Risk Assessment in Winter Backcountry Travel

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Risk Assessment in Winter Backcountry Travel"

Transcription

1 Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 20, (2009) ORIGINAL RESEARCH Risk Assessment in Winter Backcountry Travel Natalie A. Silverton, MD; Scott E. McIntosh, MD; Han S. Kim, PhD, MSPH From the Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (Drs Silverton, McIntosh, and Kim). Objective. Risk assessment is an important part of safe backcountry travel in avalanche terrain. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the ability of backcountry travelers to accurately estimate the avalanche danger for their destination and time of travel. Methods. We surveyed 353 winter backcountry users, asking them to rate the avalanche danger for their destination that day. We then compared this estimation to the Utah Avalanche Center daily advisory for that specific location, aspect, and elevation. Tendency to underestimate the avalanche danger was then compared across 6 different sports (backcountry skiing, backcountry snowboarding, snowshoeing, snowmobiling, out-of-bounds skiing, and out-of-bounds snowboarding) as well as across age, gender, and subject participation in an avalanche safety course. Results. A comparison across different sports, adjusted for age and gender, showed that snowshoers were 7.11 times more likely than skiers to underestimate the avalanche danger (, 2.95, 17.11). This difference was maintained after adjusting for past education in an avalanche safety course (odds ratio, 5.74;, 2.28, 14.46). Snowmobilers were also significantly more likely to underestimate the avalanche danger when compared to skiers (odds ratio, 3.11;, 1.12, 8.24), but these differences ceased to be significant when the data were adjusted for avalanche safety course (odds ratio, 2.39; 95% CI, 0.84, 6.74). While there was a trend for women and older age groups to underestimate the avalanche danger when compared to men, these trends were not significant. Conclusions. Snowshoers and snowmobilers are groups that tend to underestimate avalanche danger when traveling in the backcountry. These groups may be unknowingly assuming a higher risk and should be targeted for avalanche education and awareness. Key words: avalanche, risk assessment, safety, education, skiing, snowboarding, snowmobiling, snowshoeing Introduction Unlike a ski resort, the winter backcountry is not patrolled for hazards. Venturing into the backcountry can therefore involve a great deal of risk. In recent years, the number of avalanche fatalities in the United States has increased. 1 Efforts have been made to educate the public about the potential hazard that avalanches pose. This has been accomplished through avalanche education courses or through daily avalanche advisories. Although organizations can educate the public and provide advisories, it is ultimately up to the individual to make sound decisions. Safety in the backcountry depends in part on one s ability to correctly assess the avalanche danger. Travelers must decide whether it is safe to enter Corresponding author: Natalie A. Silverton, MD, University of Utah, Division of Emergency Medicine, 30 North Medical Dr, Salt Lake City, UT ( natalie.silverton@hsc.utah.ed). the backcountry on a particular day, where to travel, and what safety precautions and equipment to utilize. These risk assessment decisions are entirely within the control of the backcountry user. We evaluated the risk assessment skills of backcountry travelers engaging in a variety of winter sports in the Wasatch and Uinta mountains of Utah between November 2005 and March By doing so, we hoped to identify groups of backcountry travelers that could be targeted for avalanche education. Methods A convenience sample of backcountry users traveling in the Wasatch and Uinta mountains was surveyed during the winter season. Inclusion criteria were defined as those entering the backcountry whose destination involved travel into an area with potential

2 270 Silverton, McIntosh, and Kim avalanche hazard. Potential avalanche hazard was defined as traveling on any slope greater than 25u or crossing a major slide path. Users included backcountry skiers, snowboarders, snowshoers, snowmobilers, out-ofbounds skiers, and out-of-bounds snowboarders. Out-of-bounds users were defined as those leaving the ski resorts in order to travel in areas that were not controlled for avalanches. We assumed that accessing the backcountry from the ski resort requires less planning, forethought, and preparation than a traditional backcountry tour because of the ease of lift access. It is for this reason that we chose to distinguish between out-ofbounds resort skiers/snowboarders and traditional backcountry travelers. Participants were recruited at 12 different trailheads along the Wasatch Front and on a number of ski, snowshoe, and snowmobile trails in the Wasatch and Uinta mountains. Out-of-bounds skiers and snowboarders were recruited for the study at the out-ofbounds exit gates at 2 ski resorts, Brighton and The Canyons. These resorts were selected because access to the backcountry from these areas is easy, unlimited, and very popular. Both ski resorts do make efforts to inform the public about avalanche danger with graphic warning signs at the access gates. Data were collected using a written questionnaire. Information collected included demographics, mode of travel, and the location of the participant s destination. Participants were then asked to assess the avalanche danger that they expected for that destination. The aspect and elevation of the participant s destination were researched by the authors. Avalanche forecasts for each day of data collection were obtained from the Utah Avalanche Center (UAC) daily advisory for that morning and compared to the participant s estimation of the avalanche danger for the specific aspect and elevation of their destination. The UAC provides daily avalanche condition forecasts for the Wasatch and Uinta mountain ranges during the winter season. These forecasts are compiled by professional avalanche forecasters who monitor the snow conditions on a daily basis. The UAC uses a standard ranking system for avalanche danger, as follows: low, moderate, considerable, high, or extreme. Definitions for these terms can be found on the UAC website ( For example, on a given day, south-facing slopes may be reported as presenting low danger, while north-facing slopes could be reported as presenting considerable danger. In that case, if a skier s destination was a north-facing slope, his/ her own assessment of the danger level was compared to the UAC forecast of considerable danger. The difference between perceived danger and that reported in the UAC advisory was then used to assess the participant s ability to correctly assess the avalanche danger. Participants were also asked if they had taken an educational avalanche safety course and if they had accessed the UAC daily advisory that morning. They were also asked to identify the type of avalanche safety equipment they were carrying. The latter information was presented in a separate paper entitled Avalanche Safety Practices in Utah, in which we compared the use of avalanche safety equipment among the different groups of backcountry travelers. 2 The survey took 3 to 5 minutes to complete. The study team recorded the date, time, location, weather conditions, whether the participant was traveling to or from his destination, and the type of equipment used (skis, snowshoes, etc). (The entire survey and the additional participant information recorded by the study team can be viewed online at Participants were screened so that they only completed the survey once. We made efforts to collect data in all weather conditions and at various levels of avalanche hazard. Participants who overestimated the avalanche danger (reported that the danger was high, for example, when the UAC report said it was low) were grouped with those who correctly estimated the danger. Overestimating danger would encourage the backcountry traveler to avoid terrain and therefore decrease the risk of an avalanche accident. In contrast, underestimating the danger (stating that the danger was lower than what was reported) could actually increase the risk of traveling in avalanche terrain and the risk of being caught in an avalanche. Participants evaluation of the avalanche danger was then compared across age, sex, and sport using a logistical regression statistical technique. We chose backcountry skiers as a comparison group, because traditionally many of the pioneers of avalanche safety and many of the proponents of avalanche education have been backcountry skiers. Also, in our prior study we found that backcountry skiers were more prepared than other groups of backcountry travelers, as they tended more often to travel with an avalanche transceiver, a shovel, and a partner. 2 Logistic regression was also used to adjust for a prior history of an avalanche safety course, because this could influence the participant s ability to assess the avalanche danger. Odds ratios and s for underestimating the avalanche danger were then compared. All statistical tests were 2- sided with a significance level of a The study was reviewed and approved by the University of Utah Institutional Review Board. SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used to analyze data. Results Three hundred and eighty-eight backcountry travelers were approached to participate in the survey. Of these, 35

