- MASS and ENERGY BUDGETS - IN THE CRYOSPHERE
|
|
- Roxanne Freeman
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PRINCIPLES OF GLACIOLOGY ESS MASS and ENERGY BUDGETS - IN THE CRYOSPHERE OCTOBER 17, 2006 Steve Warren sgw@atmos.washington.edu
2 Sources Paterson, W.S.B The Physics of Glaciers. 3 rd ed. Pergamon. Lecture notes from C.F. Raymond and E.D. Waddington Rolf Tremblay HASAS
3 Mass and Energy Budgets The Big Picture Mass budget driven by winter snowfall and summer melting, fundamentally different processes Energy budget dominated by solar radiation
4 Geological Survey of Canada, Map 1257A
5 Mass budget seasonal snow At Schefferville, Quebec (last stand of Laurentide ice sheet) Snow accumulates slowly, melts fast All snow gone in early summer Accumulation rate varies with location, microclimate. (Figure from Adams& Rogerson, Eastern Snow Conference, 1968.
6 Mass-Balance Definitions Accumulation c ablation a Snow Depth Time
7 Mass budget high on a glacier Snow on surface at all times Accumulation c is greater than ablation a This is the situation high on Easton Glacier -Site with seasonal snow -- site in glacier accumulation area
8 Mass budget low on a glacier No snow on surface in late summer Accumulation c is less than ablation a This is the situation at Easton Glacier terminus
9 How does a Glacier Work?
10 For glacier with terminus above sea level In accumulation area: c>a In ablation area: a>c W(x) is glacier width L is terminus position Steady-State Glacier c a = L c( x) W ( x) dx 0 = L a( x) W ( x) dx 0 c = a If then glacier is in balance (steady state), not growing, or shrinking
11 Alternative Glacier Behavior Not all glaciers behave this way In Antarctica: a ~ 0 Almost no melting (on the surface) Why does Antarctic Ice Sheet not keep growing?
12 Alternative Glacier Behavior Not all glaciers behave this way In Antarctica: a ~ 0 Almost no melting (on the surface) Why does Antarctic Ice Sheet not keep growing? Melting on the underside of floating ice shelves Icebergs calve off, drift away, and melt (this is the dominant mass-loss mechanism by far)
13 c and a are fundamentally different Many factors, both local and distant, can affect accumulation Local factors (energy) affect melting
14 c and a are fundamentally different Many factors, both local and distant, can affect snow accumulation Moisture source Storm tracks Local temperature Local wind Local factors (energy) affect melting Sunlight Infrared (IR) radiation Sensible heat (warm air)
15 Achieving the balance Small accumulation, little melting Glaciers in the polar regions Large accumulation, much melting Glaciers in tropics and temperate regions Glaciers in maritime climates Or not Climate can be cold with no glaciers Alaska North Slope (too dry)
16 Conditions favoring glaciation High snowfall, usually in winter, but there are exceptions, e.g. Himalayas (why?) Cool summers We will now look at net mass balance of a glacier Then we will look at the melting portion in more detail
17 Mass-balance Terminology Accumulation All processes by which mass is gained Ablation All processes by which mass is lost To fully characterize a glacier, we need this information at many points on its surface
18 Mass-balance Terminology c(t) b(t) b n a(t) To fully characterize a glacier, we need this information at many points on its surface Mass balance terms (J.T. Andrews)
19 Zones on a Glacier Can superimposed ice form if firn temperature is 0 o C? Temperate glaciers have only wet-snow zone and ablation zone (W.S.B.Paterson. 1994, based on C. Benson (1961)
20 Measurements in Accumulation Area (Not all snow melts) Winter Accumulation Dig snow pit at start of summer Find previous summer surface (how?) Measure density ρ(z) Net Mass Balance Dig snow pit at end of summer Find previous summer surface Measure density ρ(z) Net balance (+) End of previous summer Beginning of summer End of summer (Firn is snow that has survived through a complete year)
21 Measurements in Ablation Area (Some ice from previous years also melts) Winter Accumulation Install poles into ice in fall Measure height above ice Find snow depth in spring Measure density ρ(z) Net Mass Balance Measure height of pole above ice Net balance (-)
22 Caveats These measurements apply to a temperate Glacier like Easton Glacier at Mt. Baker (at melting temperature throughout) Why? (superimposed ice is not lost from glacier) Easier to measure net mass balance than accumulation or ablation separately Why? (they can occur simultaneously) Other complications frost deposition, sublimation, wind drifting summer accumulation (e.g. monsoon)
23 Works in polar regions too Net Mass Balance Dig snow pit Find previous summer surfaces (how?) Measure density ρ(z) back-lit snow pit at Siple Dome (Rolf Tremblay )
24 Balance Year Mass Balance b(t) = c(t) a(t) b(t) reaches maximum at end of winter net balance b n is balance at end of summer End of balance year is when ablation rate no longer exceeds accumulation rate In practice it is easier to define a fixed date each year for each glacier October 1 is a convenient date in Washington
25 Snow Line Transient boundary on glacier surface between snow and ice/firn glacier is snow-covered by spring snow line moves upward during summer uppermost location of snow line at end of summer (on average) is called firn line or equilibrium line b n =0 at equilibrium line
26 Late-summer snow line on Blue Glacier, Mt. Olympus
27 Steady State Mass Balance b(t) = c(t) a(t) net balance b n is balance at end of summer x L E bn ( x) W ( x) dx = 0 x For Steady State: Amount of snow (mass) left above ELA at end of summer is exactly equal to mass of ice lost in ablation area. E b n ( x) W ( x) dx Or stated another way, b ( x) W ( x) dx = 0 0 L n x=0 is head of glacier x E is Equilibrium line x=l is terminus W(x) is glacier width
