THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUXOR OPEN AIR MUSUEM AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACTS AN ASSESSMENT USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. Thesis submitted for the degree of
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1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUXOR OPEN AIR MUSUEM AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACTS AN ASSESSMENT USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Ghada Mahmoud Ahmed Mohamed Kamar Geography Department University of Leicester 2014 Volume Two i
2 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS... II LIST OF FIGURES... III CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION... 1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW... 3 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY... 7 CHAPTER 4. EMERGENCE OF THE IDEA FOR THE LUXOR OPEN-AIR MUSEUM 21 CHAPTER 5. SPATIAL FORMS, EXPERIENCE, AND FUNCTIONS IN LUXOR OPEN- AIR MUSEUM: A STORY OF BUILDINGS AND BUFFERS CHAPTER 6. THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF THE OPEN-AIR MUSEUM IN LUXOR 74 CHAPTER 7. THE SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION POLICES AT THE OPEN-AIR MUSEUM ii
3 List of Figures Figure 1-1: The district areas in Luxor Figure 1-2: The urban growth of Luxor city from 1891 to Figure 2-1: British Museum Figure 2-2: National Museum of Indonesia Figure 2-3: Feu Factory Museum after change the old factory of sardine canning factory in Portimão city, Portugal Figure 2-4: Ramirez Factory after changing to be a municipal auditorium in Olhão city, Portugal Figure 2-5: A Schematic History of Gentrification in the United States, including a Fourth Wave of Gentrification (Lees, et al.2013) Figure 2-6: Urban filtering and the socio-spatial structure of the city: A positivist imagery. 13 Figure 2-7: GIS and urban planning Figure 3-1: The research methodology framework... 7 Figure 3-2: The process of exploring a particular theme in NVivo Figure 3-3: NVivo tree nodes for Luxor open-air museum... 9 Figure 3-4: Nvivo quarrying phase for Luxor open-air museum documents and interviews Figure 3-5: A model created in NVivo Figure 3-6: A tree map created for nodes compared by number of items coded in NVivo Figure 3-7: The personal Geo-database analyses Figure 3-8: Line of sight Figure 3-9: Viewshed observation points in Luxor City Figure 3-10: Three Raster Layers of Luxor City Figure 3-11: The measurements to obtain Temple heights using SpectaRuler iphone (Luxor Temple Dec. 2011) Figure 3-12: Exporting Karnak Temple features layer from ArcGIS to Google SketchUp iii
4 Figure 3-13: SketchUp 3D model for Luxor Temple and Karnak Temple for Krzysio (2007) Figure 3-14: Creating 3D objects for Luxor Temple in Google SketchUp (on the left) and exporting them to ArcScene (on the right) Figure 3-15: The process of creating a 3D model in ArcGIS Figure 4-1: Grand entrance to the Luxor Temple, with rural houses and pottery on to Figure 4-2: The Urban growth of Luxor city from 1891 to Figure 4-3: A photograph for Luxor temple in 19th century from the east side where the current entrance now Figure 4-4: A photograph for Karnak temple in 19th century from the east side with a view for the west bank. S Figure 4-5: Arial Photograph for Karnak temples in Figure 4-6: Luxor Master Plan in Figure 4-7: Luxor Master Plan in Figure 4-8: Luxor Master Plan in 1993: Location of New Thebes City Figure 4-9: The Open-air Museum and Heritage District concept Diagram Figure 4-10: The open-air museum Zones Figure 4-13: Luxor Master plan in 2004, Figure 4-14: The planning of Karnak temple entrance Figure4-15: (A) A satellite image with true colours for EL-Karnak Temple in 2002 before enhancing the northern-east area (B) A satellite image with true colours for EL-Karnak Temple in 2010 after enhancing the northern-east area Figure 4-16: The vision of The Avenue Sphinxes in Luxor master plan Figure 4-17: Abu El Hagag Plaza before development at the left photo showing it congestion on the annual festival. the right photo is the temple plaza after development Figure 4-18: The Golden Triangle in Luxor city Figure4-19: A Vision of Golden Triangle in Luxor Figure 5-1: Arial Photograph for Karnak temples in Figure 5-2: Avenue of Sphinxes (Behind Adra Church) iv