3 Risk Assessment in Winter Backcountry Travel 271 Table 1. Demographics of No. of female No. of male Total No. of Mean age (y) Age range (y) Ski Snowboard Snowmobile Snow shoe OOB skier* OOB snowboarder* Total *OOB indicates out of bounds. (9%) declined to participate. Table 1 shows the demographics of study. Table 2 shows the percentage of who either correctly estimated or overestimated the avalanche danger and the percentage of who underestimated the avalanche danger. The Figure shows a graphical representation of the percentage of underestimating the avalanche danger, separated by sport. A comparison across different sports and adjusted for age and sex (Table 3) showed that snowshoers were 7.11 times more likely than skiers to underestimate the avalanche danger (, 2.95, 17.11). This difference was maintained after adjusting for past education in an avalanche safety course (odds ratio, 5.74;, 2.28, 14.46) (Table 4). Snowmobilers were also significantly more likely to underestimate the avalanche danger when compared to skiers (odds ratio, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.12, 8.24) (Table 3), but these differences ceased to be significant when the data were adjusted for avalanche safety course (odds ratio, 2.39;, 0.84, 6.74) (Table 4). While there was a trend for women to underestimate the avalanche danger when compared to men, this trend was not significant (Tables 3 and 4). When odds ratios were compared across different age groups (Tables 3 and 4), there was a trend indicating that older age groups tend to underestimate the avalanche danger. This trend, however, was not significant. Table 2. Estimation of avalanche danger by sport, gender, age category, and avalanche course participation No. of % of Participants correctly estimating or overestimating the avalanche danger % of Participants underestimating the avalanche danger Ski (85.0, 96.1) 9.4 (3.8, 15.0) Snowboard (74.5, 98.8) 13.3 (1.2, 25.5) Snowmobile (64.9, 89.7) 22.7 (10.3, 35.1) Snow shoe (41.4, 67.7) 45.5 (32.3, 58.7) OOB skier* (86.0, 98.8) 7.6 (1.2, 14.0) OOB snowboarder* (78.8, 98.0) 11.6 (2.0, 21.1) Female (64.8, 84.5) 25.3 (15.5, 35.1) Male (80.9, 89.4) 14.9 (10.6, 19.2) Under 20 y of age (87.6, 100) 5.3 (0.0, 12.4) y of age (76.4, 91.0) 16.3 (9.0, 23.6) y of age (82.1, 94.9) 11.5 (5.1, 17.9) y of age (64.6, 86.2) 24.6 (13.8, 35.4) 50+ y of age (58.1, 83.1) 29.4 (16.9, 41.9) Prior avalanche course No (71.2, 84.2) 22.3 (15.8, 28.8) Yes (82.4, 92.0) 12.9 (8.1, 17.7) *OOB indicates out of bounds.

4 272 Silverton, McIntosh, and Kim Figure. Percent of underestimating the avalanche danger, with s. *OOB indicates out of bounds. Discussion While it may be true that ignorance is bliss, sometimes what you do not see can hurt you. In this study, we have shown that snowshoers and snowmobilers often underestimate the avalanche danger when traveling in the backcountry. In addition, these groups are less likely than other backcountry users to carry an avalanche transceiver or a shovel, to travel with a partner, or to have taken an avalanche safety course, 2 inadequate safety practices that may be a reflection of this tendency to underestimate the avalanche danger. Avalanche fatality statistics show that these groups are just as likely to die in an avalanche as other backcountry travelers, if not more so. Snowshoers and snowmobilers represent 17% and 28%, respectively, of the total number of avalanche fatalities in Utah in the last 9 years The proportion of fatalities of these groups is 2 to 3 times the number of skier fatalities during the same time period. Because there are no current data on the number of participant-days for each of these sports, it is unclear whether this discrepancy represents actual differences in fatality rates or simply a relative increase in the absolute number of snowshoers and snowmobilers compared to skiers. Regardless of the reason, these data indicate that close to half of the avalanche fatalities in Utah involve snowshoers and snowmobilers, and additional efforts need to be made to raise awareness of avalanche hazards among these groups. Out-of-bounds resort skiers and snowboarders tended to be fairly good at correctly estimating or at least overestimating the avalanche danger when compared to snowshoers and snowmobilers. The reason for this may be that the 2 ski resorts at which data were collected post signs that describe the avalanche danger for the day. These postings could be an effective means of alerting out-of-bounds skiers and snowboarders to the avalanche hazard for the day. In the past 9 years, 8 of 36 avalanche fatalities in Utah (22%) have involved out-of-bounds skiers or snowboarders This number is comparable to the numbers of snowshoer and snowmobiler deaths and indicates that other factors may be involved in the decision-making process that leads to risk-taking behavior and avalanche fatalities. Significant efforts have been made in this country to raise awareness of avalanche safety, both through media