28 Mass-balance Gradient on Blue Glacier, Mt. Olympus Mass loss Mass gain
29 AAR (Accumulation-Area Ratio) AAR = Accum._ Area Total _ Area Net accumulation Balanced by flow Net ablation
30 Accumulation-Area Ratio Balanced glaciers (that end on land) have AAR ~ Why is AAR 0.5?
31 AAR 0.5 Balanced glaciers (that end on land) have AAR ~ Why is AAR 0.5? Glaciers tend to start in broad snow fields, then funnel into glacier tongues Tongues tend to descend long distances into regions of very high ablation With high ablation rate, ablation area must be small in order to achieve balance
32 AAR and Glacier Health If AAR 0.5 (for a glacier that ends on land) Glacier is in trouble, unless it has a highly unusual accumulation/ablation pattern
33 AAR and Past Climate Geologists use AAR ~0.6 to reconstruct ELA (Equilibrium Line Altitude) and climate for past glaciers However, AAR is only an approximate gauge of glacier balance
34 AAR in Antarctica What is AAR of East Antarctic Ice Sheet? What would AAR be if Antarctica was still a part of Gondwana?
35 AAR in Antarctica What is AAR of East Antarctic Ice Sheet? AAR ~ 1.0 (There is almost no ablation area, even when including melt under ice shelves) When part of Gondwana? Terminus was on land so there was a sizeable ablation area probably had AAR ~ 0.6
36 Equilibrium A glacier in Steady State has flow that exactly balances b n (x)
37 Disequilibrium Ablation and Accumulation are not exactly balanced 0 L b n ( x) W ( x) dx Glacier will grow or shrink in volume Elevation changes due to flow will no longer exactly balance elevation changes due to melting or accumulation Glacier length will change 0
38 Glaciers as indicators of Global Warming Glaciers are retreating. How much has Earth warmed? J. Oerlemans used measured retreat rates of 48 glaciers from 1850 to Model of surface energy balance to relate melting rate to temperature Model of glacier flow to relate length changes to melting changes Result 0.65 o C/century Thermometers give 0.5 o C/century Is this good or bad agreement? Oerlemans, J Quantifying global warming from the retreat of glaciers. Science 264,
39 Thermometers Measure Global Warming P.D. Jones Journal of Climate.
40
41 Energy Balance - Sources Melting of snow or ice surface is determined by energy balance Sources of energy for snow pack: Net radiation sensible heat latent heat R + SH + LH Sunlight, (+) heat from air (+) frost deposition, Infrared to snow condensation on ice, (+) by day (-) heat from snow riming (-) by night to air (-) sublimation, (usually) evaporation (LH of melting will be on r.h.s.)
42 Energy Balance - Sinks Sinks of energy in snow pack: If (R+SH+LH) >0 Raise temperature of snow if T<0 o C Melt snow (or ice) if T=0 o C If (R+SH+LH) <0 Cool snow Freeze pore water (can be 2-3% water by volume in temperate ice)
43 Energy in Melt Season Typical Blue Glacier (Mt. Olympus): Radiation R 50-85% 57% Sensible heat SH 34% }15-50% Latent heat LH 9% Typically R > SH > LH
44 Radiation Balance at Snow Surface Avalanche Handbook
45 Types of Radiation Radiation is the dominant source of energy in snow Incident and reflected solar radiation - sunlight short wave (SW), wavelengths μm Infrared radiation - heat energy emitted by surface and atmosphere (greenhouse) longwave (LW) 4-50 μm Longwave Shortwave emitted by emitted by incident reflected atmosphere surface R = SW - SW + LW - LW
46 Typical Radiation Fluxes R = SW - SW + LW - LW Approx. average over Earth s surface 200 W m W m -2 (balanced by SH, LH to atmosphere) Typical melting glacier in summer 200 W m W m -2 Lower sun but longer days Brighter surface Colder clouds and air Colder surface (0 C ) (used for melting)
47 SW α = SW Albedo (α) 0 < α < 1 Black Reflective white Clean snow typically reflects 80% of sunlight α = 0.8 Old melting snow α = 0.65 Glacier ice α = High albedo of snow helps to maintain snow (keeps it cold): albedo-temperature feedback Energy-balance equation becomes: R = SW ( 1 α) + LW LW
48 R = SW ( 1 α) + LW LW What does each term depend on? SW - season, latitude,time of day, clouds α - snow vs. ice, age of snow, depth of snow, impurities LW - air temperature, clouds, humidity LW - snow-surface temperature
49 Longwave Radiation Usually compared to an ideal black body A black body emits radiation depending on its temperature: 4 LW = σt Stefan-Boltzmann constant: σ= W m -2 K -4 (K = deg Kelvin) Non-black body: Emissivity 0 < ε < 1 LW = εσt 4 ε = 1 for perfect black body Snow has emissivity ~0.98 (If we had infrared eyes, snow would look black!)
