El agua en la llanura pampeana:

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1 El agua en la llanura pampeana: 2005 Quirós desde los humedales primigenios hasta su transformación para las actividades agropecuarias Rolando Quirós, Hugo T. von Bernard y María B. Boveri Area de Sistemas de Producción Acuática Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires Conference presented to V SEMINARIO INTERNACIONAL CYTED-XVII: "Un enfoque integrado para la gestión sustentable del agua. Experiencias en zonas húmedas". CETA, FVET, UBA, 6-8 de abril 2005, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

2 the Pampas 1. Rolling 2. Central 3. Central 4. Southern 5. Mesopotamian 6. Flooding from Viglizzo et al., 2001

3 the pampean wetlands 1. Rolling 2. Central 3. Central 4. Southern 5. Mesopotamian 6. Flooding from Viglizzo et al., 2001

4 factors that determine the main characteristics of the pampean wetlands geomorphology of the plains climate climate variability long-term variability short-term variability seasonal variability

5 geomorphology of the plains (1) UPLAND HIGH MIDSLOPE LOW MIDSLOPE LOWLAND SHALLOW LAKES TEMPORARY STREAMS STREAMS RIVERS CANALS 0.1 to 0.5 % 0.5 to 3 % or more 1 to 0.5 % less than 0.5 % extremely low slope geomorphological unit modified from Fuschini Mejia, 1994

6 geomorphology of the plains (2) Compound longitudinal dunes (pleistocene) Simple longitudinal dunes (holocene) Megaparabolic dunes (holocene) from Malagnino, 1988

7 geomorphology of the plains (3) 0.03 landscape slopes (m/km)

8 long-term climate variability of the plains (1) Precipitación (mm) / / / / / / / / /99 Campaña Anual Obs Ciclo Promedio from Pérez et al., 2003

9 long-term climate variability of the plains (2) 1500 Precipitaciones anuales (mm) ? / / / / / / / / /35 Campañas Pp Calculada Pp Observada from Sierra et al., unpublished

10 short-term climate variability in the plains Salado river discharge Q (m3/sec)

11 noviembre 2001

12 los lagos someros (lagunas): componente central del humedal pampeano

13 satellital imagens from Instituto de Clima y Agua, INTA

14 octubre 1997 Descarga Río Salado Q (m3/seg)

15 marzo 1998 Descarga Río Salado Q (m3/seg)

16 febrero 1999 Descarga Río Salado Q (m3/seg)

17 noviembre 2001 Descarga Río Salado Q (m3/seg)

18

19 ciclo sequía inundación característico del humedal pampeano inundación en la sequía y sequía en la inundación conductividad eléctrica (ms/cm, 25 o C) 10 sequía 8 6 sequía 4 inundación 2 0 sequía sequía inundación inundación verano invierno verano invierno verano invierno descarga río Salado (m3/seg) seasonal variability in very shallow lake salinity is included Rosso and Rennella, unpublished data

20 lake morphology (1) 0 porcentaje de la superficie Z (m) -2 porcentaje de la superficie Z (m) porcentaje de la superficie Z (m) -2-3 un 70% de la superficie de una laguna pampeana tiene profundidades mayores a la profundidad media

21 lake morphology (2) 0 desarrollo de la profundidad (%) desarrollo del volumen (%) un % del volumen de una laguna pampeana se encuentra por encima de su profundidad media

22 lake morphology (3) Z media (m) Zmaxima (m) profundidad media = 0.7 profundidad máxima forma de cubeta: semi elipsoide de revolución

23 primordial grasslands an hypothetical landscape for primordial pampean wetlands

24 current grasslands (1) fotos: INTA

25 current grasslands (2) fotos: INTA

26 current grasslands (3) from Guerschman et al., 2001

27 environmental efforts on the pampean wetlands dredging, canalization and damming of water bodies changes in land use patterns increased land erosion agriculture (pastures, implanted pastures, annual crops, extensive livestock growing, animal feed-lots) unregulated urbanization with deficient or without sewage treatment works unregulated land-fill usually with toxic substances

28 environmental effects in the pampean wetlands changes in natural hydrological patterns changed morphology of water bodies increased inorganic sedimentation increased levels of non-oxidized organic matter and its metabolites nutrient enrichment (mainly P and N) contamination of surface waters and groundwater with toxic substances commonly used in modern agriculture (herbicides, insecticides, and other agro-toxic substances) contamination of surface waters and groundwater (?) with highly toxic substances used in industry huge changes in vegetal and animal biodiversity and abundance for both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

29 legal canals (1) foto: INTA Anguil

30 legal canals (2) foto: Hugo Dias

31 illegal canals foto: Municipio Mar Chiquita

32 Central Pampas natural pastures cultivated pastures annual crops modified from Viglizzo et al., 2001

33 Flooding Pampas natural pastures cultivated pastures annual crops modified from Viglizzo et al., 2001

34 Total Pampas natural pastures cultivated pastures annual crops

35 "natural" land millions of hectares Central Pampas Flooding Pampas Total Pampas modified from Viglizzo et al., 2001

36 fertilizers use fertilizers use (kg 10-6 /yr) year K N P source: FAO

37 pesticides use pesticides (millions kg or l/yr) year herbicides insecticides fungicides other source: SAGPyA

38 PCB s in water and fish PCB s in water (ug/l) PCB s in fish liver (ug/kg) water fish 0 Descarga Río Salado Q (m3/seg)

39 lagunas claras y turbias como indicadores de la intensidad de acción antrópica sobre el humedal pampeano "natural" land 50 lagunas claras lagunas turbias millions of hectares Central Pampas Flooding Pampas Total Pampas

40 10 3 Chl (mg/m3) TP (mg/m3) 37 lagunas pampeanas, turbias (O) y claras (O)

41 claras y turbias 3 piscívoros TN:TP 2 claras PCA MASI -2-3 turbias nutrientes fitoplancton planctívoros PCA - 2

42 claras y turbias 3 1 PCA PCA - 2

43 claras y turbias 10 3 central pampas Chl (mg/m3) flooding pampas TP (mg/m3) central pampas flooding pampas

44 for pampean terrestrial ecosystems, dramatic changes in weighted biodiversity have been widely documented for vegetal and animal communities, therefore, only some changes in the biota of the aquatic component of the pampean wetlands will be presented here:

45 lake phytoplankton clear and turbid lakes # cyanobacteria clear = 1 turbid = 2 % cyanobacteria clear = 1 turbid = 2

46 lake fish changes from clear to turbid very shallow pampean lakes

47 "clear" lakes filter feeding planktivores 0% carp 8% other 24% visual planktivores 35% detritivorous 17% top predator 16% water transparency = 1.50 m

48 "turbid" lakes filter feeding planktivores 1% carp 3% other 17% visual planktivores 54% detritivorous 20% top predator 5% water transparency = 0.38 m

49 upper Salado "turbid" lakes filter feeding planktivores 21% other 4% visual planktivores 52% carp 10% detritivorous 10% top predator 3% water transparency = 0.23 m

50 from primordial wetlands to agricultural land past present natural grasslands natural drainages agriculture, human settlements and highly modified grasslands drainages medium to highly modified clear lakes macrophyte dominated usually with oxic, P unsaturated sediments balanced vegetal and animal communities relatively low levels of organic matter, more oxidative environments nutrient levels according to drainages on highly productive soils turbid lakes phytoplankton dominated hypoxic and anoxic, P saturated sediments simplified vegetal and animal communities high levels of organic matter, reductive environments very high nutrient levels due to agriculture and urbanization extended fish and avian mortalities human health hazards

51 son preferibles dos años de inundación a un año de sequía Anónimo

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