5 Risk Assessment in Winter Backcountry Travel 273 Table 3. Likelihood of underestimating the avalanche danger represented by the odds ratio [All sports are compared to skiers. Data are adjusted for sport, age, and sex using analysis of variance.] Table 4. Likelihood of underestimating the avalanche danger represented by the odds ratio [All sports are compared to skiers. Data are adjusted for sport, age, sex, and prior avalanche course participation.] Odds ratio Odds ratio OOB skiers{ 1.11 ( ) OOB snowboarders{ 2.03 ( ) Snowshoers 7.11 ( )** Snowboarders 1.76 ( ) Snowmobilers 3.11 ( )** vs under 20 y of age 3.39 ( ) vs under 20 y of age 2.26 ( ) vs under 20 y of age 4.09 ( ) 50+ vs under 20 y of age 4.11 ( ) Gender female vs male 1.53 ( ) {OOB indicates out of bounds. **5 Statistically significant. campaigns and avalanche safety courses. The goal of avalanche education is to provide the backcountry traveler with insight into the hazards of travel in avalanche terrain. This study identifies snowshoers and snowmobilers as 2 groups of backcountry travelers who tend to underestimate the avalanche danger. These groups should be targeted for education so that individual snowshoers and snowmobilers can make more knowledgeable and informed decisions about the amount of risk they are willing to undertake while traveling in the backcountry. LIMITATIONS The primary limitation of this study was that it employed a convenience sample of backcountry users. We attempted to sample at multiple trailheads, on multiple days, in all weather conditions, and with varied avalanche conditions throughout the season. However, the sample may not have captured an absolutely representative study population. Also, many of our accessed the UAC avalanche daily advisory on the day of travel. It is possible, and indeed very likely, that a large number of who correctly estimated the avalanche danger were able to do so because they had seen the report prior to venturing into the backcountry. We chose not to distinguish between those who were able to correctly estimate the avalanche danger by making their own assessment (through weather observation or snow pit studies) and those who gained their knowledge by reading the morning report. In this way we were measuring assessment of the danger but not the means by which this assessment was made. OOB skiers{ 0.89 ( ) OOB snowboarders{ 1.61 ( ) Snowshoers 5.74 ( )** Snowboarders 1.64 ( ) Snowmobilers 2.39 ( ) vs under 20 y of age 3.73 ( ) vs under 20 y of age 2.69 ( ) vs under 20 y of age 4.54 ( ) 50+ vs under 20 y of age 4.83 ( ) Female vs male 1.47 ( ) Avalanche course: no vs yes 1.65 ( ) {OOB indicates out of bounds. **5 Statistically significant. Conclusion Snowshoers and snowmobilers tend to underestimate avalanche danger when traveling in the backcountry. This finding may help direct avalanche education organizations in their efforts to raise awareness of the dangers implicit in backcountry travel. References 1. Page CE, Atkins D, Shockley LW, Yaron M. Avalanche deaths in the United States: a 45-year analysis. Wilderness Environ Med. 1999;10: Silverton N, McIntosh S, Kim H. Avalanche safety practices in Utah. Wilderness Environ Med. 2007;18: Tremper B. Snow and avalanches in Utah: annual report Available from: season%20reports/season%20report%2098%20acrobat.pdf. Accessed July 28, Tremper B. Snow and avalanches: annual report Available from: season%20reports/season%20report%2099%20acrobat.pdf. Accessed July 28, Tremper B. Snow and avalanches: annual report Available from: 20reports/Season%20Report% pdf. Accessed July 28, Tremper B. Snow and avalanches: annual report , Forest Service Utah Avalanche Center Available from: %20reports/Season%20Report% pdf. Accessed July 28, Tremper B. Snow and avalanches: annual report , Forest Service Utah Avalanche Center Avail-

6 274 Silverton, McIntosh, and Kim able from: SeasonReport2002.pdf. Accessed July 28, Tremper B. Snow and avalanches: annual report , Forest Service Utah Avalanche Center Available from: season_report/seasonreport02-03.pdf. Accessed July 28, Tremper B. Snow and avalanches: annual report , Forest Service Utah Avalanche Center Available from: SeasonReport2004_PDF/Season_Report_ pdf. Accessed July 28, Tremper B. Snow and avalanches: annual report , Forest Service Utah Avalanche Center Available from: SeasonReport /AnnualReport04-05.pdf. Accessed July 28, Tremper B. Avalanche incidents and accidents Available from: accidents_04-05.htm. Accessed August 1, 2006.

Avalanche Safety Practices in Utah

Avalanche Safety Practices in Utah Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 18, 264 270 (2007) ORIGINAL RESEARCH Avalanche Safety Practices in Utah Natalie A. Silverton, MD; Scott E. McIntosh, MD; Han S. Kim, PhD, MSPH From the Division of

More information

Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado, 2016 ANALYSIS OF UTAH AVALANCHE FATALITIES IN THE MODERN ERA

Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado, 2016 ANALYSIS OF UTAH AVALANCHE FATALITIES IN THE MODERN ERA ANALYSIS OF UTAH AVALANCHE FATALITIES IN THE MODERN ERA Drew Hardesty 1 * 1 Utah Avalanche Center ABSTRACT: The Utah Avalanche Center (UAC) has records of Utah avalanche fatalities for the modern era,

More information

Part 1: Introduction to Decision Making

Part 1: Introduction to Decision Making Part 1: Introduction to Decision Making 1.1 - Anatomy of a Decision ABOUT AIARE Learning Outcomes Identify that backcountry decision making involves five key components: Plan, Observe, Teamwork, Choose

More information

50 YEARS OF AVALANCHE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES. Dale Atkins * Colorado Avalanche Information Center. Knox Williams

50 YEARS OF AVALANCHE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES. Dale Atkins * Colorado Avalanche Information Center. Knox Williams 50 YEARS OF AVALANCHE DEATHS N THE UNTED STATES Dale Atkins * Colorado Avalanche nformation Center Knox Williams Colorado Avalanche nformation Center ABSTRACT: Since 1950593 people have died in avalanches.

More information

GRAPHIC AVALANCHE INFORMATION FOR THE NEW MEDIA. Bruce Tremper and Jim Conway * Utah Avalanche Center

GRAPHIC AVALANCHE INFORMATION FOR THE NEW MEDIA. Bruce Tremper and Jim Conway * Utah Avalanche Center GRAPHIC AVALANCHE INFORMATION FOR THE NEW MEDIA Bruce Tremper and Jim Conway * Utah Avalanche Center ABSTRACT: As recently as ten years ago, the only way to deliver avalanche information to the public

More information

2010 International Snow Science Workshop

2010 International Snow Science Workshop 200 International Snow Science Workshop TEN YEARS OF AVALANCHE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES, 999/00 TO 2008/09 Dale Atkins* RECCO AB ABSTRACT: After reaching a twenty-year low in the late 980s avalanche

More information

Avalanches and the Mount Whitney Basin

Avalanches and the Mount Whitney Basin Avalanches and the Mount Whitney Basin 10 April 2006 by Bob Rockwell Prelude Avalanches are a fact of life in high mountains in winter, and we take courses to find out about them. We learn how to assess

More information

Ski / Sled tracks as an expression of avalanche risk Jordy Hendrikx 1 & Jerry Johnson 2,1 1.