50 Radiative Cooling I LW determined by temperature of clouds or air Thick cloud is a blackbody in infrared Cloud impedes surface cooling at night Clear night sky encourages surface cooling At night, SW =0, R<0 R = 0 + ε σt 4 ε σt 4 air air snow snow On a long clear night (e.g. in Antarctica) R 0 (equilibration with atmosphere; SH and LH are small) 4 air ε T = air ε snow T 4 snow
51 Radiative Cooling II On clear nights 4 air ε T = air ε snow T 4 snow Snow is more emissive than atmosphere ε < ε air snow 1 Surface must be colder than air Inversion layer can be tens to hundreds of meters thick T > T air snow 500 Height (m) T 0
52 Temperature profiles in winter at South Pole Station (Hudson & Brandt, J. Climate 2005) lowest 8000 m lowest 500 m lowest 2 m
53 Sensible and Latent Heat Air cold warm dry humid (warm) SH SH LH sublim n LH depos n Snow warm evap n condens n cold humid humid (cold)
54 Latent Heat
55 Latent Heat II Importance of transitions varies with location: Sublimation J g -1 Antarctic slopes, 50% of annual snowfall Frost Deposition J g -1 Antarctic plateau, adds energy, not much mass Freezing (rime) +330 J g -1 Mt. Olympus, adds both mass and energy Keeps glacier warm Condensation (dew) J g -1 warm humid winds over melting glacier Adds energy but no solid mass Evaporation of Meltwater J g -1 Warm dry air over melting glacier
56 Shrinking Tropical Glaciers Tropical Glaciers are shrinking rapidly in New Guinea, East Africa, Andes Mid-latitude glaciers melt Smooth ablation areas Supraglacial streams Tropical glaciers sublimate Penitentes
57 Penitentes Río Plomo Glaciers, Argentina
58 Energy Budget for a Jogger Humans stay cool by sweating when in bright sun The sunlight evaporates sweat rather than cooking the person Heating: R (+ SH, but SH << R) Energy comes from sunlight Cooling: LH Energy is used up changing liquid to vapor R (heating by sun) LH (evaporation of sweat)
59 An increase of relative humidity was suggested as a cause for rapid retreat of tropical glaciers, but recent measurements show instead a decrease of upper-tropospheric relative humidity in tropics. Energy Budget for a Tropical Glacier Air is generally very dry over tropical glaciers Sunlight can sublimate ice rather than melting Sublimation (2830 J g -1 ) vs. melting (330 J g -1 ) Each Joule of sunlight eliminates less than 1/8 as much ice if it causes sublimation rather than melting. Tropical glaciers may exist only because the air is dry and ablation is dominated by sublimation. If air becomes more humid, glaciers may convert to melting regime; rate of mass loss would increase by factor of 8.
60 Homework problem discussion: You found that the imbalance of radiation necessary to melt the North American Ice Sheet in 10,000 years is just 0.05 W m -2. This implies that latent heat of melting does not limit the rapidity of ice-sheet retreat. To understand this, rewrite the energy-balance equation, moving the upward longwave (LW ) to the right-hand side to be a response rather than a forcing. Define M as the energy used for melting. SW (1-α) + LW + SH + LH = LW + M On the ice sheet, if T<0 C, M=0. Also, LW =σt 4. So SW (1-α) + LW + SH + LH = σt 4
61 SW (1-α) + LW + SH + LH = σt 4 If there is excess energy supplied, increasing the left-hand-side (e.g. if the sun gets brighter), then the temperature will rise, increasing the right-hand side until balance is again achieved. Or if the LHS decreases, temperature will drop to regain balance. So there is no melting until T reaches 0 C; then T can't rise anymore as long as there is still ice. So an energy imbalance can't melt ice unless T=0 C. In the Earth's climate system, the melting of an ice sheet is an indicator of warmer temperature rather than a sink for excess energy.
62 Can we estimate mass balance from energy budget? Difficult to observe energy terms directly on glacier Use correlations to nearby weather stations e.g. Forks for glaciers in Olympic Mountains Accumulation related to winter precipitation at Forks Ablation related to summer temperature at Forks
Chapter 7 Snow and ice
Chapter 7 Snow and ice Throughout the solar system there are different types of large ice bodies, not only water ice but also ice made up of ammonia, carbon dioxide and other substances that are gases
More informationESS Glaciers and Global Change
ESS 203 - Glaciers and Global Change Friday January 5, 2018 Outline for today Please turn in writing assignment and questionnaires. (Folders going around) Questions about class outline and objectives?
More informationTHE DISEQUILBRIUM OF NORTH CASCADE, WASHINGTON GLACIERS
THE DISEQUILBRIUM OF NORTH CASCADE, WASHINGTON GLACIERS CIRMOUNT 2006, Mount Hood, OR Mauri S. Pelto, North Cascade Glacier Climate Project, Nichols College Dudley, MA 01571 peltoms@nichols.edu NORTH CASCADE
More informationJ. Oerlemans - SIMPLE GLACIER MODELS
J. Oerlemans - SIMPE GACIER MODES Figure 1. The slope of a glacier determines to a large extent its sensitivity to climate change. 1. A slab of ice on a sloping bed The really simple glacier has a uniform
More informationField Report Snow and Ice Processes AGF212
Field Report 2013 Snow and Ice Processes AGF212 (picture) Names... Contents 1 Mass Balance and Positive degree day approach on Spitzbergen Glaciers 1 1.1 Introduction............................................
