The February 27, 2010 Chile Earthquake. Roberto Leon School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Tech Atlanta, GA

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1 The February 27, 2010 Chile Earthquake Roberto Leon School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Tech Atlanta, GA

2 Importance of this Event 3 rd largest earthquake in modern times best proof of where our infrastructure is at. Building codes in Chile are very similar to the USA (ACI, AISC, etc.) what works and what does not? Well-developed economy direct and indirect losses can be translated to USA. Design earthquake or above? Human losses (about 450 deaths) and direct economic losses (up to $30B) can this be translated to Seattle?

66 million) Strong economic 2000 growth x 150 miles over the past 15 years best in Latin America Most important exports are minerals and

3 A Brief Description of Chile Area = 292,183 square miles Population = 17.0 million GDP (PPP) = $14,529 (43 rd ) Capital: Santiago (about 5.5 million) Main cities: Valparaiso (0.8 million) Concepcion ( 0.66 million) Strong economic 2000 growth x 150 miles over the past 15 years best in Latin America Most important exports are minerals and agricultural products Strong democracy following long military dictatorship Excellent health and education infrastructure Long, narrow territory = lack of alternate paths for all communications and services ww.mapsofworld.com

4 Pacific Rim of Fire Vancouver Seattle Portland 4

SUBDUCTION PLATE INTERACTION West Pacific Ocean Marine trench Coastline Andes mountain range East Nazca Plate South American Plate Intraplate (medium

5 SUBDUCTION PLATE INTERACTION West Pacific Ocean Marine trench Coastline Andes mountain range East Nazca Plate South American Plate Intraplate (medium depth) Intraplate (low depth - volcanic) Interplate (Benioff Zone ) 1994 Bolivia Earthquake (M s = 8.2; depth = 600 km Redrawn after R. Saragoni ( U. of Chile) 5

15.6 cm./year Nazca plate 5.9 cm./year 2.5 cm./year South American plate SUBDUCTION ZONE Name M s 1985 Santiago 8.0 1995 Antofagasta 8.0 1906 Valparaíso 8.

6 15.6 cm./year Nazca plate 5.9 cm./year 2.5 cm./year South American plate SUBDUCTION ZONE Name M s 1985 Santiago Antofagasta Valparaíso Coquimbo Vallenar Maule Valdivia 9.5 One major earthquake about every 15 years! Redrawn after R. Saragoni ( U. of Chile) 6

Chile Coastal mountain range: rugged deep valleys, Concepcion is

there no coastal highway, forestry industry in the South, important

Skiing 2010 Maule (M s = 8.8) 1960 Valdivia (M s = 9.

communication routes Numerous small cities with older building

7 Chile Coastal mountain range: rugged deep valleys, Concepcion is only large flat area near the coast, heavy industry concentrated there no coastal highway, forestry industry in the South, important ports Andes mountain range: High, very cold Mostly uninhabited Skiing 2010 Maule (M s = 8.8) 1960 Valdivia (M s = 9.5) Central valley: Heavy agriculture (fruits and wine) Main communication routes Numerous small cities with older building stock (Rancagua, Talca, Chillon, Temuco)

8 February 27, 2010 Earthquake M s = 8.8 Off Maule Coast R. Saragoni ( U. of Chile) Length of rupture = 400 to 450 km

9 Accelerograms Santiago Epicenter: 335 km (210 miles) SW of SANTIAGO, Chile Soto &Boroscheck U. of Chile - wwww.terremotosuchile.cl

10 Spectrum from Santiago Soto &Boroscheck U. of Chile - wwww.terremotosuchile.cl

11 A trip though Chile Viña del Mar/ Valparaiso Constitucion Santiago Talcahuano Concepcion Coronel Lots of damage pictures to come but performance of most structures was excellent

12 Viña del Mar

13 Older RC Buildings USA buildings = 1.0% to 1.5% walls Chilean buildings = 5 to 6% walls Wallace, J. & Moehle, J., ASCE JSE 118(4), 1992 Festival building had survived the 1985 earthquake with some damage

14 Older RC Buildings Wallace, J. & Moehle, J., ASCE JSE 118(4), 1992 Stairs linking both buildings heavily damaged

15 Wallace, J. & Moehle, J., ASCE JSE 118(4), 1992

16 Damage to modern RC buildings

17 Crushed shear walls at transition zones

18 Poorly detailed boundary elements for shear walls

19 Poorly detailed boundary elements for shear walls USA wall with boundary elements Is this repairable? Chilean wall without boundary elements