5 Figure 5-3: The Entrance of Karnak Temple with an open view to the River Nile Figure 5-4: Karnak temple at night by using Sound & Light (At the left) Figure 5-5: Luxor temple at night with visitor (At the right) Figure 5-6: Buffers types from different perspectives Figure 5-7: The buffers around Luxor open air museum from 1965 to 2004 from different perspectives actors Figure 5-8: The changes of Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone from 1965 to Figure 5-9: Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone in Figure 5-10: Arial Photograph for Karnak Temple in Figure 5-11: A survey of Egypt map of Luxor, tourist edition in 1922 for Luxor temple Figure 5-12: Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone in Figure 5-13: Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone in Figure 5-14: Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone in Figure 5-15: The slums areas in Luxor city (at the right) Figure 5-16: The informal areas in Luxor city (at the left) Figure 5-17: Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone in Figure 5-18: The altered areas within Open air museum borders Figure 5-19: The Avenue of Sphinxes 3D model, Line of sight, and Viewshed before restoration Figure 5-20: The visibility analysis (Viewshed and Line of sight) for the Avenue of Sphinxes at the Master plan in Figure 5-21: 3D model for the Avenue Sphinxes area after development in Figure 5-22: Karnak temples entrance 3D models Figure 5-23: ViewShed for Karnak temple entrance from the River Nile before development, after development and in Master plan Figure 5-24: Comparative between three models for the areas at North of Luxor Temple Figure 5-25: North Luxor temple area after local residents return back in Figure 5-26: The visibility analysis (Line of sight) for the area at North of Luxor Temple v
6 Figure 5-27: Tourism traffic before development in Figure 5-28: Tourism traffic after development in Figure 5-29: The visitors observation routes at Karnak temples in Figure 5-30: The two views are taken at eye level by Sketch-Up 3D model to visualise the visitors routs from the entrance to the First pylon Figure 5-31: (A & B) The raster Layer for the Forecourt at Karnak Temple illustrate the visible and in-visible area from two different observer points Figure 5-32: (A & B) The two photographs for the Forecourt at Karnak Temple from the two observer points illustrate the columns prevent the vision for particular areas at the court: Figure 5-33: The ViewShed analysis at the open air museum in Karnak Temples and the visibility area with a Photograph Figure 5-34: The raster Layer for 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th pylons and the sanctuary at Karnak Temple illustrate the visible and un-visible area from two different observer points Figure 5-35:The two photographs for the observer point at 3rd pylon towards the sanctuary in Karnak Temple illustrate the vision at the area Figure 5-36: Karnak Sacred Lake and visitors place for Sound & Light Show Figure 5-37: The Viewshed analysis for the Opt Temple at Karnak Temples illustrates the visible and un-visible area from the observer points Figure 5-38: A view for the visitors at Opet Temple in Karnak Temples by Sketch-Up 3D model presents the visitors rout and their movement Figure 5-39: Sketch-Up 3D model presents the visitors observation points at Karnak temples plaza after they finished their journey inside the Temple Figure 5-40: The visitors observation routes in Luxor temple. Source: Google Earth Figure 5-41: The raster Layer first pylon at Luxor Temple illustrate the visible and un-visible area from the observer point Figure 5-42: A view for the visitors at first pylon in Luxor Temple by Sketch-Up 3D model with illustrates the availability to see the entrance of Luxor temple vi
