MOZAMBIQUE CORAL REEF MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

Transcription

1 MOZAMBIQUE CORAL REEF MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME Coral Reef Monitoring Programme Marcos A M Pereira Eduardo J S Videira Helena Motta Cristina M M Louro Kátya G S Abrantes Michael H Schleyer undertaken with the support from:

2 MOZAMBIQUE CORAL REEF MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME Coral Reef Monitoring Programme Marcos A M Pereira Eduardo J S Videira Helena Motta Cristina M M Louro Kátya G S Abrantes Michael H Schleyer Please cite as: Pereira, M A M, E J S Videira, H Motta, C M M Louro, K G S Abrantes & M H Schleyer (2003). Coral reef monitoring in Mozambique. III: 2002 report. MICOA/CORDIO/ WWF. Maputo, Mozambique Coral Reef Management Programme. Cover: Butterflyfish (Chaedoton lunula) and dory snapper (Lutjanus fulviflama) in a Porites boomie at Lighthouse Reef, Bazaruto Archipelago (photo: M A M Pereira). Maputo, October 2003 The Mozambique Coral Reef Management Programme is co-ordinated by the Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Zonas Costeiras (CDS-ZC, MICOA) with the assistance of Coral Reef Degradation of the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) and the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI). It is a multi-institutional programme and benefits from the contributions on local and international NGOs, Private sector and Governmental institutions.

3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to express their gratitude to DANIDA and Sida/Sarec for funding the development of the project and the third year of monitoring. Special thanks go for CORDIO Coordinators, Dr. Olof Lindén and Dr. David Obura. The authors would also like to thank all the officials and individuals for their kind support and the valuable information they provided during the survey, which facilitated the work. In this regard, special thanks go to Mário Martinho from Gone Fishin Inhaca Island who provided diving equipment at no charge; António Reina and Rafael Funzana (Bazaruto Archipelago National Park), who contributed with their time, transport and free accommodation; Mrs. Lieglind Gessner and Mr. Joachim Gessner, who gave their time and attention to assist the team at Quirimba Island as well as free transport to the team and equipment; Steven Mavromatis, of Quilálea Island Resort who provided diving assistence; Mr. Pieter Jacobs, of C.I. Divers in Pemba, who made his equipment available at special rates; Mr. Carlos Pacheco Faria, of Intur, who provided free accommodation at Mozambique Island and Mrs. Flora Magalhães, in Mozambique Island, who contributed with her time and useful information to the team; Mr. Cacú Amaral Dias, from Dugong Dive Center Mozambique Island, provided diving equipment and boat free of charge and also his time and expertise. The team also appreciated the assistance of Indigo Bay staff, César Augusto dos Santos, Provincial Director of MICOA in Pemba, Mr. José Rosado in Maputo, Jo-Jo Serraventoso and Derrick Wagner (Malongane Holyday Resort) and many others not referred to here. Fórum para a Natureza em Perigo and Centro Terra Viva provided logistic support during data analysis and report preparation. The views of the authors contained in this report do not necessarily represent the views of MICOA, UEM, CORDIO, ORI, SIDA/Sarec, DANIDA or the Government of Mozambique. i

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i ii iii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3 Criteria for site selection and sites Surveyed Methods 3. RESULTS 8 Benthic Surveys Fish Surveys 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES ANNEXES 40 ii

