THE WORLD BANK Washington, DC

Transcription

1 Transforming Cities with Transit Transit and Land-Use Integration for Sustainable Urban Development Hiroaki Suzuki Robert Cervero Kanako luchi THE WORLD BANK Washington, DC

2 Contents Acknowledgments About the Authors Abbreviations Glossary Message to City Leaders in Developing Countries xi xv xvii xix xxii Overview 1 Transit and Land-Use Integration 3 Global Best Cases of Transit and Land-Use Integration 3 Lessons from Case Studies in Developing Countries 7 Toward Transit and Land-Use Integration 14 Core Lessons on Transit Investments and Urban Growth 20 Roles of Development Financial Institutions 21 Conclusion 21 References Introduction: Critical Challenges Facing Cities and Urban Transport 25 Expanding Cities, Shrinking Green Space 26 Cities for Cars, Not for People 29 Integrating Transit and Land Use toward Sustainable Urban Development 33 Study Objectives, Framework, and Methodology 42 Structure of This Book 45 Notes 45 References 46

3 vi Transforming Cities withtransit 2. Lessons from Sustainable Transit-Oriented Cities 49 Transit and Land-Use Integration in Adaptive Cities 52 Integrating Transit and Land-Use Planning through Adaptive Transit and Bus Rapid Transit 82 Conclusion 89 Note 91 References Integrating Transit and Urban Development in Cities in the Developing World 35 Ahmedabad: A City at a Critical Juncture 96 Bogota: Beyond TransMilenio 109 Guangzhou: Adaptive Bus Rapid Transit 129 Ho Chi Minh City: Building a Green Transit Corridor 138 Notes 142 References Toward Sustainable Urban Futures 14? Barriers to Integrating Transit and Urban Development 147 The Challenge of Inclusive Transit-Oriented Development 165 Toward Successful Integration: Recommendations 167 Conclusion 189 Notes 191 References 192 Index 195 Boxes O.l Transforming a vision into a conceptual image of the future metropolis Articulated versus average density What is bus rapid transit? Urban growth in Tehran Urban expansion in the Jakarta metropolitan area A tale of two cities: Atlanta and Barcelona What is transit-oriented development? Economic cities as ecological cities: The World Bank's Eco 2 initiative Ahmedabad's Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project Ahmedabad's Town Planning Scheme Ahmedabad and its bus rapid transit system at a glance How has Bogota's TransMilenio affected the built environment? Bogota and its bus rapid transit system at a glance Articulated versus average density How land speculation contributes to sprawl 163

4 4.3 Reducing housing costs and improving livability in Vancouver Integrating land-use and transit policy planning in India 170 Figures BO.1.1 Copenhagen's "Finger Plan" for urban development 4 BO.1.2 Singapore's "Constellation Plan" for urban development The Maritime Square residential-retail project developed by the Mass Transit Railway of Hong Kong SAR, China 7 BO.2.1 Importance of articulated density for mass transit 11 BO.2.2 Transit-oriented spatial development in Curitiba and Bogota A healthy conversation between transit and land-use planning officials Preconditions for successful integration of transit and land use 18 Bl.1.1 Bus rapid transit in Curitiba, Brazil 26 B1.2.1 Aerial views of metropolitan Tehran, 1986 and B1.3.1 Aerial views of metropolitan Jakarta, Bl.3.2 Density of metropolitan Jakarta, 1988 and Actual and projected number of motorized vehicles in the world, Urban density and transport-related energy consumption in selected cities Actual and projected global C0 2 emissions from the transport sector, Bl.4.1 Built-up area of Atlanta and Barcelona, Urban space taken up by cars, motorbikes, and buses 35 Bl.5.1 Key features of the eco-block concept 37 Bl.5.2 Transit-oriented development in metropolitan Washington, DC 38 B1.6.1 The Eco 2 integrated approach to development Urban form of Curitiba and Sao Paulo, Brazil Study framework Transit ridership and vehicle kilometers traveled per capita in selected global cities Population density and transit ridership in selected global cities Evolution of Copenhagen's "transit first" plan Copenhagen's "finger plan" for urban development The Maritime Square residential-retail project developed by the Mass Transit Railway of Hong Kong SAR, China Transformation of Seoul's Cheong Gye Cheon from an elevated freeway to an urban greenway Bus rapid transit corridors in central Seoul Residential property values before and after transformation of Seoul's Cheong Gye Cheon freeway into an urban greenway Singapore's Constellation Plan Rates of return of private railway corporations in metropolitan Tokyo, Street life near Shinjuku metrorail station, Tokyo 76