7 Figure 5-43: The visible area for peristyle courtyard at Luxor Temple from the observer point. Source: Kamar, Figure 5-44: A view for the visitors at processional colonnade courtyard in Luxor Temple at the visitors observation for the court Figure 5-45: A visible area at hypostyle court in Luxor Temple at the visitors observation for the court Figure 5-46: A visible area at the portico in Luxor Temple at the visitors observation for the court Figure 5-47: A visible area at the Amun Chappell in Luxor temple at the left side and the open air museum at the right side Figure 5-48: A view for the visitors at Amun Chappell in Luxor Temple by Sketch-Up 3D model with A view for the visitors at open air museum in Luxor Temple Figure 5-49: Sketch-Up 3D model for Visitors observation points at Luxor Temple S70 Figure 5-50: The Avenue of Sphinxes plan in Luxor master plan in Figure 5-51: The visitors observation roots within The Avenue of Sphinxes in Luxor Master plan in Figure 5-52: The Visitors observation routes for Avenue of Sphinxes Figure 5-53: The visibility analysis (Line of sight) for the Avenue of Sphinxes before, after development and in plan Figure 6-1: Karnak temple entrance before development Figure 6-2: The Open air museum urban strategies for surrounding areas Figure 6-3: Luxor Open air museum strategies in Figure 6-4: Transgression against monuments in Luxor Figure 6-5: The structure plan for the surrounding areas of the open air museum in Luxor Figure 6-6: Station Street before development Figure 6-7: Market Street before and after development Figure 6-8: Demolition of the houses (completely or partly) in Nag -Sheikh Mosa and Nag Abu- Asbah for the restoration Avenue of Sphinxes and its Buffer zone in Figure 6-9: Arial Photography for Karnak entrance before redevelopment in 2001, 79 Figure 6-10: The Golden Triangle area at Luxor city vii
8 Figure 6-11: The built up area at Luxor Golden Triangle plan Figure 6-12: The Architectural style for Luxor Golden Triangle Figure 6-13: The Nile Corniche in Luxor museum area in 2010, Figure 6-14: Relocation areas at Luxor open air museum Figure 7-1: The public participation meetings in Luxor with the planner Dr. Ashour and the inhabitants of Luxor Figure 7-2: The residents built walls around their land in The Golden triangle in 2011 after demolishing their houses Figure 7-4: New shops instated within the houses which were partly demolished Figure 7-5: The informal creep on agricultural land pockets at North of Karnak villages after open air museum constructions in Figure 7-6: The Urban strategies in Luxor after the Open air museum implementation viii
9 Chapter 1. Introduction Figure 1-1: The district areas in Luxor. Source: MOH,2004 1
10 Figure 1-2: The urban growth of Luxor city from 1891 to Source, MOH: 1984,1993,2004 2
11 Chapter 2. Literature review Figure 2-1: British Museum. Source: British Museum Figure 2-2: National Museum of Indonesia. Source: National Museum Figure 2-3: Feu Factory Museum after change the old factory of sardine canning factory in Portimão city, Portugal. Source: Panagopoulos,
12 Figure 2-4: Ramirez Factory after changing to be a municipal auditorium in Olhão city, Portugal. Source: Panagopoulos, 2011 Figure 2-5: A Schematic History of Gentrification in the United States, including a Fourth Wave of Gentrification (Lees, et al.2013). Source: Hackworth and Smith (2001) 4
13 Figure 2-6: Urban filtering and the socio-spatial structure of the city: A positivist imagery. Source: Phillips (2005:320) 5
14 GIS Data Spatial query & Mapping Geo-processing Functions Urban Planning Non-GIS database/data Data Spatial analysis & modelling Figure 2-7: GIS and urban planning. Source: Yeh (1999: 878) 6
