Aid Training Appendix 'D' 1 First aid training should include the following subjects: a. Physiology of flight including oxygen requirements, and hypoxia; b. Medical emergencies in aviation including: i. Choking; ii. Stress reactions and allergic reactions; iii. Hyperventilation; iv. Gastro-intestinal disturbance; v. Air sickness; vi. Epilepsy; vii. Heart attacks; viii. Stroke; ix. Shock; x. Diabetes; xi. Emergency childbirth; and xii. Asthma; c. Basic first aid and survival training including care of: i. The unconscious; ii. Burns; iii. Wounds; and iv. Fractures and soft tissue injuries; e. Practical cardio-pulmonary resuscitation by each cabin crew member having regard to the aircraft environment and using a specifically designed dummy; f. The use of appropriate aircraft equipment including first-aid kits and first-aid oxygen. Rev. 2, September

19 Crowd Control Appendix 'E' 1 Operators should provide training in the application of crowd control in various emergency situations. This training should include: a. Communications between flight crew and cabin crew and use of all communications equipment, including the difficulties of co-ordination in a smoke-filled environment; b. Verbal commands; c. The physical contact that may be needed to encourage people out of an exit and onto a slide; d. The re-direction of passengers away from unusable exits; e. The marshalling of passengers away from the aircraft; f. The evacuation of disabled passengers; and g. Authority and leadership. * * * Rev. 2, September