5 INTRODUCTION Mozambique possesses the third longest coastline along the Western Indian Ocean, extending 2,700 km, much of which adjoins areas of coral reefs. This ecosystem constitutes an important biological resource in terms of its complex biodiversity and is the basis for tropical fisheries and marine ecotourism. The coral reefs represent one of Mozambique's main marine assets and coastal communities and the growing tourism industry rely mainly on reef-based resources. Today, about 6.6 million people live within Mozambique's 48 coastal administrative districts. This represents 42% of the current population of Mozambique (15.7 million), which is expected to grow at 3% p.a. (INE, 1998). Reefs along the Mozambican coast consist of fossilized dune and beach rock colonized by corals to a varying degree. The shoreline has been successively exposed and submerged during the millennia, forming a compound shoreline (Tinley, 1971; Rodrigues et al., in press) in which the coral reefs are distributed in three regions (Figure 1). The northernmost section of the coast extends for 770 km from the Rovuma River in the north to Pebane in the south (17º20'S). It is characterized by numerous small islands that form the Quirimba Archipelago and the Primeiras and Segundas Islands. Coral reefs constitute an almost continuous fringing reef on the eastern shores of the islands and the more exposed sections of the mainland coast. The central section of the coast between Pebane (17º20'S) and Bazaruto Island (21º10'S), a distance of about 950 km, is classified as a swamp coast. Twenty-four rivers discharge into the Indian Ocean along this section, each with an estuary supporting well-established mangrove stands. The coastal waters are shallow and this, combined with the sediment loading from the rivers, causes high turbidity levels. Coral reef formation in this area is consequently severely limited. The southern section stretches for 850 km from Bazaruto Island southwards to Ponta do Ouro (26º50 S). High dunes, north facing bights and barrier lakes characterize the coastline. The dune systems attain heights of 120 m and are amongst the highest vegetated dunes in the world. The distribution of reefs along the coast and nearshore islands is patchy and the reefs are more sparsely inhabited by corals. There is a break between Xai Xai and Inhaca Island in their distribution, again due to the discharge of four major rivers within Maputo Bay. There are three types of fisheries in Mozambique, comprising industrial, semi-industrial and artisanal fisheries. These three sectors land about 90,000 tons/year from an estimated MSY of about 300,000 tons/year (Palha de Sousa, 1996). The industrial and semi-industrial fleets currently earn 40% of Mozambique s foreign revenue, gained largely from prawn fisheries dependent on mangroves and estuaries for their productivity. The artisanal fishery, on the other hand, is responsible for about 70% of the total catch. These fisheries are largely centered on the reefs and are clearly important to the coastal communities and Mozambican economy. Coral reefs represent the main attraction for the coastal tourist industry in Mozambique. Most tourism occurs where the best infrastructure for tourism is established; especially near the reefs of Pemba, Mozambique Island, Bazaruto Archipelago, Inhambane, Inhaca Island and Ponta do Ouro. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the coral reef monitoring programme form a sub-component of the Mozambique Coral Reef Management Programme and part of the activities of the Sida CORDIO project. They are to: Monitor the occurrence of further coral bleaching, COTS and other natural/human disturbances; Monitor the biophysical impacts of coral mortality; Develop effective measures for sustainable management of the coral reefs and potential restoration of damaged reefs; Develop alternative pilot activities for the fishing communities affected by coral degradation. The present report summarizes the results of the third annual reef monitoring undertaken between April and December