15 Chapter 3. Methodology Figure 3-1: The research methodology framework 7
16 Figure 3-2: The process of exploring a particular theme in NVivo. Source: QSR International Pty Ltd,
17 Figure 3-3: NVivo tree nodes for Luxor open-air museum 9
18 Figure 3-4: Nvivo quarrying phase for Luxor open-air museum documents and interview 10
19 Figure 3-5: A model created in NVivo. 11
20 Figure 3-6: A tree map created for nodes compared by number of items coded in NVivo. 12
21 Figure 3-7: The personal Geo-database analyses 13
22 Figure 3-8: Line of sight (source: Fisher, 1996) Figure 3-9: Viewshed observation points in Luxor City 14
23 Figure 3-10: Three Raster Layers of Luxor City (A) Luxor City before development; (B) Luxor City after development 2009; (C) Luxor City in Master plan
24 Figure 3-11: The measurements to obtain Temple heights using SpectaRuler iphone (Luxor Temple Dec. 2011) 16
25 Figure 3-12: Exporting Karnak Temple features layer from ArcGIS to Google SketchUp 17
26 Figure 3-13: SketchUp 3D model for Luxor Temple and Karnak Temple for Krzysio (2007). (Source: Google SketchUp models, 2007) 18
27 Figure 3-14: Creating 3D objects for Luxor Temple in Google SketchUp (on the left) and exporting them to ArcScene (on the right) 19
28 Objects measurements/ Texture photos Adding data to ArcGISGeodatabase Editing photos in Photoshop elements 7 Export data to GoogleSketchUp Create 3D SketchUp model Export 3D model in MultiPatch to Open 3D model in ArcScene Figure 3-15: The process of creating a 3D model in ArcGIS 20
29 Chapter 4. Emergence of the idea for the Luxor Open-air Museum Figure 4-1: Grand entrance to the Luxor Temple, with rural houses and pottery on top. Source: Roberts,
30 Figure 4-2: The Urban growth of Luxor city from 1891 to Source: MOH,
31 Figure 4-3: A photograph for Luxor temple in 19 th century from the east side where the current entrance now. Source: SCA, This figure presents the rural life and its houses on and around Luxor temple and the east side is covered with Nile flood Figure 4-4: A photograph for Karnak temple in 19 th century from the east side with a view for the west bank. Source: SCA, 2007.This figure illustrates the few of agricultural lands surrounded with the temple. Figure 4-5: Arial Photograph for Karnak temples in Source: SCA,
32 Figure 4-6: Luxor Master Plan in Source: MOH,
33 Figure 4-7: Luxor Master Plan in Source: (APCO, 1993) 25
34 Figure 4-8: Luxor Master Plan in 1993: Location of New Thebes City. Source: APCO,
35 Figure 4-9: The Open-air Museum and Heritage District concept Diagram. Source: MOH,
36 . Figure 4-10: The open-air museum Zones. Source: MOH,
37 Figure 4-11: Luxor Master plan in 2004, Source: MOH
38 Figure 4-12: The planning of Karnak temple entrance. Source: MOH,
39 (A) (B) Figure4-13: (A) A satellite image with true colours for EL-Karnak Temple in 2002 before enhancing the northern-east area (B) A satellite image with true colours for EL-Karnak Temple in 2010 after enhancing the northern-east area. 31
40 Figure 4-14: The vision of The Avenue Sphinxes in Luxor master plan Figure 4-15: Abu El Hagag Plaza before development at the left photo showing it congestion on the annual festival. However, at the right photo is the temple plaza after development. Source: Ashour,
41 Figure 4-16: The Golden Triangle in Luxor city. Source: Cube (2010) 33
42 Figure4-17: A Vision of Golden Triangle in Luxor. Source: Cube,
43 Chapter 5. Spatial forms, experience, and functions in Luxor open-air museum: A story of buildings and buffers Figure 5-1: Arial Photograph for Karnak temples in Source: CFEETK, 1970 Figure 5-2: Avenue of Sphinxes (Behind Adra Church). Source: Kamar,
44 Figure 5-3: The Entrance of Karnak Temple with an open view to the River Nile. Source: CFEETK, 2006 Figure 5-4 Figure 5-5 Figure 5-4: Karnak temple at night by using Sound & Light (At the left) Figure 5-5: Luxor temple at night with visitor (At the right) 36