More informationTEACHER PAGE Trial Version
TEACHER PAGE Trial Version * After completion of the lesson, please take a moment to fill out the feedback form on our web site (https://www.cresis.ku.edu/education/k-12/online-data-portal)* Lesson Title:
More informationFifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA
Fact Sheet 2009 3046 >> Pubs Warehouse > FS 2009 3046 USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS Fifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA Fifty years
More informationGlaciers. Glacier Dynamics. Glaciers and Glaciation. East Greenland. Types of Glaciers. Chapter 16
Chapter 16 Glaciers A glacier is a large, permanent (nonseasonal) mass of ice that is formed on land and moves under the force of gravity. Glaciers may form anywhere that snow accumulation exceeds seasonal
More informationGlaciers. Reading Practice
Reading Practice A Glaciers Besides the earth s oceans, glacier ice is the largest source of water on earth. A glacier is a massive stream or sheet of ice that moves underneath itself under the influence
More informationGlaciers. Clicker Question. Glaciers and Glaciation. How familiar are you with glaciers? West Greenland. Types of Glaciers.
Chapter 21 Glaciers A glacier is a large, permanent (nonseasonal) mass of ice that is formed on land and moves under the force of gravity. Glaciers may form anywhere that snow accumulation exceeds seasonal
More informationWhat is a Glacier? GLACIOLOGY vs. GLACIAL GEOLOGY. snow corn firn glacier snow = neve ice
What is a Glacier? Mass of Ice Derived from Snow Lasts from Year to Year Moves Due to Its Own Weight GLACIOLOGY vs. GLACIAL GEOLOGY Transformation of Snow to Glacial Ice snow corn firn glacier snow = neve
More informationChapter 16 Glaciers and Glaciations
Chapter 16 Glaciers and Glaciations Name: Page 419-454 (2nd Ed.) ; Page 406-439 (1st Ed.) Part A: Anticipation Guide: Please read through these statements before reading and mark them as true or false.
More informationWhat is a Glacier? GLACIOLOGY vs. GLACIAL GEOLOGY. snow corn firn glacier snow = neve ice
What is a Glacier? Mass of Ice Derived from Snow Lasts from Year to Year Moves Due to Its Own Weight GLACIOLOGY vs. GLACIAL GEOLOGY Transformation of Snow to Glacial Ice snow corn firn glacier snow = neve
More informationGeomorphology. Glacial Flow and Reconstruction
Geomorphology Glacial Flow and Reconstruction We will use simple mathematical models to understand ice dynamics, recreate a profile of the Laurentide ice sheet, and determine the climate change of the
More informationGlaciers Earth 9th Edition Chapter 18 Mass wasting: summary in haiku form Glaciers Glaciers Glaciers Glaciers Formation of glacial ice
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Earth 9 th Edition Chapter 18 Mass wasting: summary in haiku form Ten thousand years thence big glaciers began to melt - called "global warming." are parts of two basic
More informationNew measurements techniques
2 nd Asia CryoNetWorkshop New measurements techniques Xiao Cunde (SKLCS/CAS and CAMS/CMA) Feb.5, 2016, Salekhard, Russia Outline Definition of New Some relative newly-used techniques in China -- Eddy covariance
More informationGEOGRAPHY OF GLACIERS 2
GEOGRAPHY OF GLACIERS 2 Roger Braithwaite School of Environment and Development 1.069 Arthur Lewis Building University of Manchester, UK Tel: UK+161 275 3653 r.braithwaite@man.ac.uk 09/08/2012 Geography
More informationI. Types of Glaciers 11/22/2011. I. Types of Glaciers. Glaciers and Glaciation. Chapter 11 Temp. B. Types of glaciers
Why should I care about glaciers? Look closely at this graph to understand why we should care? and Glaciation Chapter 11 Temp I. Types of A. Glacier a thick mass of ice that originates on land from the
More informationMendenhall Glacier Facts And other Local Glaciers (updated 3/13/14)
University of Alaska Southeast School of Arts & Sciences A distinctive learning community Juneau Ketchikan Sitka Mendenhall Glacier Facts And other Local Glaciers (updated 3/13/14) This document can be
More informationGlaciers and Glaciation Earth - Chapter 18 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College
Glaciers and Glaciation Earth - Chapter 18 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Glaciers Glaciers are parts of two basic cycles: 1. Hydrologic cycle 2. Rock cycle A glacier is a thick mass of ice
More informationRapid decrease of mass balance observed in the Xiao (Lesser) Dongkemadi Glacier, in the central Tibetan Plateau
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol. Process. 22, 2953 2958 (2008) Published online 8 October 2007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).6865 Rapid decrease of mass balance observed in the Xiao
More informationPart 1 Glaciers on Spitsbergen
Part 1 Glaciers on Spitsbergen What is a glacier? A glacier consists of ice and snow. It has survived at least 2 melting seasons. It deforms under its own weight, the ice flows! How do glaciers form? Glaciers
More informationThe Role of Glaciers in the Hydrologic Regime of the Nepal Himalaya. Donald Alford Richard Armstrong NSIDC Adina Racoviteanu NSIDC
The Role of Glaciers in the Hydrologic Regime of the Nepal Himalaya Donald Alford Richard Armstrong NSIDC Adina Racoviteanu NSIDC Outline of the talk Study area and data bases Area altitude distributed
More informationGlaciers. Glacier Dynamics. Glacier Dynamics. Glaciers and Glaciation. Types of Glaciers. Chapter 15
Chapter 15 Glaciers and Glaciation Glaciers A glacier is a large, permanent (nonseasonal) mass of ice that is formed on land and moves under the force of gravity. Glaciers may form anywhere that snow accumulation
More informationNORTH CASCADE SLACIER CLIMATE PROJECT Director: Dr. Mauri S. Pelto Department of Environmental Science Nichols College, Dudley MA 01571
NORTH CASCADE SLACIER CLIMATE PROJECT Director: Dr. Mauri S. Pelto Department of Environmental Science Nichols College, Dudley MA 01571 INTRODUCTION The North Cascade Glacier-Climate Project was founded
More informationMAURI PELTO, Nichols College, Dudley, MA
MAURI PELTO, Nichols College, Dudley, MA 01571(mspelto@nichols.edu) Advice I am looking for Better schemes for utilizing atmospheric circulation indices to provide a better forecast for glacier mass balance?