6 MATERIALS AND METHODS SITES SURVEYED The sites selected during a preliminary survey in early 1999 (Schleyer et al. 1999) and monitored in 1999 (Rodrigues et al. 1999) and 2000 (Motta et al. 2000) were monitored again in November These were selected according to a number of criteria: Representative of Mozambican coral reefs, i.e. typical of exposed Mozambican fringing reefs or of sheltered, specialized coral communities adapted to high nutrient levels, turbidity and thermal and saline stress in sheltered embayments. Evenly distributed along the extensive Mozambican coastline in areas in which corals occur. Reasonably accessible. Lighthouse reef (Bazaruto) was not surveyed due to marginal weather conditions. Two new sites were introduced into the monitoring programme and surveyed in December 2002: Kev s Ledge and Texas (Ponta Malongane). These two sites are representative of typical subtidal rocky reefs of southern Mozambique with a history of extensive recreational use (especially SCUBA diving and fishing). For further details on sites location and description please refer to Tables 1 and 2. METHODS Surveys were carried out using the GCRMN-recommended strategy of recording benthos and fish off the same transects (English et al. 1994). A major modification was to use video transects to sample benthic cover instead of line intercept transects (LIT). For further details on locations and the methodology adopted please refer to Rodrigues et al. (1999) and Motta et al. (2000). Fish data were analysed focusing on abundance (total number of fish per family), diversity (total number of species per family), trophic groups (total number of individuals belonging to a specific trophic group) and size classes (total number of individuals from a specific size class for each family). Table 1. Locality, description and suitablility of the monitoring sites and the known reef status and specific samplinp protocols. Locality Reef Description and known reef status Protocols for sampling A fringing reef bounds the seaward perimeter of the Quirimbas Islands and the study reef is an extension of this into the inter-island channel between Sencar and Quilaluia Best visited at full low tide with SCUBA. Tidal race should be avoided. Quirimbas Islands. Exposed to the full tidal wash of offshore water and Sencar Channel Archipelago severely bleached. Prior to bleaching, the reef supported a mixed community of hard and soft corals (see Schleyer et al., 1999). The monitoring station at this site is mid-water (5-7 m) on the reef slope. The reef is heavily fished. Pemba Mozambique Island Ponta Maunhane Goa Island Two large coral outcrops, probably on a rock base, exposed to offshore water at the edge of the channel E of the mainland. The reef supports a mixed community of hard corals. Many nearer the surface were killed by bleaching and are being recolonised by Galaxea sp. This is the deepest monitoring site (16-28 m) and the reef is small and manifests relatively little zonation. The whole reef can thus be surveyed as a single station. Heavily fished. The island is surrounded by broken, deeper reef (2-10 m) consisting of outcrops of Porites and Galaxea astreata at the station selected for monitoring. This station is NW of the navigation beacon on the island and can be surveyed from the largish dhows available for the work as it is in a fairly sheltered anchorage. It would be worth extending monitoring to the reefs off the lighthouse and SW of the island once a more suitable craft becomes available. The station merits monitoring as it appears to have been severely stormdamaged (Cyclone Nadia in 1994?), dragged by anchors and preyed by COTS to a lesser extent. Presently manifests some recovery with ongoing bio-erosion. Heavily fished. Best visited on the incoming tide (less turbidity). SCUBA essential. Best visited at low tide, if SCUBA is not available in the area. Accessible from Mozambique Island and Praia de Chocas. Better boat is essential for the outer reef. 2

7 Table 1. Cont. Locality Mozambique Island Bazaruto Island Inhambane Inhaca Island Ponta Malongane Reef Sete Paus Island Coral Garden, Lighthouse Reef Coral Garden, Two-mile Reef Inner Two-mile Reef Anchor Bay Mike s Cupboard Barreira Vermelha Ponta Torres Baixo Danae Kev s Ledge Texas Description and known reef status There is a group of coral outcrops (2-7 m) in the deepest part of the channel between this island and the mainland. The nature of the outcrops was similar to that found at Goa Island, viz the reef was originally dominated by Galaxea astreata and Porites sp. Considerable bleaching on the reef tops and some storm damage was encountered with substantial recolonisation by a variety of soft corals. Bioeroders were common and the reef appears to be heavily fished. A relatively pristine reef (1-5 m) with a typical Acroporadominated coral community in a MPA. The monitoring site consists of a single station on the inshore side of a barrier of rock that is exposed at spring low tide. However, the coral community is subjected to surf and the full tidal wash of offshore water at other times. Little evidence of recent bleaching. No fishing and very limited diving. Less pristine Acropora-dominated reef (1-7 m) similar to the above but subject to fairly intensive diving pressure and damage from boat mooring. Situated inshore and at the northern tip of a rocky barrier reef about 1 km at sea between Bazaruto and Banguerra Islands, thus exposed to a full tidal wash of offshore water. Little evidence of recent bleaching but a few COTS have been recorded at this station. Very limited fishing. Previously pristine, mixed coral community at 1-6 m (Porites, Acropora, faviids, Millepora), severely affected by COTS predation and subsequent bio-erosion. Situated inshore of a rocky barrier reef about 1 km at sea between Bazaruto and Benguerua Islands and exposed to a full tidal wash of offshore water. Limited fishing. Subtidal reef exposed to offshore water; systematically destroyed by COTS over the last three years. Extensively fished. Fossilized dune rock of substantial profile, at 16 m depth, with gullies and potholes. Coral cover low due to swell-generated turbulence. Sheltered reef (1-5 m) landward of Inhaca Island within Maputo Bay. Good coral community representative of reefs adapted to high turbidity and variations in salinity within embayments. Shallow reef of Porites bommies, faviids and Acropora, fringing a sand-bank channel. The reef top is exposed at low tide and the reef extends to a depth of 2 m. Subtidal reef with scattered corals. Important dive site for local dive operators. Extensively fished. Subtidal reef with good mixed coral community. Important dive site for local dive operators. Subtidal reef with good coral community, mainly soft corals. Important dive site for local dive operators. Protocols for sampling Best visited at low tide, if SCUBA is not available in the area. Accessible from Mozambique Island and Praia de Chocas. Best visited at spring low tide. Best visited at spring low tide. SCUBA preferable. Best visited at spring low tide. SCUBA preferable. SCUBA essential. SCUBA essential. Turbid during spring tides, best visited during low neap tides. SCUBA not necessary. Turbid during spring tides, best visited during low neap tides. SCUBA not necessary. SCUBA essential. SCUBA essential. SCUBA essential. 3