45 Figure 5-6: Buffers types from different perspectives 37
46 Figure 5-7: The buffers around Luxor open air museum from 1965 to 2004 from different perspectives actors 38
47 Figure 5-8: The changes of Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone from 1965 to
48 Figure 5-9: Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone in Source: SCA,
49 Naj Al Tawel Naj Al Sheikh Mosa Figure 5-10 Figure 5-11 Figure 5-10: Arial Photograph for Karnak Temple in 1953 (Source: CFEETK) Figure 5-11: A survey of Egypt map of Luxor, tourist edition in 1922 for Luxor temple. 41
50 Figure 5-12: Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone in Source: MOH,
51 Figure 5-13: Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone in 1993.Source,: MOH,
52 Figure 5-14: Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone in 2000.Source,: MOH,
53 Figure 5-15: The slums areas in Luxor city (at the right).source: MOH, 2004 Figure 5-16: The informal areas in Luxor city (at the left). Source: MOH,
54 Figure 5-17: Luxor Antiquities Buffer zone in Source: MOH,
55 Figure 5-18: The altered areas within Open air museum borders. 47
56 Figure 5-19: The Avenue of Sphinxes 3D model, Line of sight, and Viewshed before restoration 48
57 Figure 5-20: The visibility analysis (Viewshed and Line of sight) for the Avenue of Sphinxes at the Master plan in
58 Figure 5-21: 3D model for the Avenue Sphinxes area after development in
59 Figure 5-22: Karnak temples entrance 3D models 51
60 Figure 5-23: ViewShed for Karnak temple entrance from the River Nile before development, after development and in Master plan
61 Figure 5-24: Comparative between three models for the areas at North of Luxor Temple. 53
62 Figure 5-25: North Luxor temple area after local residents return back in 2011 Figure 5-26: The visibility analysis (Line of sight) for the area at North of Luxor Temple. 54
63 Figure 5-27: Tourism traffic before development in Source: MOH,
64 Figure 5-28: Tourism traffic after development in 2004.Source: MOH,
65 Figure 5-29: The visitors observation routes at Karnak temples in Source: Google Earth,
66 Figure 5-30: The two views are taken at eye level by Sketch-Up 3D model to visualise the visitors routs from the entrance to the First pylon. Source: Kamar,
67 (A): First observer point (B): The second observer point Figure 5-31: (A & B) The raster Layer for the Forecourt at Karnak Temple illustrate the visible and in-visible area from two different observer points. Source: Kamar, 2013 (A): First observer point (B): The second observer point Figure 5-32: (A & B) The two photographs for the Forecourt at Karnak Temple from the two observer points illustrate the columns prevent the vision for particular areas at the court: Kamar,
68 Figure 5-33: The ViewShed analysis at the open air museum in Karnak Temples and the visibility area with a Photograph Figure 5-34: The raster Layer for 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th, 6 th pylons and the sanctuary at Karnak Temple illustrate the visible and un-visible area from two different observer points. Source:Kamar,
69 Figure 5-35:The two photographs for the observer point at 3 rd pylon towards the sanctuary in Karnak Temple illustrate the vision at the area. Source: Kamar, 2013 Figure 5-36: Karnak Sacred Lake and visitors place for Sound & Light Show 61
70 Figure 5-37: The Viewshed analysis for the Opt Temple at Karnak Temples illustrates the visible and un-visible area from the observer points. Source: Kamar,
71 Figure 5-38: A view for the visitors at Opet Temple in Karnak Temples by Sketch-Up 3D model presents the visitors rout and their movement. Figure 5-39: Sketch-Up 3D model presents the visitors observation points at Karnak temples plaza after they finished their journey inside the Temple. Source: Kamar,
72 Figure 5-40: The visitors observation routes in Luxor temple. Source: Google Earth