Ski / Sled tracks as an expression of avalanche risk Jordy Hendrikx 1 & Jerry Johnson 2,1 1. Ski / Sled tracks as an expression of avalanche risk Jordy Hendrikx 1 & Jerry Johnson 2,1 1 Snow and Avalanche Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA 2 Political Science, Montana State

More information

System Group Meeting #1. March 2014

System Group Meeting #1. March 2014 System Group Meeting #1 March 2014 Meeting #1 Outcomes 1. Understand Your Role 2. List of Revisions to Existing Conditions 3. Information Sources Study Area The Purpose of Mountain Accord is to Preserve

More information

FRANCE : HOW TO IMPROVE THE AVALANCHE KNOWLEDGE OF MOUNTAIN GUIDES? THE ANSWER OF THE FRENCH MOUNTAIN GUIDES ASSOCIATION. Alain Duclos 1 TRANSMONTAGNE

FRANCE : HOW TO IMPROVE THE AVALANCHE KNOWLEDGE OF MOUNTAIN GUIDES? THE ANSWER OF THE FRENCH MOUNTAIN GUIDES ASSOCIATION. Alain Duclos 1 TRANSMONTAGNE FRANCE : HOW TO IMPROVE THE AVALANCHE KNOWLEDGE OF MOUNTAIN GUIDES? THE ANSWER OF THE FRENCH MOUNTAIN GUIDES ASSOCIATION ABSTRACT : Alain Duclos 1 TRANSMONTAGNE Claude Rey 2 SNGM The French Mountain Guides

More information

Risk Management Plan

Risk Management Plan Risk Management Plan Revised June 14, 2011 by Bela G. Vadasz Technical Director Alpine Skills International 11400 Donner Pass Rd. Truckee, CA 96161 (530) 582-9170 w w w. a l p i n e s k i l l s. c o m

More information

MANAGEMENT OF AVALANCHE RISK FACED BY BACKCOUNTRY SKIERS 1

MANAGEMENT OF AVALANCHE RISK FACED BY BACKCOUNTRY SKIERS 1 MANAGEMENT OF AVALANCHE RISK FACED BY BACKCOUNTRY SKIERS 1 Lyle A. Sutherland 2 and Harold J. McPherson 3 Abstract.--A survey of backcountry skiers in Banff National Park revealed that the skiers, although

More information

Avalanche Awareness and Leading a Companion Rescue

Avalanche Awareness and Leading a Companion Rescue Avalanche Awareness and Leading a Companion Rescue Introduction: Traveling in the backcountry is a great way to enjoy the outdoors and friends. It s important that when we travel in the backcountry we

More information

10 YEARS OF AVALANCHE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES. 2003/04 to 2012/13. Part I. Dale Atkins RECCO AB Avon, Colorado USA

10 YEARS OF AVALANCHE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES. 2003/04 to 2012/13. Part I. Dale Atkins RECCO AB Avon, Colorado USA LEARNING OBJECTIVES 2003/04 to 2012/13 Part I Dale Atkins RECCO AB Avon, Colorado USA Lecture At the conclusion of this lecture students will be able to: I. Describe recent trends in US avalanche accidents

More information

Opportunities for Snowmobile Avalanche Education: An Exploration of the Current State of Snowmobiling in the Backcountry

Opportunities for Snowmobile Avalanche Education: An Exploration of the Current State of Snowmobiling in the Backcountry Opportunities for Snowmobile Avalanche Education: An Exploration of the Current State of Snowmobiling in the Backcountry Proposal of Final Project by Miranda Murphy Master of Arts - Integrated Studies

More information

Slot Couloir Accident, Snoqualmie Mt

Slot Couloir Accident, Snoqualmie Mt Body Page 1 Slot Couloir Accident, Snoqualmie Mt 4-27-14 Date and Time: estimated 12 pm, Sunday 4/27/14 Location: Slot Couloir, Snoqualmie Mt Number in Party: 2 backcountry skiers Number hurt: 1 backcountry

More information

Thanksgiving Holiday Period Traffic Fatality Estimate, 2017

Thanksgiving Holiday Period Traffic Fatality Estimate, 2017 Thanksgiving Holiday Period Traffic Fatality Estimate, 2017 Prepared by Research and Statistics Department National Safety Council November 13, 2017 Holiday period definition Thanksgiving is observed on

More information

Self-Guided Group Organization - Recommendations

Self-Guided Group Organization - Recommendations Self-Guided Group Organization - Recommendations Introduction The purpose of this document is to offer a template to self-guided groups with respect to pre-trip and on-trip planning. The ultimate goal

More information

NivoTest : a personal assistant for avalanche risk assessment

NivoTest : a personal assistant for avalanche risk assessment NivoTest : a personal assistant for avalanche risk assessment R.Bolognesi METEISK, CP 993, CH-1951 SION. www.meteorisk.com Introduction About avalanche risk Every mountaineer knows that avalanche hazard

More information

Proof of Concept Study for a National Database of Air Passenger Survey Data

Proof of Concept Study for a National Database of Air Passenger Survey Data NATIONAL CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR AVIATION OPERATIONS RESEARCH University of California at Berkeley Development of a National Database of Air Passenger Survey Data Research Report Proof of Concept Study

More information

Understanding Travel Behaviour in Avalanche Terrain: A New Approach

Understanding Travel Behaviour in Avalanche Terrain: A New Approach Understanding Travel Behaviour in Avalanche Terrain: A New Approach Jordy Hendrikx 1 * Jerry Johnson 2 and Ellie Southworth 1 1 Snow and Avalanche Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State

More information

Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Banff, 2014 THE WISDOM OF CROWDS IN AVALANCHE FORECASTING. Bruce Tremper 1 * and Paul Diegel 1

Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Banff, 2014 THE WISDOM OF CROWDS IN AVALANCHE FORECASTING. Bruce Tremper 1 * and Paul Diegel 1 THE WISDOM OF CROWDS IN AVALANCHE FORECASTING Bruce Tremper 1 * and Paul Diegel 1 1 Utah Avalanche Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA ABSTRACT: Starting at least 28 years ago, the Utah Avalanche Center

More information

American Avalanche Association Forest Service National Avalanche Center Avalanche Incident Report: Long Form

American Avalanche Association Forest Service National Avalanche Center Avalanche Incident Report: Long Form American Avalanche Association Forest Service National Avalanche Center Avalanche Incident Report: Long Form Please send to: CAIC; 325 Broadway WS1; Boulder CO 80305; caic@qwest.net; Fax (303) 499-9618

More information

2.08 AVALANCHE SEARCH AND RESCUE. Q: What is the process to provide feedback on the Interim Policy and Avalanche Safety Plan?