More informationAPPENDIX E GLACIERS AND POLAR ICE CAPS
APPENDIX E GLACIERS AND POLAR ICE CAPS GLACIERS The dictionary defines a glacier as a large mass of ice and snow that forms in areas where the rate of snowfall constantly exceeds the rate at which the
More information2. (1pt) From an aircraft, how can you tell the difference between a snowfield and a snow-covered glacier?
1 GLACIERS 1. (2pts) Define a glacier: 2. (1pt) From an aircraft, how can you tell the difference between a snowfield and a snow-covered glacier? 3. (2pts) What is the relative size of Antarctica, Greenland,
More informationA high resolution glacier model with debris effects in Bhutan Himalaya. Orie SASAKI Kanae Laboratory 2018/02/08 (Thu)
A high resolution glacier model with debris effects in Bhutan Himalaya Orie SASAKI Kanae Laboratory 2018/02/08 (Thu) Research flow Multiple climate data at high elevations Precipitation, air temperature
More informationParts of a Glacier Division A Study Guide- Part 2
Parts of a Glacier Division A Study Guide- Part 2 Zones of a glacier Zone of Accumulation: The region where snowfall adds ice to the glacier. It occurs where the temperature remains cold enough year-round
More informationINTRODUCTION UCTIONUCTION UCTION
1 INTRODUCTION UCTIONUCTION UCTION UCTION UCTION UCTION 1.1 GLACIERS AND CLIMATE Glaciers form where the snow that falls each year does not entirely melt, and thus accumulates. When this occurs over an
More informationTHE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER STUDIES FIFTH YEAR
THE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER STUDIES FIFTH YEAR (B.C.Sc./B.C.Tech.) RE- EXAMINATION SEPTEMBER 2018 Answer all questions. ENGLISH Time allowed: 3 hours QUESTION I Glaciers A
More informationTidewater Glaciers: McCarthy 2018 Notes
Tidewater Glaciers: McCarthy 2018 Notes Martin Truffer, University of Alaska Fairbanks June 1, 2018 What makes water terminating glaciers special? In a normal glacier surface mass balance is always close
More informationTypical avalanche problems
Typical avalanche problems The European Avalanche Warning Services (EAWS) describes five typical avalanche problems or situations as they occur in avalanche terrain. The Utah Avalanche Center (UAC) has
More informationESS Glaciers and Global Change
ESS 203 - Glaciers and Global Change Friday January 19, 2018 Outline for today Volunteer for today s highlights on Monday Highlights of last Wednesday s class Jack Cummings Viscous behavior, brittle behavior,
More informationREADING QUESTIONS: Chapter 7, Glaciers GEOL 131 Fall pts. a. Alpine Ice from larger ice masses flowing through a valley to the ocean
READING QUESTIONS: Chapter 7, Glaciers GEOL 131 Fall 2018 63 pts NAME DUE: Tuesday, October 23 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles (p. 192-195) 1. Match each type of glacier to its description: (2 pts)
More informationShaping of North America. Physical Geography II of the United States and Canada. The Last Ice Age. The Ice Age. Pleistocene Polar Ice Cap 2/14/2013
Physical Geography II of the United States and Canada Prof. Anthony Grande AFG 2012 Shaping of North America The chief shaper of the landscape of North America is and has been running water. Glaciation
More informationMapping the Snout. Subjects. Skills. Materials
Subjects Mapping the Snout science math physical education Skills measuring cooperative action inferring map reading data interpretation questioning Materials - rulers - Mapping the Snout outline map and
More informationREADING QUESTIONS: Glaciers GEOL /WI 60 pts. a. Alpine Ice from larger ice masses flowing through a valley to the ocean
READING QUESTIONS: Glaciers GEOL 131 18/WI 60 pts NAME DUE: Tuesday, March 13 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles (p. 192-195) 1. Match each type of glacier to its description: (2 pts) a. Alpine Ice from
More informationBiotic Acceleration of Glacier Melting in Yala Glacier 9 Langtang Region, Nepal Himalaya
Snow and Glacier Hydrology (Proceedings of the Kathmandu Symposium, November 992). IAHS Publ. no. 28,993. 309 Biotic Acceleration of Glacier Melting in Yala Glacier 9 Langtang Region, Nepal Himalaya SHIRO
More informationSeasonal variation of ice melting on varying layers of debris of Lirung Glacier, Langtang Valley, Nepal
Remote Sensing and GIS for Hydrology and Water Resources (IAHS Publ. 368, 2015) (Proceedings RSHS14 and ICGRHWE14, Guangzhou, China, August 2014). 21 Seasonal variation of ice melting on varying layers
More informationGeography 120, Instructor: Chaddock In Class 13: Glaciers and Icecaps Name: Fill in the correct terms for these descriptions: Ablation zone: n zne:
Geography 120, Instructor: Chaddock In Class 13: Glaciers and Icecaps Name: Fill in the correct terms for these descriptions: Ablation zone: The area of a glacier where mass is lost through melting or
More informationMighty Glaciers. Mighty Glaciers. Visit for thousands of books and materials.