8 Table 2. Summary of reefs surveyed indicating GPS coordinates, depth and number of transects surveyed. VT - video transects; FT - fish transects; IT - invertebrate transects. Location Station Coordinates Depth (m) VT FT IT Quirimbas Archipelago Sencar Channel ' S ' E Pemba Ponta Maunhane* ' S ' E Mozambique Island Goa Island ' S ' E Sete Paus Island ' S ' E Bazaruto Archipelago Two-mile reef ' S ' E Inhambane Mike's Cupboard 23 48' 44" S 35 32' 30" E Anchor's Bay 23 46' 37" S 35 30' 38" E Baixo Danae ' S ' E Inhaca Island Barreira Vermelha ' S ' E ? Ponta Torres ' S ' E ? Ponta Malongane Texas* ' S ' E ** * At these sites, the method used for both fish and invertebrates was the point count. Fish counts were conducted using a radius of 7 m (area per point count = 153 m 2 ), while for invertebrates the radius was 3 m (area per point count = 28 m 2 ). For further details please refer to Rodrigues et al. (1999). ** No data was collected. RESULTS BENTHIC SURVEYS The results of the benthic surveys are summarized in Tables 3a and 3b. Sencar Channel is manifesting remarkable recovery, yet change in community structure. Absentees were noticeable, particularly e.g. large Acropora spp., especially A. pallifera and Millepora (see previous species lists). Coral cover had nevertheless improved. There were large patches of dead coral, possibly including imploded areas resulting from storm and/or anchor damage. There were mono-specific stands of Galaxea astreata, a foliaceous Echinopora lamellose and patches of Porites (synarea) rus. Anemones were also notably abundant in patches of Heteractis magnifica. Table 3a. Summary results of selected benthic categories (mean percentage cover ± sd) surveyed during the 2002 annual monitoring. SC = Sencar Channel; PM = Ponta Maunhane; SP = Sete Paus Is.; GI = Goa Is.; TM = Two-mile reef and MC = Mike s Cupboard. Benthic category SC PM SP GI TM MC Corals Branching Acropora 3.6± ± ± ± ± ±1.5 Encrusting corals 1.5± ± ± ± ± ±6.2 Foliose corals 33.9± ± ± ± ± ±2.0 Massive corals 14.5± ± ± ± ± ±0.2 Total hard coral 55.9± ± ± ± ± ±5.8 Soft coral 0.9± ± ± ± ± ±5.0 Other invertebrates Diadema sp. 0.0± ± ± ± ± ±1.7 Acanthasther planci 0.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 Holothuria sp. 3.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.5 Tridacna sp. 1.3± ± ± ± ± ±0.5 Heteractis magnifica 20.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 Panulirus sp. 0.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 4