73 Figure 5-41: The raster Layer first pylon at Luxor Temple illustrate the visible and un-visible area from the observer point. Source: Kamar, 2013 Figure 5-42: A view for the visitors at first pylon in Luxor Temple by Sketch-Up 3D model with illustrates the availability to see the entrance of Luxor temple 65
74 Figure 5-43: The visible area for peristyle courtyard at Luxor Temple from the observer point. Source: Kamar, 2013 Figure 5-44: A view for the visitors at processional colonnade courtyard in Luxor Temple at the visitors observation for the court. Source: Kamar,
75 Figure 5-45: A visible area at hypostyle court in Luxor Temple at the visitors observation for the court. Source: Kamar, 2013 Figure 5-46: A visible area at the portico in Luxor Temple at the visitors observation for the court. Source: Kamar,
76 Figure 5-47: A visible area at the Amun Chappell in Luxor temple at the left side and the open air museum at the right side. Source: Kamar,
77 Figure 5-48: A view for the visitors at Amun Chappell in Luxor Temple by Sketch-Up 3D model with A view for the visitors at open air museum in Luxor Temple. Source: Kamar,
78 Figure 5-49: Sketch-Up 3D model for Visitors observation points at Luxor Temple Source: Kamar,
79 Figure 5-50 Figure 5-51 Figure 5-50: The Avenue of Sphinxes plan in Luxor master plan in Source: Cube, 2010 Figure 5-51: The visitors observation roots within The Avenue of Sphinxes in Luxor Master plan in Source: Ashour,
80 Figure 5-52: The Visitors observation routes for Avenue of Sphinxes. Source: Google Earth,
81 Figure 5-53: The visibility analysis (Line of sight) for the Avenue of Sphinxes before, after development and in plan
82 Chapter 6. The planning and design of the open-air museum in Luxor Figure 6-1: Karnak temple entrance before development. Source: Luxor governorate 1999 Figure 6-2: The Open air museum urban strategies for surrounding areas 74
83 Figure 6-3: Luxor Open air museum strategies in Source: (MOH, 2004) 75
84 Figure 6-4: Transgression against monuments in Luxor (Source: MOH,
85 Figure 6-5: The structure plan for the surrounding areas of the open air museum in Luxor Source: MOH,
86 Figure 6-6: Station Street before development. Source: Ashour 2009 Figure 6-7: Market Street before and after development. Source: Ashour, 2009 Figure 6-8: Demolition of the houses (completely or partly) in Nag -Sheikh Mosa and Nag Abu- Asbah for the restoration Avenue of Sphinxes and its Buffer zone in
87 Figure 6-9: Arial Photography for Karnak entrance before redevelopment in 2001, Source: CEFFTK, 2001 Figure 6-10: The Golden Triangle area at Luxor city. Source: Google earth,
88 Figure 6-11: The built up area at Luxor Golden Triangle plan. Source: MOH,
89 Figure 6-12: The Architectural style for Luxor Golden Triangle. Source: MOH, 2004 Figure 6-13: The Nile Corniche in Luxor museum area in 2010, Source: Cube consultant,
90 Figure 6-14: Relocation areas at Luxor open air museum. Source: MOH,
91 Chapter 7. The social impacts of the implementation polices at the Open-Air Museum Figure 7-1: The public participation meetings in Luxor with the planner Dr. Ashour and the inhabitants of Luxor. Source: Ashour,
92 Figure 7-2: The residents built walls around their land in The Golden triangle in 2011 after demolishing their houses Figure 7-3: The Churches on Avenue of Sphinxes
93 Figure 7-4: New shops instated within the houses which were partly demolished 85
94 Figure 7-5: The informal creep on agricultural land pockets at North of Karnak villages after open air museum constructions in 2013, Source: Google images 86
95 Figure 7-6: The Urban strategies in Luxor after the Open air museum implementation
96 88
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUXOR OPEN AIR MUSUEM AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACTS AN ASSESSMENT USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. Thesis submitted for the degree of
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