Mighty Glaciers A Reading A Z Level M Leveled Reader Word Count: 684 LEVELED READER M Mighty Glaciers Written by Ned Jensen Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. www.readinga-z.com
More informationChapter 14. Glaciers and Glaciation
Chapter 14 Glaciers and Glaciation Introduction Pleistocene Glaciations: A series of "ice ages" and warmer intervals that occurred 2.6 million to 10,000 years ago. The Little Ice Age was a time of colder
More informationAGAP Antarctic Research Project Visualizing Data Learning About Antarctica From RADAR Data? Student Version
AGAP Antarctic Research Project Visualizing Data Learning About Antarctica From RADAR Data? Student Version Name Date Image of Subglacial Lake network courtesy of NSF Ice Sheet: A large glacier that covers
More informationAlbedo of Glacier AX 010 during the Summer Season in Shorong Himal, East Nepal*
48 Albedo of Glacier AX 010 in Shorong Himal Albedo of Glacier AX 010 during the Summer Season in Shorong Himal, East Nepal* Tetsuo Ohata,** Koichi Ikegami** and Keiji Higuchi** Abstract Variations of
More informationNepal Hirnalaya and Tibetan Plateau: a case study of air
Annals of Glaciology 16 1992 International Glaciological Society Predictions of changes of glacier Inass balance in the Nepal Hirnalaya and Tibetan Plateau: a case study of air teinperature increase for
More informationClimate Change and State of Himalayan Glaciers: Issues, Challenges and Facts
Climate Change and State of Himalayan Glaciers: Issues, Challenges and Facts D.P. Dobhal dpdobhal@wihg.res.in Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology Dehra Dun Major Issues Are the Himalayan glaciers receding
More informationglacier Little Ice Age continental glacier valley glacier ice cap glaciation firn glacial ice plastic flow basal slip Chapter 14
Little Ice Age glacier valley glacier continental glacier ice cap glaciation firn glacial ice plastic flow basal slip glacial budget zone of accumulation zone of wastage glacial surge abrasion glacial
More informationGlaciers. Chapter 17
Glaciers Chapter 17 Vocabulary 1. Glacier 2. Snowfield 3. Firn 4. Alpine glacier 5. Continental glacier 6. Basal slip 7. Internal plastic flow 8. Crevasses 9. Glacial grooves 10. Ice shelves 11. Icebergs
More informationNotes for Suitcase Oceanography Icebergs and Sea Ice Lesson 1 Where do Icebergs come from?
Notes for Suitcase Oceanography Icebergs and Sea Ice Lesson 1 Where do Icebergs come from? 1. In Advance a. One day in advance of you arriving have the teacher give the kids the preevaluation test. b.
More informationChapter 2 A minimal model of a tidewater glacier
Chapter 2 A minimal model of a tidewater glacier We propose a simple, highly parameterized model of a tidewater glacier. The mean ice thickness and the ice thickness at the glacier front are parameterized
More informationESS Glaciers and Global Change
ESS 203 - Glaciers and Global Change Friday February 23, 2018. Outline for today Today s highlights on Monday Highlights of last Wednesday s class Kristina Foltz Last Wednesday If climate jumps abruptly
More informationRevised Draft: May 8, 2000
Revised Draft: May 8, 2000 Accepted for publication by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Paper will be presented at the Debris-Covered Glaciers Workshop in September 2000 at the University
More informationGlobal Warming in New Zealand
Reading Practice Global Warming in New Zealand For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting warmer. As the nearest country of South Polar Region, New Zealand has maintained an upward trend
More informationRationale or Purpose: This lesson will demonstrate several properties of water and bring awareness of what global warming may do to the sea level.
Title: Glaciers and Icebergs Grade Level: 5th Objectives: Students will be able to: Identify the differences and similarities between a glacier and an iceberg; Recall the density of water and ice; Observe
More informationChapter 17. Glacial & Periglacial Landscapes
Chapter 17 Glacial & Periglacial Landscapes Cryosphere Cryosphere - the portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps,
More informationQ: What is a period of time whereby the average global temperature has decreased? Q: What is a glacier?
Q: What is a glacier? A: A large sheet of ice which lasts all year round. Q: What is a period of time whereby the average global temperature has decreased? A: A glacial. Q: What is an interglacial? Q:
More informationGLACIER STUDIES OF THE McCALL GLACIER, ALASKA
GLACIER STUDIES OF THE McCALL GLACIER, ALASKA T John E. Sater* HE McCall Glacier is a long thin body of ice shaped roughly like a crescent. Its overall length is approximately 8 km. and its average width
More informationSnow Way by Beth Geiger
6 th Grade ELA SAMPLES OF STANDARDS STUDENTS ARE LEARNING THIS NINE WEEKS: STANDARDS: RI.6.2, RI.6.3, RI.6.5, RI.6.8, W.6.2 Snow Way by Beth Geiger Where will you find the world s best spot for stargazing?