9 There was a clear improvement in the coral community at Ponta Maunhane, with mixed dominants of tiered plates and foliaceous Montipora, some Echinopora and some Pahyseris. Galaxea astreata was also a dominant. The coral cover was the highest recorded throughout the monitoring stations. Very few motile invertebrates were observed. Interesting developments have occurred on the series of reefs composing Goa Is. The overgrowth of Galaxea astreata has consolidated and increased to the point of causing reef collapse in places. The consolidated rubble has, in some instances, been succeeded by a high diversity of corals dominated by Porites (synarea) rus, Porites nigra and some foliaceous Echinopora lamellosa. In others, the community consists of nearly every species of soft coral found in the area. Finally, in some areas, Diadema are keeping the dead coral clear and it has flattened out completely with very low coral cover. The coral cover thus varied between 2-5% up to 100% with a mean total live coral cover of about 57%. Interesting developments occurred at Sete Paus Is. The overgrowth of Galaxea astreata has again consolidated and increased to the point of causing reef collapse in places. The consolidated rubble is, in some instances, being kept clear by Diadema and has very low coral cover. Patches of the reef now consist only of rubble and sand. However, in most areas, the community consists of nearly every species of soft coral found in the area with some hard corals, but not in the diversity or abundance found at Goa Is. Sarcophyton are particularly abundant in gardens. The total live coral cover thus varied between 2% up to 100%, the average being approximately 65%. Table 3b. Continued. AB = Anchor Bay; BV = Barreira Vermelha; PT = Ponta Torres; BD = Baixo Danae; Tx = Texas. Benthic category AB BV PT BD Tx Corals Branching Acropora 0.9± ± ± ± ±0.6 Encrusting corals 0.6± ± ± ± ±2.0 Foliose corals 0.0± ± ± ± ±0.0 Massive corals 0.6± ± ± ± ±1.7 Total hard coral 5.4± ± ± ± ±4.1 Soft coral 1.1± ± ± ± ±14.4 Other invertebrates Diadema sp. 28.8±41.1 * * 0.4±0.5 * Acanthasther planci 0.0±0.0 * * 0.0±0.0 * Holothuria sp. 0.0±0.0 * * 0.0±0.0 * Tridacna sp. 0.3±0.5 * * 0.2±0.4 * Heteractis magnifica 0.0±0.0 * * 0.0±0.0 * Panulirus sp. 0.3±0.5 * * 0.0±0.0 * ** No data was collected. FISH SURVEYS Abundance Table 4a. Summary results of fish abundance (mean n o individuals ± sd) surveys undertaken during the 2002 annual monitoring. Reef codes as in Table 3a. Parameter SC PM SP GI TM MC Acanthuridae 12.5± ± ± ± ± ±3.8 Chaetodontidae 13.0± ± ± ± ± ±1.1 Haemulidae 3.8± ± ± ± ± ±0.3 Lethrinidae 1.5± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 5