20 Other examples of modern damaged RC buildings

21 Non-Structural Damage to Walls

22 Non-Structural Damage to Equipment

23 How many and how badly damaged?

24 Santiago Plaza Mayor Building 1 Radisson Ciudad Empresarial

25 Plaza Mayor Ciudad Empresarial

26 Plaza Mayor Ciudad Empresarial

27 Plaza Mayor Ciudad Empresarial

28 Radisson Hotel Ciudad Empresarial

29 Damage to Condominiums Parque Hipico Shear failures in walls Large cracks and crushing in slabs near connections to walls Failure of very slender columns

30 Plaza Mayor Ciudad Empresarial

31 Santiago Ciudad Empresarial & Vespucio Norte

32 Vespucio Norte Tollway Santiago s Ring Road Typical interchange

33 Presstresed Girders Bridges Poor lateral support of girders at skew abutments

34 Vespucio Norte - Collapsed Spans Insufficoent bearing length to accommodate longitudinal movement

35 Vespucio Norte - Collapsed Spans Poor detailing of longitudinal and transverse restraints

36 Vespucio Norte - Collapsed Spans Continuous, heavily reinforced slabs over the interior supports

37 Plaza Norte Shopping Center Local anchorage failures leading to partial collapse of roof and floor slabs, and large out-of-plane movements in precast wall panels

38 Large Warehouse Failure of precast exterior panels due to improper anchorage (damaged portions being replaced by light steel cladding). Storage racks performed very well even if they had only minimal anchorage

39 A trip though Chile Viña del Mar/ Valparaiso Constitucion Santiago Talcahuano Concepcion Coronel

40 Rute 5 Main North-South Tollway Evidence of large settlements in backfill areas

41 Damaged bridges Ruta 5 Rancagua Area

42 Damaged bridges Ruta 5 Granero Area

43 Damaged bridges Ruta 5 Granero Area

44 Older bridge between San Antonio and Santo Domingo Note large horizontal displacements

45 Older bridge between San Antonio and Santo Domingo Note large horizontal, rigid body displacement

46 Older Adobe Buildings La Fortuna Winery

47 Caskets on ground La Fortuna Winery

48 Buckled tanks La Fortuna Winery

49 Overturned tanks La Fortuna Winery

50 Bio-Bio Cement Plant Fine shear cracks in large storage silos Buckled braces near the top of bagging facility

51 Constitucion - Chile Arauco pulp factory Downtown Tsunami

52 Constitucion Largest City near Epicenter

53 Constitucion Largest City near Epicenter

54 Constitucion Largest City near Epicenter

55 Constitucion Largest City near Epicenter

56 Constitucion Tsumani area

57 Constitucion Tsunami Area

58 Constitucion Tsunami Area

59 Constitucion Tsunami Area

60 Arauco Brown Paper Plant

61 A trip though Chile Viña del Mar/ Valparaiso Constitucion Santiago Talcahuano Concepcion Coronel

62 Tahualcano Tsunami Area

63 Tahualcano Tsunami Area

64 Tahualcano Tsunami Area

65 Tahualcano Tsunami Area

66 Concepcion Collapsed Buildings

67 Concepcion Collapsed Buildings

68 Concepcion Collapsed Buildings

69 Concepcion Collapsed Buildings

70 Industrial Facilities Santa Maria Power Plant (Coronel (50% complete)

71 Industrial Facilities Santa Maria Power Plant Generator Building Potential damage to generator as it was in the final stages of being aligned when the earthquake struck

72 Industrial Facilities Santa Maria Power Plant Coal Storage Facility Distribution cart damaged

73 Industrial Facilities Santa Maria Power Plant Coal Storage Facility Distribution cart damaged

74 Port of Coronel New base-isolated wharf and cranes undamaged Some evidence of ground movements in storage areas Damaged steel trusses in warehouses probably due to collisions and not earthquake

75 Port of San Vicente Tsunami Damage Damage to old canning plant from tsunami dragging unloading pipes; towers connected to pipes were tipped over; evidence of large settlements

76 Summary Much of the infrastructure did very well but importance of using codes in their entirety was highlighted Vulnerabilities of some privately-controlled infrastructure (tollways, communications, etc.) was evident Emergency response could have been better: tsunami evacuation, use of the military,.. Human losses (about 450 deaths) and direct economic losses (up to $30B) Recovery efforts: $750M for first phase and $700M in second phase

Chile Earthquake M8.8 Saturday 2/27/2010

Chile Earthquake M8.8 Saturday 2/27/2010 Chile Earthquake Photos and Captions as of 3-1-10 compiled by CSSC Staff Page 1 Cities with Structures at Risk Chile Earthquake Photos and Captions as of 3-1-10