2.08 AVALANCHE SEARCH AND RESCUE. Q: What is the process to provide feedback on the Interim Policy and Avalanche Safety Plan? 2.08.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS 2.08 Avalanche Search and Rescue Policy 2.08 AVALANCHE SEARCH AND RESCUE 2.08.2 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AVALANCHE SAFETY PLANNING Q: Are SAR Groups required to develop their

More information

Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado, 2016

Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado, 2016 AVALANCHE FORECASTING AND MESSAGING FOR UNUSUAL AVALANCHE CONDITIONS IN A MARITIME SNOW CLIMATE-BURIED SURFACE HOAR INTERNATIONAL SNOW SCIENCE WORKSHOP 2016 IN BRECKENRIDGE, CO Steve A. Reynaud Sierra

More information

SNOW-SHOEING. $485 for one or two people 10:00 am to 3:00 pm, includes packed lunch ($240 for each additional person, Gratuity Included)

SNOW-SHOEING. $485 for one or two people 10:00 am to 3:00 pm, includes packed lunch ($240 for each additional person, Gratuity Included) SNOW-SHOEING There is no better way to experience the serene winter beauty of the San Juan Mountains than with a pair of snowshoes strapped to your feet. Frolic in fresh Colorado powder while learning

More information

A TYPOLOGY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ATTRACTION VISITORS

A TYPOLOGY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ATTRACTION VISITORS University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2007 ttra International Conference A TYPOLOGY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

More information

Evaluating GA Pilots' Interpretation of New Automated Weather Products

Evaluating GA Pilots' Interpretation of New Automated Weather Products National Training Aircraft Symposium (NTAS) 2017 - Training Pilots of the Future: Techniques & Technology Aug 16th, 8:15 AM - 9:45 AM Evaluating GA Pilots' Interpretation of New Automated Weather Products

More information

INFLUENCES ON BACKCOUNTRY RECREATIONISTS RISK OF EXPOSURE TO SNOW AVALANCHE HAZARDS. Jessica E. Tase. B.S. St. Lawrence University, 1999

INFLUENCES ON BACKCOUNTRY RECREATIONISTS RISK OF EXPOSURE TO SNOW AVALANCHE HAZARDS. Jessica E. Tase. B.S. St. Lawrence University, 1999 INFLUENCES ON BACKCOUNTRY RECREATIONISTS RISK OF EXPOSURE TO SNOW AVALANCHE HAZARDS By Jessica E. Tase B.S. St. Lawrence University, 1999 presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

More information

Get your wishes fulfilled. Make the most of your marketing in the Middle East during Ramadan

Get your wishes fulfilled. Make the most of your marketing in the Middle East during Ramadan Get your wishes fulfilled Make the most of your marketing in the Middle East during Ramadan Ramadan Rundown This year, Ramadan will begin on May 15 th eleven days before it did last year (May 26 th ) Ramadan

More information

Thai Airline Passengers' Opinion and Awareness on Airline Safety Instruction Card

Thai Airline Passengers' Opinion and Awareness on Airline Safety Instruction Card 1 Thai Airline Passengers' Opinion and Awareness on Airline Safety Instruction Card Chantarat Manvichien International College, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Thailand Chantarat.ma@ssru.ac.th Abstract

More information

New Motorized Level I Avalanche Class!

New Motorized Level I Avalanche Class! New Motorized Level I Avalanche Class! New guidelines by American Avalanche Association. Fast paced 24 hour class with minimum of 60% of hours on snow. This is a snowmobile/snow bike specific class and

More information

CORNWALL VISITOR FREQUENCY SURVEY

CORNWALL VISITOR FREQUENCY SURVEY CORNWALL VISITOR FREQUENCY SURVEY Analysis and Report from PFA Research Ltd 2 nd December 2015 Authors: Robert Rush, Managing Director robert.rush@pfa-research.com Emma Lydon, Research & Marketing Consultant

More information

IATOS 2003 Outdoor Enthusiast Survey CTC Market Research March, 2003

IATOS 2003 Outdoor Enthusiast Survey CTC Market Research March, 2003 IATOS 2003 Outdoor Enthusiast Survey CTC Market Research March, 2003 The IATOS Expo (International Adventure Travel and Outdoor Sports Show, Chicago, February 2003) provided the CTC s Outdoor Product Development

More information

SLOPE CALCULATION. Wilderness Trekking School 1

SLOPE CALCULATION. Wilderness Trekking School 1 SLOPE CALCULATION By Joe Griffith, February 2014 Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Read the rise-over-run from a topographic map. Convert the rise-over-run into a slope angle

More information

Report Overview Vietnam Hotel Survey 2013

Report Overview Vietnam Hotel Survey 2013 Report Overview Vietnam Hotel Survey 2013 This is an Executive Summary of the full 60 page Hotel Survey Report. Full copies can be obtained from Grant Thornton Vietnam. Grant Thornton Vietnam June 2013

More information

Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2015 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Greater Portland & Casco Bay

Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2015 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Greater Portland & Casco Bay Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2015 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Prepared by April 2016 1 1 Table of Contents Research Objectives and Methodology 3 Overnight Visitors:

More information

IKAR Kommission Lawinenrettung ICAR Avalanche Rescue Commission CISA Commission Sauvetage Avalanche

IKAR Kommission Lawinenrettung ICAR Avalanche Rescue Commission CISA Commission Sauvetage Avalanche IKAR Kommission Lawinenrettung ICAR Avalanche Rescue Commission CISA Commission Sauvetage Avalanche Minutes of the Commission Meeting held on September 24, 2009, at the ICAR Conference in Zermatt Commission

More information

Perth & Kinross Council. Community Planning Partnership Report June 2016

Perth & Kinross Council. Community Planning Partnership Report June 2016 Perth & Kinross Council Community Planning Partnership Report June 2016 Contents Foreword... 3 Section 1: Spring 2016 destination follow up of 2014/15 school leavers... 4 Background... 4 Section A: Initial

More information

Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Banff, 2014

Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Banff, 2014 TRAVEL ADVICE FOR THE AVALANCHE PROBLEMS: A PUBLIC FORECASTING TOOL Wendy Wagner 1 * and Drew Hardesty 2 1 Chugach National Forest Avalanche Center, Girdwood, Alaska 2 Utah Avalanche Center, Salt Lake

More information

Morning Star Peak Avalanche Accident

Morning Star Peak Avalanche Accident Morning Star Peak Avalanche Accident Saturday, December 4, 2010 Date: 2010-12-13 Submitted by: Oyvind Henningsen Everett Mountain Rescue and Mark Moore NWAC Place: Morning Star Peak, north-central WA Cascades

More information

2013 IRVING HOTEL GUEST SURVEY Final Project Report

2013 IRVING HOTEL GUEST SURVEY Final Project Report 2013 IRVING HOTEL GUEST SURVEY Final Project Report Research prepared for the Irving Convention & Visitors Bureau by Destination Analysts, Inc. Table of Contents SECTION 1 Introduction 2 SECTION 2 Executive

More information

Twin Lakes Avalanche Incident 1/31/2016

Twin Lakes Avalanche Incident 1/31/2016 Twin Lakes Avalanche Incident 1/31/2016 Location: Place State Published by: Dave Bingaman (PAC), George Halcom (PAC), and Kent May (PAC) Twin Lakes, Salmon River Mountains Idaho Date 01/31/2016 Time Summary

More information

Monitoring Inter Group Encounters in Wilderness

Monitoring Inter Group Encounters in Wilderness United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Research Paper RMRS RP 14 December 1998 Monitoring Inter Group Encounters in Wilderness Alan E. Watson, Rich Cronn,