More informationGlaciers and Glaciation
Chapter 18 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Glaciers and Glaciation Tarbuck and Lutgens Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles A glacier is a thick mass of ice that forms,
More informationGlaciers. Valley or Alpine glaciers. Ice sheets. Piedmont - foot of the mountain glaciers. Form in mountainous areas Move downslope in valleys
Glaciers & Ice Ages Glaciers Valley or Alpine glaciers Form in mountainous areas Move downslope in valleys Ice sheets Move outward from center Continental glaciers - large scale, ice age type. Presently
More informationI. Glacier Equilibrium Response to a Change in Climate
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE 431 PRINCIPLES OF GLACIOLOGY 505 THE CRYOSPHERE Autun 2018 4 Credits, SLN 14855 4 Credits, SLN 14871 Lab Week 6 Glacier Variations (Solutions I. Glacier Equilibriu Response to a
More informationCharacteristics and climatic sensitivities of runoff from a cold-type glacier on the Tibetan Plateau
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol. Process. 21, 2882 2891 (2007) Published online 7 December 2006 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).6505 Characteristics and climatic sensitivities of runoff
More informationNorth Cascades National Park Complex Glacier Mass Balance Monitoring Annual Report, Water Year 2013
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science North Cascades National Park Complex Glacier Mass Balance Monitoring Annual Report, Water Year 2013 North
More informationENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF AVALANCHES: PRELIMINARY RESEARCH IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF AVALANCHES: PRELIMINARY RESEARCH IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK Site Focus: Balu Pass, Glacier National Park, B.C. Avalanche path near Balu Pass. (Photo Courtesy of: www.leelau.net/2007/rogerspass/day1/1)
More informationSnow, Glacier and GLOF
Snow, Glacier and GLOF & Report on Demonstration River Basin Activities Upper Indus Basin The 5th International Coordination Group (ICG) Meeting GEOSS Asian Water Cycle Initiative (AWCI) Tokyo, Japan,
More informationLaboratoire Mixte Internacionale GREATICE Glaciers and Water Resources in the Tropical Andes, Climatic and Environmental Indicators
Laboratoire Mixte Internacionale GREATICE Glaciers and Water Resources in the Tropical Andes, Climatic and Environmental Indicators Phase I 2011-2014 (Results) Phase II 2016-2020 (Perspectives) Álvaro
More informationPhysical Science in Kenai Fjords
12 Physical Science in Kenai Fjords Harding Icefield s Clues to Climate Change by Virginia Valentine, Keith Echelmeyer, Susan Campbell, Sandra Zirnheld Visitors to Kenai Fjords National Park can watch
More informationBLASTING GLACIAL ICE AND SNOW ABSTRACT
BLASTING GLACIAL ICE AND SNOW HERB BLEUER ABSTRACT This presentation, with the aid of slides, is about methods of blasting large quantities of glacial ice and snow. The project illustrated here involved
More informationActive Glacier Protection in Austria - An adaptation strategy for glacier skiing resorts
in Austria - An adaptation strategy for glacier skiing resorts Presented by Marc Olefs Ice and Climate Group, Institute of Meteorology And Geophysics, University of Innsbruck Centre for Natural Hazard
More informationTeacher s Guide For. Glaciers
Teacher s Guide For Glaciers For grade 7 - College Program produced by Centre Communications, Inc. for Ambrose Video Publishing, Inc. Executive Producer William V. Ambrose Teacher's Guide by Mark Reeder
More informationRecrystallization of snow to form LARGE. called FIRN: like packed snowballs. the weight of overlying firn and snow.
Chapter 11 Glaciers BFRB P. 103-104, 104, 108, 117-120120 Process of Glacier Formation Snow does NOT melt in summer Recrystallization of snow to form LARGE crystals of ice (rough and granular) called
More informationGlacier change in the American West. The Mazama legacy of f glacier measurements
Glacier change in the American West 1946 The Mazama legacy of f glacier measurements The relevance of Glaciers Hazards: Debris Flows Outburst Floods Vatnajokull, 1996 White River Glacier, Mt. Hood The
More informationLong term mass and energy balance monitoring of Nepalese glaciers (GLACIOCLIM project): Mera and Changri Nup glaciers
Long term mass and energy balance monitoring of Nepalese glaciers (GLACIOCLIM project): Mera and Changri Nup glaciers ICIMOD IRD collaboration Cryosphere team Who? o o o o The cryosphere team of ICIMOD,
More informationIntroduction to Safety on Glaciers in Svalbard
Introduction to Safety on Glaciers in Svalbard Content Basic info on Svalbard glaciers Risk aspects when travelling on glaciers Safe travel on glaciers UNIS safety & rescue equipment Companion rescue in
More informationGlacier facts and information about Nigardsbreen
Glacier facts and information about Nigardsbreen Fact sheet for Jostedalen Breførarlag made by Marthe Gjerde 1/1/2014 University of Bergen Marthe Gjerde J.C. Dahl Time WHAT IS A GLACIER? A glacier is a
More informationThree-dimensional modelling of calving processes on Johnsons Glacier, Livingston Island, Antarctica
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 12, EGU2010-6973, 2010 EGU General Assembly 2010 Author(s) 2010 Three-dimensional modelling of calving processes on Johnsons Glacier, Livingston Island, Antarctica Jaime
More informationCharacteristics of an avalanche-feeding and partially debris-covered. glacier and its response to atmospheric warming in Mt.