5 viii Transforming Cities withtransit 2.12 Tokyo Station City Average commercial land values within five kilometers of Shinkansen line stations in Tokyo, 2000 and "Bull's eye" concept of rail development in Arlington County, Virginia Curitiba's trinary road system Transitway development in Ottawa, Canada Passengers per guideway mile in selected North American busway and light rail systems Ottawa's Transitway network, including O-Train light rail line linked to busway Phases I, H, and III of Ahmedabad's janmarg bus rapid transit system Before and after Janmarg at the Anjal station area 99 B3.1.1 International kite festival at the riverfront, Closed textile mill sites and development progress in Ahmedabad 102 B3.2.1 Land adjustment in Ahmedabad 105 B3.3.1 Map of Ahmedabad, India 110 B3.3.2 Janmarg bus Phases I, II, and III of Bogota's TransMilenio bus rapid transit system 112 B3.4.1 Changes in building density in areas of Bogota affected by the TransMilenio Development at end station of Bogota's TransMilenio, 1998 and Distribution of building volume in Bogota by floor area ratio, Floor area ratio in areas of Bogota affected by the TransMilenio, 2004 and Joggers along Bogota's Ciclovia Bike parking spaces at Portal de Suba, Bogota Location of Metrovivienda development sites in Bogota City offices in Bogota responsible for transportation and urban development Bogota's regional territorial occupation model Unattractive, disconnected space in the TransMilenio corridors Proposed metro network in Bogota 128 B3.5.1 Map of Bogota, Colombia 130 B3.5.2 TransMilenio bus in Bogota, Colombia Aerial view of Guangzhou's bus rapid transit system Area around the Gangding station in Guangzhou before and after construction of the bus rapid transit system Green connectors in Guangzhou's bus rapid transit system Bike-sharing station in Guangzhou Restoration of the Donghaochong Canal in Guangzhou 135

6 3.20 Enhanced mixed land use of existing multistory apartment in Liuyun Xiaoqu community of Guangzhou Proposed bus rapid transit system in Ho Chi Minh City Current state of green transit corridor in Ho Chi Minh City Typical working sessions held to plan the Ho Chi Minh City bus rapid transit system Preliminary sketches of the "island-valley" concept adopted for the Ho Chi Minh City bus rapid transit system Sketches of the concept designs for iconic bus rapid transit station areas in Ho Chi Minh City Average population densities in built-up areas in 60 global metropolitan areas 153 B4.1.1 Importance of articulated density for mass transit 155 B4.1.2 Densities along the bus rapid transit corridors in Curitiba and Bogota Fragmented land use in Chengdu, China Street without footpath in Ahmedabad, India Flyover in Bogota's TransMilenio bus rapid transit system Integrated solutions proposed for greenway corridor in Ho Chi Minh City Automobile-dependent urban development in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 164 B4.3.1 Laneway housing A healthy conversation between transit and land-use planning officials Relationship between urban form and cost-effective public transit Preconditions for successful integration of transit and land use Likely land-use outcomes when urban rail investments are proactively leveraged 187 Tables l.l Constraints on coordinating transit and land-use planning Transit ridership, vehicle kilometers traveled, and GDP in selected cities Green transit-oriented development attributes of Hammarby Sjostad, Sweden Mode splits for journeys in various parts of Stockholm County Operating speeds of cars and buses in Seoul before and after opening of exclusive median-lane bus lanes 69 2A.1 Modes of transportation in selected cities 90 B3.3.1 Population statistics for Ahmedabad, India 110 B3.3.2 Capacity and infrastructure of the Janmarg bus rapid transit system 110 B3.5.1 Population statistics for Bogota, Colombia 130 B3.5.2 Capacity and infrastructure of the TransMilenio bus rapid transit (BRT) system 130