More information

AVALANCHE TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR DENVER TRIP LEADERS Approved June 20, 2011

AVALANCHE TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR DENVER TRIP LEADERS Approved June 20, 2011 AVALANCHE TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR DENVER TRIP LEADERS Approved June 20, 2011 The Denver Safety and Leadership Committee adopted a new avalanche training program for Denver trip leaders, effective October

More information

1987 SUMMER USE SURVEY OF MINNESOTA STATE PARK VISITORS

1987 SUMMER USE SURVEY OF MINNESOTA STATE PARK VISITORS This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp (Funding for document

More information

BACKCOUNTRY SKIING COURSE NEW ZEALAND 2017 COURSE NOTES

BACKCOUNTRY SKIING COURSE NEW ZEALAND 2017 COURSE NOTES BACKCOUNTRY SKIING COURSE NEW ZEALAND 2017 COURSE NOTES Backcountry Skiing & Snowboarding Course 2017 Course Notes All material Copyright Adventure Consultants Ltd 2016/2017 Welcome to Adventure Consultants

More information

An Assessment of Customer Satisfaction and Market Segmentation at the Timberline Lodge Recreation Complex

An Assessment of Customer Satisfaction and Market Segmentation at the Timberline Lodge Recreation Complex An Assessment of Customer Satisfaction and Market Segmentation at the Timberline Lodge Recreation Complex 1 Customer Satisfaction and Market Segmentation at the Timberline Lodge Recreation Complex Michael

More information

International Snow Science Workshop

International Snow Science Workshop A PRACTICAL USE OF HISTORIC DATA TO MITIGATE WORKER EXPOSURE TO AVALANCHE HAZARD Jake Elkins Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, Teton Village, Wyoming Bob Comey* Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, Teton Village,

More information

2009 Muskoka Airport Economic Impact Study

2009 Muskoka Airport Economic Impact Study 2009 Muskoka Airport Economic Impact Study November 4, 2009 Prepared by The District of Muskoka Planning and Economic Development Department BACKGROUND The Muskoka Airport is situated at the north end

More information

Trail Use in the N.C. Museum of Art Park:

Trail Use in the N.C. Museum of Art Park: Trail Use in the N.C. Museum of Art Park: New Connections, New Visitors Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson, PhD Daniel Rodriguez, PhD Taylor Dennerlein, MSEE, MCRP, EIT Jill Mead, MPH Evan Comen University of

More information

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF AVALANCHES: PRELIMINARY RESEARCH IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF AVALANCHES: PRELIMINARY RESEARCH IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF AVALANCHES: PRELIMINARY RESEARCH IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK Site Focus: Balu Pass, Glacier National Park, B.C. Avalanche path near Balu Pass. (Photo Courtesy of: www.leelau.net/2007/rogerspass/day1/1)

More information

SYNOPSIS WEATHER AND SNOWPACK

SYNOPSIS WEATHER AND SNOWPACK Peak 6996 Avalanche Fatality Incident Report Glacier National Park, MT Date of Avalanche: 31 March 2010 Date of Investigation: 2 April 2010 Investigation Team: Erich Peitzsch (USGS), Ted Steiner (Chugach

More information

Course Information. Required Text: AIARE Student Manual. (Instructor will provide on Day 1 of the course)

Course Information. Required Text: AIARE Student Manual. (Instructor will provide on Day 1 of the course) Red Rocks Community College Spring 2017 Outdoor Studies OUT 168 Avalanche Awareness I Course Information Instructor: John MacKinnon, Outdoor Education- Adjunct Faculty Cell # 970 236 6130 Email: john.mackinnon@rrcc.edu

More information

Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2015 Calendar Year Annual Report Canadian Visitors

Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2015 Calendar Year Annual Report Canadian Visitors Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2015 Calendar Year Annual Report Prepared by May 2016 1 1 Table of Contents Research Objectives and Methodology 4 Canadian Overnight Visitors: Traveler

More information

Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2014 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Greater Portland & Casco Bay

Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2014 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Greater Portland & Casco Bay Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2014 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Prepared by May 2015 1 1 Table of Contents Research Objectives and Methodology 3 Overnight Visitors:

More information

RECREATION. Seven issues were identified that pertain to the effects of travel management on outdoor recreation within portions of the project area.

RECREATION. Seven issues were identified that pertain to the effects of travel management on outdoor recreation within portions of the project area. RECREATION Seven issues were identified that pertain to the effects of travel management on outdoor recreation within portions of the project area. OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOLITUDE / QUIET TRAILS. One attraction

More information

Central Wasatch Visitor Use Study STEVEN W. BURR, PH.D. AND CHASE C. LAMBORN, M.S. INSTITUTE FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION AND TOURISM UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

Central Wasatch Visitor Use Study STEVEN W. BURR, PH.D. AND CHASE C. LAMBORN, M.S. INSTITUTE FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION AND TOURISM UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Central Wasatch Visitor Use Study STEVEN W. BURR, PH.D. AND CHASE C. LAMBORN, M.S. INSTITUTE FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION AND TOURISM UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Utah State University s Institute for Outdoor Recreation

More information

Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2014 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Maine Lakes & Mountains

Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2014 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Maine Lakes & Mountains Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2014 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Prepared by May 2015 1 1 Table of Contents Research Objectives and Methodology 3 Overnight Visitors:

More information

2011 Visitor Profile Survey

2011 Visitor Profile Survey 2011 Visitor Profile Survey Prepared for RSCVA February 23, 2012 Executive Summary for RSCVA Board of Directors 436 14th Street, Suite 820 Oakland, CA 94612 (510) 844-0680 Research goals 2 Survey a representative

More information

Avalanche fatalities in the western United States: a comparison of three databases

Avalanche fatalities in the western United States: a comparison of three databases DOI 10.1007/s11069-010-9641-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Avalanche fatalities in the western United States: a comparison of three databases Jeremy M. Spencer Walker S. Ashley Received: 1 April 2010 / Accepted: 6 October

More information

2015 IRVING HOTEL GUEST SURVEY Final Project Report

2015 IRVING HOTEL GUEST SURVEY Final Project Report 2015 IRVING HOTEL GUEST SURVEY Final Project Report Research prepared for the Irving Convention & Visitors Bureau by Destination Analysts, Inc. Table of Contents S E C T I O N 1 Introduction 2 S E C T

More information

Epidemiology of Wilderness Search and Rescue in New Hampshire,

Epidemiology of Wilderness Search and Rescue in New Hampshire, Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 5, 7 (004) ORIGINAL RESEARCH Epidemiology of Wilderness Search and Rescue in New Hampshire, 999 00 Gretchen K. Ela, MD From the University of Pennsylvania School