10 Lutjanidae 3.8± ± ± ± ± ±5.0 Mullidae 3.8± ± ± ± ± ±9.4 Pomacanthidae 6.5± ± ± ± ± ±0.6 Scaridae 7.0± ± ± ± ± ±1.8 Serranidae 0.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 Siganidae 0.0± ± ± ± ± ±7.1 Carnivores 17.3± ± ± ± ± ±16.4 Corallivores 3.3± ± ± ± ± ±0.6 Herbivores 18.5± ± ± ± ± ±12.0 Omnivores 12.5± ± ± ± ± ±6.8 Planktivores 0.3± ± ± ± ± ±0.5 Total abundance 51.8± ± ± ± ± ±15.5 Table 4b. Continued. Reef codes as in Table 3b. Parameter AB BV PT BD TX Acanthuridae 22.5± ± ± 3.4± ±3.0 Chaetodontidae 18.0± ± ± 3.6± ±1.0 Haemulidae 0.5± ± ± 0.0± ±0.5 Lethrinidae 1.0± ± ± 0.0± ±0.0 Lutjanidae 2.0± ± ± 0.4± ±3.5 Mullidae 1.8± ± ± 0.2± ±5.7 Pomacanthidae 3.3± ± ± 0.4± ±0.2 Scaridae 2.3± ± ± 1.2± ±0.9 Serranidae 0.0± ± ± 0.2± ±0.2 Siganidae 5.3± ± ± 0.4± ±0.5 Carnivores 6.5± ± ± 3.8± ±11.7 Corallivores 1.0± ± ± 0.6± ±0.6 Herbivores 22.3± ± ± 23.4± ±5.6 Omnivores 25.3± ± ± 6.0± ±5.5 Planktivores 1.5± ± ± 0.0± ±0.5 Total abundance 56.5± ± ± ± ±6.8 Diversity Table 5a. Summary results of fish diversity (mean n o species ± sd) surveys undertaken during the 2002 annual monitoring. Reef codes as in Table 3a. Family SC PM SP GI TM MC Acanthuridae 2.8± ± ± 1.8± ± ±1.3 Chaetodontidae 6.0± ± ± 2.0± ± ±2.5 Haemulidae 1.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.6 Lethrinidae 1.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 Lutjanidae 1.0± ± ± 0.8± ± ±1.7 Mullidae 1.0± ± ± 1.8± ± ±0.5 Pomacanthidae 2.5± ± ± 1.0± ± ±1.4 Scaridae 2.0± ± ± 1.3± ± ±0.0 Serranidae 0.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 Siganidae 0.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.6 Total diversity 17.3± ± ± ± ± ±6.1 Table 5b. Continued. Reef codes as in Table 3b. Family AB BV PT BD TX Acanthuridae 5.0± ± ± ± ±2.1 Chaetodontidae 6.0± ± ± ± ±2.2 Haemulidae 0.5± ± ± ± ±0.6 Lethrinidae 0.5± ± ± ± ±0.0 Lutjanidae 1.0± ± ± ± ±1.0 Mullidae 1.3± ± ± ± ±0.5 Pomacanthidae 1.3± ± ± ± ±0.6 Scaridae 1.8± ± ± ± ±0.8 6

11 Serranidae 0.0± ± ± ± ±0.5 Siganidae 1.0± ± ± ± ±0.5 Total diversity 18.3± ± ± ± ±4.1 Size Structure Table 6a. Family SC PM SP GI TM MC Acanthuridae M>L>S M>L>S M>S>L S>M>L M>L>S L>M>S Chaetodontidae M>S>L M>L>S M>S>L M>S>L M>L>S M>L>S Haemulidae L L 0 0 L L Lethrinidae M>S>L L Lutjanidae M>L>S M>L>S L M=L M>L>S L>M Mullidae L>M>S 0 M>S>L M>S>L L M>L>S Pomacanthidae L>S>M M>S=L M>S>L S L>M>S M Scaridae M>L>S M>L>S S>M>L S>M L>M>S L>M>S Serranidae 0 L 0 M L>M>S 0 Siganidae M M>L>S L Table 6b. Family AB BV PT BD TX Acanthuridae M>L>S L>M L>M>S M>L>S M>S=L Chaetodontidae M>L>S M>S>L M>S>L M>L M>L>S Haemulidae L L=M 0 0 L Lethrinidae M L L 0 0 Lutjanidae M>L>S M>L L>S>M M>L L>M Mullidae S>M>L L>S L>S>M L=S L Pomacanthidae M>S>L L>M 0 S=L L Scaridae M>L>S L>M>S S>L>M L>S L Serranidae 0 L>M L>M M S Siganidae M>L>S M 0 L L DISCUSSION REFERENCES ANNEXES Annex 1. Cumulative list of fish species recorded at each reef. SC Sencar Channel; PM Ponta Mahunhane; GI Goa Island; SP Sete Paus Island; LR Lighthouse reef; TR Two-mile reef; 7