1 2 3 4 Characteristics of an avalanche-feeding and partially debris-covered glacier and its response to atmospheric warming in Mt. Tomor, Tian Shan, China Puyu Wang 1, Zhongqin Li 1,2, Huilin Li 1 5 6
More informationChapter 13: Life in the Central Andes- Adapting to a Mountainous Region
Chapter 13: Life in the Central Andes- Adapting to a Mountainous Region 1. Introduction La Paz, Bolivia, is the highest big city in the world, sitting at 12,000 feet above sea level in the central Andes
More informationCaution, glacier terminus ahead: jökulhlaups, surges and large calving events
Michele Citterio GEUS Glaciology and Climate Dept. Caution, glacier terminus ahead: jökulhlaups, surges and large calving events Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland photo: John Sylvester ice as
More informationPresent health and dynamics of glaciers in the Himalayas and Arctic
Present health and dynamics of glaciers in the Himalayas and Arctic AL. Ramanathan and Glacilogy Team School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University AL. Ramanthan, Parmanand Sharma, Arindan
More informationLesson 5: Ice in Action
Everest Education Expedition Curriculum Lesson 5: Ice in Action Created by Montana State University Extended University and Montana NSF EPSCoR http://www.montana.edu/everest Lesson Overview: Explore glaciers
More informationThe Portland State University study of shrinking Mt. Adams glaciers a good example of bad science.
The Portland State University study of shrinking Mt. Adams glaciers a good example of bad science. Don J. Easterbrook, Dept. of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA The recent Portland
More informationWATER, ICE, AND METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AT SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, WASHINGTON, BALANCE YEARS
WATER, ICE, AND METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AT SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, WASHINGTON, 2-1 BALANCE YEARS U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 2-4165 South Cascade Glacier, looking approximately
More informationRegional Glacier Mass Balance Variation in the North Cascades
1 STUDY PLAN NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION PROGRAM Regional Glacier Mass Balance Variation in the North Cascades PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATORS JON L. RIEDEL NORTH CASCADES NATIONAL PARK ANDREW FOUNTAIN AND BOB
More informationThe influence of a debris cover on the midsummer discharge of Dome Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains
Debris-Covered Glaciers (Proceedings of a workshop held at Seattle, Washington, USA, September 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 264, 2000. 25 The influence of a debris cover on the midsummer discharge of Dome Glacier,
More informationDynamic Planet: Glaciers
Team Name+Number Teammate 1 name Teammate 2 name Dynamic Planet: Glaciers (by Shad160) The following test is 80 questions long, split up into four different sections. The first 20 questions are worth 40
More informationRetreat of glaciers on Puncak Jaya, Irian Jaya, determined from 2000 and 2002 IKONOS satellite images
Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 52, No. 176, 2006 65 Retreat of glaciers on Puncak Jaya, Irian Jaya, determined from 2000 and 2002 IKONOS satellite images Andrew G. KLEIN, Joni L. KINCAID Department of Geography,
More informationAnnual Glacier Volumes in New Zealand
Annual Glacier Volumes in New Zealand 1993-2001 NIWA REPORT AK02087 Prepared for the Ministry of Environment June 28 2004 Annual Glacier Volumes in New Zealand, 1993-2001 Clive Heydenrych, Dr Jim Salinger,
More informationPOLAR I.C.E. (Interactive Climate Education)
POLAR I.C.E. (Interactive Climate Education) 1 WHAT IS HAPPENING TO ANTARCTICA S PINE ISLAND GLACIER? Teacher Supporting Information Use your understanding of glacier science to figure out what is happening
More informationWorld Geography Ch. 7.2 Climate Regions of Latin America
World Geography Ch. 7.2 Climate Regions of Latin America BR: D10 When you think of Latin America, what types of climates do you think are down there? Write down which of the following you believe are there:
More informationCRYOSPHERE ACTIVITIES IN SOUTH AMERICA. Bolivia. Summary
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GLOBAL CRYOSPHERE WATCH (GCW) CryoNet South America Workshop First Session Santiago de Chile, Chile 27-29 October 2014 GCW-CNSA-1 / Doc. 3.1.2 Date: 20 October 2014 AGENDA
More informationTable 1.1 Distribution and size of glaciers in the Canadian Arctic and Northern Alaska (after: Heberli et al., 1989)
Table 1.1 Distribution and size of glaciers in the Canadian Arctic and Northern Alaska (after: Heberli et al., 1989) Geographical region Area of glaciers (km 2 ) Ellesmere Island 80 500 Axel Heiberg Island
More informationName Team Number. 1. The famous question: What percent of Earth's surface is covered by glaciers? A) 5% D) neve
Part I: Multiple Choice (30pts) Directions: Please choose the best answer for each question. There is only one correct answer for each question unless otherwise stated. There are 30 questions. Each one
More informationGLACIATION. The Last Ice Age (see Chapter 12) and. Pleistocene Ice Cap. Glacial Dynamics 10/2/2012. Laurentide Ice Sheet over NYS
GLACIATION and New York State Prof. Anthony Grande The Last Ice Age (see Chapter 1) The Pleistocene Epoch began 1.6 mya. During this time, climates grew colder. There were numerous ice ages starting 100,000000
More informationIntegration Of Reflectance To Study Glacier Surface Using Landsat 7 ETM+: A Case Study Of The Petermann Glacier In Greenland
Integration Of Reflectance To Study Glacier Surface Using Landsat 7 ETM+: A Case Study Of The Petermann Glacier In Greenland Félix O. Rivera Santiago Department Of Geology, University Of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez
More informationGlacier Monitoring Internship Report: Grand Teton National Park, 2015
University of Wyoming National Park Service Research Center Annual Report Volume 38 Article 20 1-1-2015 Glacier Monitoring Internship Report: Grand Teton National Park, 2015 Emily Baker University of Colorado-Boulder
More informationglacier 1 of 9 For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit:
This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry glacier For
More informationHimalayan Glaciers Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security. Henry Vaux, Committee Chair December 10, 2012
Himalayan Glaciers Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security Henry Vaux, Committee Chair December 10, 2012 Study Context Glacial meltwater is commonly thought h to significantly ifi contribute
More information