More information

International Snow Science Workshop

International Snow Science Workshop IMPROVING K-9 AVALANCHE TEAM PERFORMANCE AND COMMUNICATION IN BACKCOUNTRY AVALANCHE MISSIONS: A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH BETWEEN SKI PATROL AND K-9 SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR) TEAMS Susan Purvis *1 Patti Burnett

More information

Excelsior Pass Avalanche Accident January 1, 2008

Excelsior Pass Avalanche Accident January 1, 2008 Excelsior Pass Avalanche Accident January 1, 2008 Accident Summary Time: 1 January 2008, approximately 13:00 hrs Location: Near Excelsior Pass to east of Church Mt, Northern Washington Cascades WA Activity:

More information

FOREST SERVICE AVALANCHE CENTER SAFETY: EXAMINING CURRENT PRACTICE. USDA Forest Service National Avalanche Center, Bozeman, MT, USA 2

FOREST SERVICE AVALANCHE CENTER SAFETY: EXAMINING CURRENT PRACTICE. USDA Forest Service National Avalanche Center, Bozeman, MT, USA 2 FOREST SERVICE AVALANCHE CENTER SAFETY: EXAMINING CURRENT PRACTICE Simon A. Trautman 1 *, Scott D. Savage 2 and Karl W. Birkeland 1 1 USDA Forest Service National Avalanche Center, Bozeman, MT, USA 2 Sawtooth

More information

Guidelines for Snow Avalanche Risk Determination and Mapping. David McClung University of British Columbia

Guidelines for Snow Avalanche Risk Determination and Mapping. David McClung University of British Columbia Guidelines for Snow Avalanche Risk Determination and Mapping David McClung University of British Columbia Why do we need guidelines? Costs: 14 fatalities/year, $0.5 M/year property damage, $10 M/year avalanche

More information

Aconcagua Leadership and Guide Training Course

Aconcagua Leadership and Guide Training Course Aconcagua Leadership and Guide Training Course Cerro Aconcagua is located in the central Andes of Argentina near the border with Chile. At 22,841ft (6,962m), it is one of the seven summits and the only

More information

Avalanche Accident Report

Avalanche Accident Report Hatcher Pass Avalanche Center POB 1223 Chickaloon, AK 99674 907-746-4566 info@hatcherpassavalanchecenter.org Avalanche Accident Report January 2, 2016 Avalanche Accident in Grubstake Gulch, Talkeetna Mountains,

More information

Cedar Rapids Area Convention and Visitors Bureau Visitor Study

Cedar Rapids Area Convention and Visitors Bureau Visitor Study Cedar Rapids Area Convention and Visitors Bureau Visitor Study 2003-2004 University of Northern Iowa Sustainable Tourism & The Environment Program www.uni.edu/step Project Directors: Sam Lankford, Ph.D.

More information

What benefits do agritourists seek? Suzanne Ainley, Ph.D. Candidate and Bryan Smale, Ph.D. Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies University of

What benefits do agritourists seek? Suzanne Ainley, Ph.D. Candidate and Bryan Smale, Ph.D. Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies University of What benefits do agritourists seek? Suzanne Ainley, Ph.D. Candidate and Bryan Smale, Ph.D. Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON, Canada 2009 National Extension

More information

Estimating Tourism Expenditures for the Burlington Waterfront Path and the Island Line Trail

Estimating Tourism Expenditures for the Burlington Waterfront Path and the Island Line Trail A report by the University of Vermont Transportation Research Center Estimating Tourism Expenditures for the Burlington Waterfront Path and the Island Line Trail Report # 10-003 February 2010 Estimating

More information

THRESHOLD GUIDELINES FOR AVALANCHE SAFETY MEASURES

THRESHOLD GUIDELINES FOR AVALANCHE SAFETY MEASURES BRITISH COLUMBIA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION & INFRASTRUCTURE AVALANCHE & WEATHER PROGRAMS THRESHOLD GUIDELINES FOR AVALANCHE SAFETY MEASURES British Columbia Ministry of Transportation & Infrastructure

More information

Get your wishes fulfilled. Make the most of your marketing in Turkey during Ramadan

Get your wishes fulfilled. Make the most of your marketing in Turkey during Ramadan Get your wishes fulfilled Make the most of your marketing in Turkey during Ramadan Ramadan Rundown This year, Ramadan will begin on May 15 th eleven days before it did last year (May 26 th ) Ramadan this

More information

Santa Barbara County Association of Governments 2002 COMMUTE PROFILE

Santa Barbara County Association of Governments 2002 COMMUTE PROFILE Santa Barbara County Association of Governments 2002 COMMUTE PROFILE for Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo and Ventura Counties FINAL REPORT Santa Barbara County Association of Governments - 2002 COMMUTE

More information

Americans Favor New Approach to Cuba: Lift the Travel Ban, Establish Diplomatic Relations

Americans Favor New Approach to Cuba: Lift the Travel Ban, Establish Diplomatic Relations Americans Favor New Approach to Cuba: Lift the Travel Ban, Establish Diplomatic Relations April 14, 2009 Audio of the 4/15/09 event at the Inter-American Dialogue Questionnaire/Methodology (PDF) Full PDF

More information

Problem B: Ski Slope

Problem B: Ski Slope Team 7413 HiMCM 2017 1 of 25 Problem B: Ski Slope Summary Every four years since 1924, athletes skilled in various winter sports have gathered to display their jaw-dropping feats of athletic prowess to

More information

The Millennial Traveller 2018

The Millennial Traveller 2018 The Millennial Traveller 2018 Counter Intelligence Retail Counter Intelligence Retail is the travel retail industry s leading agency, with services covering areas including research, category development

More information

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Life Expectancy and Mortality Trend Reporting

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Life Expectancy and Mortality Trend Reporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Life Expectancy and Mortality Trend Reporting Technical Report December 2015 Amended May 2016 Authors: Clare Coleman, Nicola Fortune, Vanessa Lee, Kalinda Griffiths,

More information

PERFORMANCE MEASURE INFORMATION SHEET #16

PERFORMANCE MEASURE INFORMATION SHEET #16 PERFORMANCE MEASURE INFORMATION SHEET #16 ARROW LAKES RESERVOIR: RECREATION Objective / Location Recreation/Arrow Lakes Reservoir Performance Measure Access Days Units Description MSIC 1) # Access Days

More information

RE: Access Fund Comments on Yosemite National Park Wilderness Stewardship Plan, Preliminary Ideas and Concepts

RE: Access Fund Comments on Yosemite National Park Wilderness Stewardship Plan, Preliminary Ideas and Concepts September 30, 2016 Superintendent Yosemite National Park Attn: Wilderness Stewardship Plan P.O. Box 577 Yosemite, CA 95389 RE: Access Fund Comments on Yosemite National Park Wilderness Stewardship Plan,

