Peruvians. By: Taylor Kanczes

Transcription

1 Peruvians By: Taylor Kanczes

2 Location & Homeland Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily The Peruvian people are located in Peru. Peru is Three times the size of California. has an extremely varied geography ranging from tropical rainforest to arid desert. Has a population of over 24 million people.

3 Location & Homeland Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures Peru's population of over 24 million people can be subdivided into four groups: white, 15 percent. mestizo or mixed Amerindian and white heritage, 37 percent. indigenous South American Indian (Quechua and Aymara, for example), 45 percent. black and Asian, 3 percent.

4 Location & Homeland

5 Language Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures The two official languages of Peru are Spanish and Quechua. Quechua is the language of the Incas. The dominant language in urban areas is Spanish. The primary difference between the Spanish spoken in Spain and in Peru is the accent.

6 Folklore Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures Incas believed that they descended from the Sun God, Inti, and that the reigning Inca was an offspring of the Sun. Though they did not practice human sacrifice, many were headhunters. The Incas believed that the possession of another's head increased the owner's spiritual strength.

7

8 Religion Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Catholics comprise 90% of the population. No Peruvian town, no matter how small or remote, is complete without a church. Their religious practices carefully intertwine modern and traditional beliefs.

9 Religion Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily The Peruvian version of Catholicism, for example, has incorporated some of the traditional gods and spirits by referring to them as saints or lords. It is also considered appropriate in Peru for a Christian to make the sign of the cross while walking or driving by a church.

10 Peruvian Catholic Folk Art

11 Major Holidays Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures One of the most colorful festivals in peru is the month-long celebration of the Lord of the Earthquakes in October.

12 Major Holidays Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures A secular holiday that is of great importance to Peruvians is their Independence Day, July 28. This occasion is celebrated with much festivity dancing, eating, and drinking. On this day, all homes are required by law to fly the Peruvian flag.

13 Festivals, Dances, & Music Lands and People The conjuntos, or native bands, are an important part of every fiesta. Peru's musical legacy is characterized by a variety of wind and percussion instruments. These include: The antara, panpipes. The quena, a small flute made of an animal bone. The pincullo, a whistle or piccolo with a piercing tone. The tinya, a small drum.

14 Antara Quena

15 Pincullo Tinya

16 Festivals, Dances, & Music Lands and People Music has always been an important part of the life of Peru's native people. Through it, they express their most profound feelings. The stringed instruments, such as the harp, violin, and guitar, came from the Spaniards and were adapted by the Peruvians. The music of Peru is highly regionalized and differs from place to place.

17 Rites of Passage Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures The baptism of infants, the first communion, and the confirmation of the children in the Peruvian church are common.

18 Rites of Passage Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures A birthday may not necessarily be celebrated; the person's namesake saint's day is celabrated instead. A novena (nine consecutive days of special prayers) for the dead is usually held in the home of the deceased, with friends invited on the final night.

19 Interpersonal Relationships Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures It is poor manners to arrive on time if invited to a dinner or a party. Tardiness of an hour or more is expected. When being introduced to a woman at a social occasion, the proper greeting is a kiss on the cheek. Men, when introduced to each other, shake hands.

20 Living Conditions Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily The initial housing is usually made out of light reed matting. More-permanent structures are built gradually, bit by bit as the family can afford to buy bricks and mortar. While the majority now has electricity in their houses, water is scarce.

21 Living Conditions Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Most homes have a large water tank behind the house, which the residents fill with water purchased from water trucks. These unsanitary conditions create serious health hazards. Restricted access to safe water puts children and the elderly at high risk for gastrointestinal infections.

22

23 Family Life Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily families tend to bond together not only as a social unit The basic household unit includes parents, children, and, in many cases, grandparents or aunts and uncles. In middle-class households, it may also include a live-in servant or nanny to look after young children.

24 Family Life Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Although machismo, an attitude of male superiority and sexism, is widespread, Peruvian women are neither meek nor shy and participate actively in important family decisions. Women play an active role both in family and community life. They also make significant contributions to family income.

25 Clothing Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Women wear colorful woven skirts with many layers of petticoats underneath. Solid-colored llama wool sweaters offer protection against the cold night air. Hats are used throughout Peru. Each region has its own style of hat, and it is possible to tell which region an Amerindian is from by his or her hat.

26 Clothing Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Men wear simple trousers, Western-style buttondown shirts, and sandals. Young Peruvians in urban areas prefer jeans, American tennis shoes, and Western-style skirts over the traditional alpaca and llama wool clothes worn in the Andean regions. One useful custom that is often retained, however, is the use of a shawl across the shoulders to carry small children.