12 AC Anchor Bay; MC Mike s Cupboard; BD Baixo Danae; BV Barreira Vermelha; PT Ponta Torres; TX Texas. FAMILY/SPECIES SC PM GI SP TM MC AB BD BV PT TX Acanthuridae Browns Acanthurus dussumieri A. leucosternon + + A. lineatus + A. triostegus + + Naso annulatus + N. brevirostris N. lituratus + N. unicornis + Zebrasoma scopas Z. desjardini + + Apogonidae Cheilodipterus artus + + C. quinquelineatus + Aulostomidae Aulostomus chinensis + + Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Balistoides viridiscens + Pseudobalistes fuscus + Rhinecanthus aculeatus + Sufflamen chrysopterus + S. fraenatus + Belonidae Tylosurus crocodilus + Blenniidae Cirripectes sp. + Plagiotresmus tapeinosoma + Caesionidae Caesio lunaris + C. xanthonota Carangidae Caranx melampygus + Scomberoides lysan + Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga C. bennetti + C. falcula + + C. guttatissimus C. interruptus + C. kleinii C. lineolatus + C. lunula C. melannotus + C. mertensii C. meyeri C. trifascialis + C. trifasciatus C. vagabundus + + Forcipiger flavissimus + + Hemitaurichthys zoster + Heniochus acuminatus + + Carcharhinidae Triaenodon obesus + 8

13 Cirrhitidae Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus + Paracirrhites arcatus P. forsteri + + Dasyatidae Taeniura lymma + + Ephippidae Platax teira + Fistulariidae Fistularia commersonii + Gobiidae Ptereleotris evides + Haemulidade Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus + P. gaterinus P. gibbosus + P. playfairi + Holocentridae Myripr istis murdjan Neoniphon sammara Sargocentron caudimaculatum + + S. spiniferum + Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatus A. lineatus + A. meleagris + A. twistii + + Bodianus anthioides + B. axilaris B. diana Cheilio inermis + Cheilinus fasciatus + Coris aygula + C. caudimacula + C. formosa + + C. gaimard + + Epibulus insidiator + + Gomphosus caeruleus Halichoeres cosmetus + + H. hortulanus Hemigymnus fasciatus Labroides bicolor L. dimidiatus Stethojulis strigiventer + Thalassoma amblycephalum T. hardwicke T. hebraicum T. lunare Lethrinidae Gnathodentex aurolineatus + Lethrinus harak L. nebulosus + + Monotaxis grandoculis Lutjanidae Aprion viriscens + Lutjanus fulviflamma L. gibbus + L. kasmira + 9

14 Macolor niger Monacanthidae Aluteres scriptus + Cantherhines pardalis Oxymonacanthus longirostris + Paraluteres prionurus + Pervagor janthinosoma + Mullidae Mulloidichthys flavolineatus + + M. vanicolensis + Parupeneus barberinus P. bifasciatus P. cyclostomus + P. indicus + P. macronema P. rubescens + Muraenidae Gymnothorax meleagris + Nemipteridae Scolopsis ghanam Ostraciidae Ostracion meleagris + Pempheridae Pempheris adusta Pinguipedidae Parapercis hexopthalma Platycephalidae Papilloculiceps longiceps + Plotosidae Plotosus lineatus + Pomacanthidae Centropyge acanthops + C. bispinosus + C. multispinis Pomacanthus chrysurus + P. imperator + + P. semicirculatus + Pygopli tes diacanthus + + Pomacentridae Abudefduf natalensis + A. sexfasciatus + A. sparoides + + A. vaigiensis Amphiprion allardi A. akallopisos Chromis agilis + C. dimidiata C. nigrura + + C. ternatensis C. viridis + C. weberi + Chrysiptera biocellata + C. unimaculata + + Dascyllus aruanus + + D. carneus + D. trimaculatus Neoglyphidodon melas + 10

15 Plectroglyphidodon dickii P. lacrymatus Pomacentrus caeruleus + P. sulfureus P. trichrous + Priacanthidae Priacanthus hamrur + Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis dutoiti + + Scaridae Scarus ghobban S. rubr oviolaceus + + S. scaber S. sordidus Serranidae Aethaloperca rogaa + Anthias evansi + A. squamipinnis Cephalopholis argus C. miniata + C. nigripinnis + + Epinephelus hexagonatus + E. malabaricus + Epinephelus rivulatus Gracila albomarginata + Siganidae Siganus sutor + + Tetraodontidae Arothron mappa + A. nigropunctatus + + Canthigaster bennetti + + C. solandri + + C. valentini Zanclidae Zanclus canescens Total