More information

Hickerson, B., & Henderson, K. A. (2010, May/June). Children s summer camp-based physical activity. Camping Magazine, 83(3),

Hickerson, B., & Henderson, K. A. (2010, May/June). Children s summer camp-based physical activity. Camping Magazine, 83(3), Children s Summer Camp-Based Physical Activity By: Benjamin Hickerson and Karla Henderson. Hickerson, B., & Henderson, K. A. (2010, May/June). Children s summer camp-based physical activity. Camping Magazine,

More information

CONGESTION MONITORING THE NEW ZEALAND EXPERIENCE. By Mike Curran, Manager Strategic Policy, Transit New Zealand

CONGESTION MONITORING THE NEW ZEALAND EXPERIENCE. By Mike Curran, Manager Strategic Policy, Transit New Zealand CONGESTION MONITORING THE NEW ZEALAND EXPERIENCE 26 th Australasian Transport Research Forum Wellington New Zealand 1-3 October 2003 By, Manager Strategic Policy, Transit New Zealand Abstract New Zealand

More information

Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2015 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Mid-Coast

Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2015 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Mid-Coast Maine Office of Tourism Visitor Tracking Research 2015 Calendar Year Annual Report Regional Insights: Prepared by April 2016 1 1 Table of Contents Research Objectives and Methodology 3 Overnight Visitors:

More information

PERFORMANCE REPORT NOVEMBER 2017

PERFORMANCE REPORT NOVEMBER 2017 PERFORMANCE REPORT NOVEMBER 2017 Note: New FY2018 Goal/Target/Min or Max incorporated in the Fixed Route and Connection Dashboards. Keith A. Clinkscale Performance Manager INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND In June

More information

Juneau Household Waterfront Opinion Survey

Juneau Household Waterfront Opinion Survey Juneau Household Waterfront Opinion Survey Prepared for: City and Borough of Juneau Prepared by: April 13, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary...1 Introduction and Methodology...6 Survey Results...7

More information

Airport Profile. St. Pete Clearwater International BY THE NUMBERS 818, ,754 $ Enplanements. Passengers. Average Fare. U.S.

Airport Profile. St. Pete Clearwater International BY THE NUMBERS 818, ,754 $ Enplanements. Passengers. Average Fare. U.S. Airport Profile St. Pete Clearwater International St. Pete-Clearwater International Airport (PIE) is located in Pinellas County, Florida about nine miles north of downwn St. Petersburg, seven miles southeast

More information

Appendix 15.2: Pasha Dere Beach Usage Survey

Appendix 15.2: Pasha Dere Beach Usage Survey Appendix 15.2: Pasha Dere Beach Usage Survey URS-EIA-REP-22375 Table of Contents 15.2 Pasha Dere Beach Usage Survey... 1 15.2.1 Introduction... 1 15.2.2 Beach Surveys... 1 15.2.2.1 Survey Dates, Times

More information

Recommendations for Northbound Aircraft Departure Concerns over South Minneapolis

Recommendations for Northbound Aircraft Departure Concerns over South Minneapolis Recommendations for Northbound Aircraft Departure Concerns over South Minneapolis March 21, 2012 Noise Oversight Committee Agenda Item #4 Minneapolis Council Member John Quincy Background Summer of 2011

More information

Division Avalanche Advisor s Manual

Division Avalanche Advisor s Manual Division Avalanche Advisor s Manual Introduction: This document was created to give the next Avalanche Supervisor some basic concept of the structure and workings of the avalanche program. The basic outline

More information

Division of Governmental Studies and Services. Final Report. Washington State Outdoor Recreation Survey Report

Division of Governmental Studies and Services. Final Report. Washington State Outdoor Recreation Survey Report D 1 Appendix D: Survey Analysis Division of Governmental Studies and Services Final Report November 29, 2017 Washington State Outdoor Recreation Survey Report Report Authors: Christina Sanders, Acting

More information

Quantitative Analysis of the Adapted Physical Education Employment Market in Higher Education

Quantitative Analysis of the Adapted Physical Education Employment Market in Higher Education Quantitative Analysis of the Adapted Physical Education Employment Market in Higher Education by Jiabei Zhang, Western Michigan University Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the employment

More information

Opportunities for Solitude in Salt Lake Ranger District Wilderness Areas; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest

Opportunities for Solitude in Salt Lake Ranger District Wilderness Areas; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Opportunities for Solitude in Salt Lake Ranger District Wilderness Areas; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Prepared by: Henry Lilly (graduate research assistant) Jeff Rose (co-investigator) Matthew

More information

SOCIAL CONFLICT BETWEEN MOTORIZED AND NON-MOTORIZED RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES.

SOCIAL CONFLICT BETWEEN MOTORIZED AND NON-MOTORIZED RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES. SOCIAL CONFLICT BETWEEN MOTORIZED AND NON-MOTORIZED RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES. There is a great disparity in opinions about the effects on a person s recreational experience when they encounter others on

More information

FORECASTING FUTURE ACTIVITY

FORECASTING FUTURE ACTIVITY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Eagle County Regional Airport (EGE) is known as a gateway into the heart of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, providing access to some of the nation s top ski resort towns (Vail, Beaver

More information

Inverness, Culloden and Suburbs Settlement Economic Overview

Inverness, Culloden and Suburbs Settlement Economic Overview Strategic planning and research Economic information December 2007 Inverness, Culloden and Suburbs Settlement Economic Overview Summary Between 2001 and 2006, the population of Inverness, Culloden and

More information

The Board concluded its investigation and released report A11H0002 on 25 March 2014.

The Board concluded its investigation and released report A11H0002 on 25 March 2014. REASSESSMENT OF THE RESPONSE TO TSB RECOMMENDATION A14-01 Unstable approaches Background On 20 August 2011, the Boeing 737-210C combi aircraft (registration C GNWN, serial number 21067), operated by Bradley

More information

A Profile of Nonresident Travelers through Missoula: Winter 1993

A Profile of Nonresident Travelers through Missoula: Winter 1993 University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research 6-1-1994 A Profile of Nonresident Travelers

More information

Swaziland. HDI values and rank changes in the 2013 Human Development Report

Swaziland. HDI values and rank changes in the 2013 Human Development Report Human Development Report 2013 The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World Explanatory note on 2013 HDR composite indices Swaziland HDI values and rank changes in the 2013 Human Development

More information

FIXED-SITE AMUSEMENT RIDE INJURY SURVEY, 2013 UPDATE. Prepared for International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Alexandria, VA

FIXED-SITE AMUSEMENT RIDE INJURY SURVEY, 2013 UPDATE. Prepared for International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Alexandria, VA FIXED-SITE AMUSEMENT RIDE INJURY SURVEY, 2013 UPDATE Prepared for International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Alexandria, VA by National Safety Council Research and Statistical Services

More information