27

28 Food Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures Peru has one of the most developed cuisines of Latin America. Many dishes are a delicate combination of South American Indian, Spanish, and African ingredients and cooking traditions.

29 Food Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures The national dish of Peru is ceviche, a spicy dish of onions and seafood. In ceviche, the fish is cooked not by applying heat but by soaking it for a few hours in lime juice. Corn-on-the-cob cut into small sections called choclo are commonly served as an addition to different kinds of dishes in Peru.

30 Ceviche Choclo

31 Education Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Children are obligated to attend school. The literacy rate in Peru is relatively high, reaching 93% for males and 82% for females.

32 Education Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily The relatively small number of universities in Peru means that it can be difficult to gain admission. Only 3% of the population is able to attend university.

33

34 Employment Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures Formal paid employment is difficult to find in Peru. Most families are struggling to earn a living by whatever means possible. Approximately 80% of the population are either subsistence farmers (growing little more than their own food) or operate their own tiny enterprise.

35 Employment Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures Both women and children make important contributions to family income, either from smallscale cottage industries in their homes, or as traders outside the home. Outside urban areas, Peruvians are largely subsistence farmers. The dry Andean terrain makes agriculture a challenge.

36 Employment Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures Steep slopes are farmed by a process of terracing, in which multileveled steps are created to provide flat areas for planting. Potatoes and corn, which adapt well to high altitudes, are the primary crops.

37 Sports Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures As in most other Latin American cultures, soccer is the dominant sport in Peru. Large pieces of land are often set aside for soccer fields. Middle-class children set up goals and play in the streets.

38 Soccer Team of Peru

39 Entertainment & Recreation Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Popular culture in Peru is varied. In the evenings, young people flock to both Western-style bars and discos or topeñas where traditional Peruvian folk music is played.

40 Entertainment & Recreation Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily A variety of music halls, theaters, bookshops, and art galleries attract crowds of middle-class youth. Also popular in Peru are televised soap operas.

41 Peruvian Theatre

42 Social Problems Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures Peru has one of the worst human rights records in the world. The Peruvian government has been battling the Maoist (communist) Shining Path guerrillas since the early 1980s. In its battle to eliminate this violent terrorist group, the military has kidnapped and killed many suspected Shining Path sympathizers.

43 Social Problems Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures Trade union officials, university professors, and students have all been targeted by the government. The military has been successful in weakening the Shining Path movement, but human rights abuses remain a serious problem.

44 Armed Forces Student Resource Center Peru's armed forces in 2005 totaled 80,000 active personnel, supported by 188,000 reservists. The Army numbered 40,000 members, whose equipment included 275 main battle tanks and 110 light tanks. The Navy had 25,000 active personnel including 4,000 Marines, 1,000 Coast Guard members, and 800 naval aviation personnel.

45 Armed Forces Student Resource Center The Air Force numbered 15,000 personnel, with 89 combat capable aircraft, including 18 fighters, over 73 fight ground attack aircraft, and 16 attack helicopters. The Navy operated six tactical submarines, one cruiser, four frigates, and 13 patrol/coastal vessels. About 77,000 paramilitary troops comprise the national police force. The defense budget in 2005 totaled $1.08 billion.

46 Peruvian Armed Forces

47 Gender Issues Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Peru has improved its gender equity conditions at a slow pace. 84% of women are employed in the service sector, while 10% is in industry and only 6% in the agricultural sector. In Metropolitan Lima, 49% of women work without labor protection or social security rights.

48 Gender Issues Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily 8.1% of women in urban areas are jobless. Illiteracy for 15-year-old women or older is 18%. In South America, Peru has the second-highest maternal death rate, and rural women who live in poverty have the highest risk of maternal death. Another problem for Peruvian women has been the increase of HIV incidence in the last decades.

49 Gender Issues Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Illiteracy for 15-year-old women or older is 18%, while the Latin America average is 11%. In South America, Peru has the second-highest maternal death rate, after Bolivia, and rural women who live in poverty have the highest risk of maternal death. Another problem for Peruvian women has been the increase of HIV incidence in the last decades.

50 Gender Issues Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily In 1986, for every nine men there was only one woman infected with HIV. Regarding political participation, 18% of the country's congressional representatives were women as of At the local level, about 26.3% of district council members are women, but only 2.7% of mayors were female.

51 Peruvians